USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 24
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feet, and the lowest 200 feet. The drainage of the county is into the Tombigbee River. The streams are the Luxapallili and Butta- hatchee Rivers, and Mud, Yellow, Hell, Wil- son, Watson and Cut Bank Creeks. The soils of the county present two general di- visions, including 11 types. Eight of these belong to the hilly and uplands, and are derived principally from the Lafayette and Tuskaloosa formations. The others are al- luvial and terrace soils derived from more recent sediments. Three geological forma- tions are exposed and these give rise to the soil type names. One writer says: "Lamar
County lies in the southwestern border of the Cumberland plateau. The old shore line is approximately parallel to the east county line and about 15 miles to the east of it." The timber growth is of the several species of oak, hickory, poplar and cypress, with a little pine. The climate is equable. The mean temperature for the summer months is 80° F., and for the winter months 45º F. The winters are short and mild. The rivers never freeze, and the snow falls, usually too, are very light. The mean annual precipita- tion is 49.5 inches.
Aboriginal History. - Lamar County was embraced in the domain claimed by the Chick- asaws. It is an interesting fact that the line separating Lamar and Pickens Counties was the ancient line separating the Choctaw and Chickasaw claims. The Chickasaw claim to the country in which Lamar County is em- braced was extinguished by the treaty of the Chickasaw Council House, September 20, 1816. There were no Chickasaw settlements in the county, and in ancient times prior to the expansion of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, after the American Revolution it was a part of that vast neutral hunting ground, used by them, and occasionally by the Creeks. Careful investigations have been made to locate if possible evidences of pre- historic relics or remains. but so far nothing has been found, although they have been found in contiguous parts of Mississippi.
The present inhabitants of this county are descendants of the early settlers from Geor- gia and South Carolina. As very few of the early emigrants were slave holders, the colored population is very small. Settle- ment was slow, due to the roughness of the country, and the distance of the markets. The towns are small and each has only a small population. Vernon is the county seat, and Sulligent and Millport are probably the largest towns.
Transportation facilities are limited and inadequate. The St. Louis and San Francisco, and Southern Railways furnish "handy ship- ping points for the northern and southern parts of the county, but the farmers in the interior of the county have to haul their products 12 to 15 miles to reach a railroad. In the southwestern corner of the county considerable of the trade goes to Columbus, Miss." The nearest largest cities to the county are Birmingham, and Memphis, Tenn.
840
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Agricultural Statistics .- From U. S. Census 1910:
Farms and Farmers.
Number of all farms, 3,027.
Color and nativity of farmers: Native white, 2,505. Foreign-born white, 2. Negro and other nonwhite, 520. Number of farms, classified by size: Under 3 acres, 1.
3 to 9 acres, 51.
10 to 19 acres, 338.
20 to 49 acres, 742.
50 to 99 acres, 694.
100 to 174 acres, 694.
175 to 259 acres, 292.
260 to 499 acres, 184.
500 to 999 acres, 27.
1,000 acres and over, 4.
Land and Farm Area.
Approximate land area, 384,640 acres. Land in farms, 313,065 acres. Improved land in farms, 94,926 acres.
Woodland in farms, 179,299 acres.
Other unimproved land in farms, 38,840 acres.
Value of Farm Property.
All farm property, $3,634,671. Land, $1,964,988.
Buildings, $757,905. Implements and machinery, $192,726.
Domestic animals, poultry, and bees, $719,- 052. Average values: All property per farm, $1,201. Land and buildings per farm, $900. Land per acre, $6.28.
Domestic Animals (Farms and Ranges).
Farms reporting domestic animals, 2,952. Domestic animals, value, $698,211.
Cattle: total, 7,561; value, $131,128. Dairy cows only, 4,105. Horses: total, 1,921; value, $174,683. Mules: total, 2,975; value, $352,508.
Asses and burros: total, 34; value, $2,480. Swine: total, 6,729; value, $36,120.
Sheep: total, 795; value, $1,124.
Goats: total, 168; value, $168.
Poultry and Bees.
All poultry, 62,595; value, $18,935. Bee colonies, 1,264; value, $1,906.
Farms Operated by Owners.
Number of farms, 1,809. Per cent of all farms, 59.8. Land in farms, 248,079 acres. Improved land in farms, 65,101 acres. Land and Buildings, $2,025,034. Farms of owned land only, 1,603. Farms of owned and hired land, 206. Native white owners, 1,582. Foreign-born white, 2. Negro and other nonwhite, 225.
Farms Operated by Tenants. Number of farms, 1,217.
Per cent of all farms, 40.2.
Land in farms, 64,866 acres.
Improved land in farms, 29,785 acres.
Land and buildings, $693,859.
Share tenants, 950.
Share-cash tenants, 12. Cash tenants, 247.
Tenure not specified, 8.
Native white tenants, 922.
Foreign-born white, - Negro and other nonwhite, 295.
Farms Operated by Managers.
Number of farms, 1.
Land in farms, 120 acres.
Improved land in farms, 40 acres.
Value of land and buildings, $4,000.
Live Stock Products. Dairy Products.
Milk: Produced, 1,162,117; sold, 4,955 gal- lons.
Cream sold, 140 gallons.
Butter fat sold, 5 pounds.
Butter: Produced, 577,588; sold, 14,204 lbs.
Cheese: Produced,
Dairy products, excluding home use of milk and cream, $102,726.
Sale of dairy products, $3,185.
Poultry Products.
Poultry: Number raised, 155,045; sold, 43,- 408.
Eggs: Produced, 264,560; sold, 134,981 doz- ens.
Poultry and eggs produced. $77,939.
Sale of poultry and eggs, $32,004.
Honey and War.
Honey produced, 8,612 pounds. Wax produced, 245 pounds. Value of honey and wax produced, $1,036.
Wool, Mohair, and Goat Hair.
Wool, fleeces shorn, 370. Mohair and goat hair, fleeces shorn, Wool and mohair produced, $317.
Domestic Animals Sold or Slaughtered. Calves-Sold or slaughtered, 511. Other cattle-Sold or slaughtered, 2,821. Horses, mules, and asses and burros- Sold, 340. Swine-Sold or slaughtered, 6,537.
Sheep and goats-Sold or slaughtered, 326. Sale of animals, $72,309. Value of animals slaughtered, $84,959.
Value of All Crops.
Total, $1,403,519.
Cereals, $332,137.
Other grains and seeds, $13,319.
Hay and forage, $25,232. Vegetables, $105,793. Fruit and nuts, $30,620. All other crops, $896,418.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity).
Cereals: total, 33,455 acres; 349,971 bushels. Corn, 29,414 acres; 315,154 bushels. Oats, 4,026 acres; 34,710 bushels. Wheat, 15 acres; 83 bushels. Rye, -, 11 bushels.
Kafir corn and milo maize, -, 13 bushels. Rice, -
Other grains: 690 acres.
Dry peas, 690 acres; 4,471 bushels. Dry edible beans,
Peanuts, 318 acres; 4,596 bushels. Hay and forage: total 2,266 acres; 2,323
tons.
All tame or cultivated grasses, 1,033 acres; 1,074 tons.
Wild, salt, and prairie grasses, 664 acres; 680 tons.
Grains cut green, 394 acres; 402 tons.
Coarse forage, 175 acres; 167 tons.
Special crops:
Potatoes, 70 acres; 4,847 bushels.
Sweet potatoes and yams, 709 acres; 54,352 bushels.
Tobacco, 1 acre; 103 pounds.
Cotton, 30,916 acres; 9,876 bales.
Cane sugar, 326 acres; 2,018 tons. Syrup made, 32,123 gallons.
Cane-sorghum, 552 acres; 1,811 tons. Syrup made, 18,859 gallons.
Fruits and Nuts.
Orchard fruits: total, 66,726 trees; 51,755 bushels.
Apples, 18,658 trees; 12,497 bushels.
Peaches and nectarines, 44,269 trees; 37,- 736 bushels. Pears, 1,562 trees; 520 bushels.
Plums and prunes, 1,830 trees; 922 bushels.
Cherries, 282 trees; 37 bushels.
Quinces, 85 trees; 21 bushels.
Grapes, 1,205 vines; 23,414 pounds.
Tropical fruits: total, 251 trees.
Figs, 238 trees; 5,258 pounds. Oranges,
Small fruits: total, 1 acre; 909 quarts. Strawberries, 1 acre; 514 quarts.
Nuts: total, 58 trees; 487 pounds. Pecans, 17 trees; 237 pounds.
Labor, Fertilizer and Feed.
Labor-Farms reporting, 759. Cash expended, $29,569. Rent and board furnished, $8,529.
Fertilizer-Farms reporting, 2,321. Amount expended, $64,154. Feed-Farms reporting, 1,164. Amount expended, $38,181. Receipt from sale of feedable crops, $15,371. Domestic Animals Not on Farms.
Inclosures reporting domestic animals, 206. Value of domestic animals, $32,481. Cattle: total, 303; value, $8,906. Number of dairy cows, 168. Horses: total, 133; value, $15,470. Mules and asses and burros: total, 55; value, $7,043. Swine: total, 177; value, $1,044.
Sheep and goats: total, 11; value, $18.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Figures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Beaverton Kennedy-3
Bedford-1
Melborn-1
Blowhorn
Millport-4
Crews Depot-1
Sulligent-4
Detroit-2
Vernon (ch.)-4
Fernbank-1
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White.
Negro.
Total.
1880
9,967
2,173
12,140
1890
11,439
2,748
14,187
1900
13,015
3,069
16,084
1910
14,307
3,180
17,487
1920
.....
18,149
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions. 1875-M. L. Davis.
1901-C. C. NeSmith.
Senators .-
1876-7-J. H. Bankhead.
1878-9-W. A. Musgrove.
1880-1-W. A. Musgrove.
1882-3-A. L. Moorman.
1884-5-A. C. Moorman.
1886-7-Geo. C. Almon.
1888-9-Geo. C. Almon.
1890-1-R. L. Bradley.
1892-3-R. L. Bradley.
1894-5-J. L. Hollis.
1896-7-J. S. Hollis.
1898-9-T. L. Sowell.
1899 (Spec.)-T. L. Sowell.
1900-1-J. J. Ray. 1903- Christopher Columbus NeSmith.
1907-M. L. Leith.
1907 (Spec.)-M. L. Leith.
1909 (Spec.)-M. L. Leith.
1911-C. A. Beasley.
1915-J. C. Milner.
1919-M. L. Leith.
Representatives .-
1876-7-D. W. Hollis.
1878-9-J. H. Sanders.
1880-1-John H. Bankhead.
1882-3-T. B. NeSmith.
1884-5-T. B. NeSmith.
1886-7-R. L. Bradley.
1888-9-R. L. Bradley.
1890-1-M. L. Davis.
1892-3-D. G. W. Hollis.
1894-5-John D. Mccluskey.
1896-7-Walter NeSmith.
1898-9-A. B. Seay.
1899 (Spec.)-A. B. Seay.
1900-01-J. I. Guyton.
1903-John Daniel Mccluskey.
1907- C. W. White.
1907 (Spec.)-C. W. White.
1909 (Spec.)-C. W. White.
1911-J. C. Milner.
1915-L. D. Byrd.
1919-A. W. Hollis.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), index; Acts of Ala .; Brewer, Alabama, p. 517; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 302; Riley, Alabama at is
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
is (1893), p. 130; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 142; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 144; U. S. Soil Survey (1909), with map, Alabama land book (1916), p. 96; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Handbook (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural Fea- tures of the State (1883); The Valley Regions of Alabama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Underground Water Resources of Alabama (1907).
LAMBDA CHI ALPHA. College frater- nity; founded at Boston University, Novem- ber 2, 1909. It entered Alabama in 1915 when Delta Pi Sigma, a local at the Ala. Pol. Inst., was granted a charter and was enrolled as Omega chapter. It has 28 initiates. Peri- odical: "The Purple, Green and Gold," "Cross and Crescent." Colors: Purple, green and gold. Flower: Violet.
REFERENCE .- Baird, Manual (1915), p. 208.
LAND AGENT, THE STATE. A special agent whose employment was authorized by the legislature, February 23, 1899, for the purpose of examining into the sale and dispo- sition made of school or other lands belong- ing to the State, with a view to the recovery of those which had illegally passed out of its possession, and of settling or quieting dis- puted titles. The agent was employed by the governor; and was removable at his pleasure. He received a salary of $100 a month and his expenses, not exceeding $1 a day while actu- ally engaged in the work, all of which was paid out of the money recovered to the State by him. To facilitate his work, he was given authority to call upon any State or county official for access to any records bearing on the subjects of his investigations.
The creation of the position of State land agent was made necessary by numerous and flagrant violations of the laws governing school lands, indemnity lands, swamp and overflowed lands and salt lands (see those titles), many thousands of acres of which were held or occupied by corporations or indi- viduals without legal title or authority. It became necessary for the land agent to insti- tute suits to test the legality of titles to such lands claimed under the statutes of limita- tion. This question being decided adversely to the State, both by its own courts and the United States Supreme Court, it devolved upon the land agent to seek out and record those lands which were held under the op- eration of this statute. Owing to meagre records or, in some cases, none at all, this was a difficult and a tedious undertaking. However, despite the paucity of funds and le- gal authority with which the office was equipped, much was accomplished by its sev- eral incumbents toward the recovery of lands illegally or irregularly disposed of.
In 1915, January 12, Gov. Emmet O'Neal called attention, in his final message to the legislature, to what he called "the imperative necessity for legislative action in regard to our State lands." "The management of these
lands has not been creditable to the State, neither can it be said that the obligation that the State assumed, when it took title to them, has been in all respects properly and faith- fully discharged. The records with reference to the different classes of lands owned by the State and held in trust by it for various institutions, have always been, and are now, distributed through three or four departments, neither of which is hardly com- plete within itself, but each, more or less, in- terdependent upon another, or upon all the others. To properly place these affairs in such shape as to accomplish the most satis- factory results, a distinct department for the conservation and management of the State lands should be formed by reforming all the laws of the State in regard to State lands. If this were done, more effective results would be accomplished at less expense than is in- curred under the present disorganized and incomplete method."
Notwithstanding these recommendations, the legislature, June 19, 1915, abolished the office of State land agent and placed all of the State's lands under the supervision of the State auditor, who is allowed the services of a special clerk to look after the land business.
Agents .- Thomas W. De Yampert, 1899- 1901; E. H. Lawrence, 1901; John R. McCain, 1901-1907; Robert W. Manning, 1907-1911; William J. Martin, 1911-1915.
PUBLICATIONS .- W. J. Martin, Agent, Report, Apr. 20, 1911-Dec. 16, 1914, 1 vol .; and, also, Sale of indemnity lands (Dept. of Education, Bulletin, 1913).
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1898-99, pp. 116-117; Code, 1907, secs. 892-897; Gov. Emmet O'Neal, Mes- sage, 1915, pp. 216-218; General Acts, 1915, p. 217; State v. Schmidt, 180 Ala., p. 374 and cases cited; Alabama v. Schmidt, 232 U. S. Sup. Ct. Reports, p. 168, and 58 Law. Ed., p. 555.
LAND OFFICES. See Lands, Public.
LAND TAX, UNITED STATES. A direct tax laid by the United States Government upon the value of all lands and lots of ground, with their improvements and dwelling houses, by act of Congress, August 5, 1861. The tax was imposed for the purpose of rais- ing the additional revenue made necessary by the outbreak of the War of Secession. This was the fourth levy of a direct tax by the United States Government, the first being a tax of $2,000,000 laid in 1798, the second of $3,000,000 laid in 1813, and the third of $6,000,000 laid in 1815. The law of 1861 also levied a tax upon income, the first such tax imposed by the United States Government. Section 8 provided "That a direct tax of twenty millions of dollars be and is hereby annually laid upon the United States," and apportioned the total among the varlous States, Alabama's quota being $529,213.36. The collection of the tax was placed in the hands of assessors who, with their assistants, were directed to inquire after and seek out all items of property which were subject to the tax. By an act of June 7, 1862, Congress re-
843
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
stricted the application of this law to one year. A penalty of 50 per cent of the amount of the tax was provided for its nonpayment, and in cases of delinquency, if sufficient per- sonal property to satisfy the tax and costs could not. he found, the real estate was to be sold; and if the real estate did not sell for enough to pay the tax, the United States took possession of it. Possession of property sold for taxes under this law could be regained after advertisement, but before actual sale, by the payment of the accrued taxes plus 10 per cent; and after being sold, if redeemed within two years, by the payment of the accrued taxes and the amount paid for the property by the purchaser with interest at the rate of 20 per cent a year.
A proviso was included to enable any State or Territory to assume and pay its prorata,. in its own way and by its own officers; but notice of such intention was required to be given the Secretary of the Treasury by the second Tuesday in February after the passage of the act. Such action by a State entitled it to a reduction of 15 per cent on the amount to be paid, being the estimated cost of coliec- tion. It was further provided that should any of the States or Territories of the United States be in actual rebellion against the United States at the time the act should go Into operation, so that the laws of the United States could not he executed therein, it should be the duty of the President to enforce the provisions of the act within such State or Territory as soon as the authority of the United States could be reestablished. The act of June 7, 1862, above referred to, provided for the collection of this tax in the Con- federate States through the agency of com- missioners, appointed by the President, who were authorized to sell lands for its nonpay- ment.
Several of the States pald their full quotas, and a few paid some portion. In fact, all the States both North and South, paid some part of their assessments, excepting only Ala- bama. In this State assessments were made, but no part of the tax was ever collected. In 1866 Congress passed a law suspending the collection of the taxes in the insurrectionary States, which became effective in August. Subsequently the suspension was continued to January 1, 1869. No further attempts at col- lection, in the South or elsewhere, were made after 1869.
The legislature passed an act February 20, 1866, authorizing the governor to assume and provide for the payment of the tax on real estate, imposed by act of Congress, August 5, 1861, by delivering to the Government, state bonds to bear interest at such rates as might be agreed upon, not exceeding 7 per cent. In his message of November 12, 1866, Gov. R. M. Patton reported that in pursuance of this act he had called upon the President, the Secre- tary of the Treasury, and several members of Congress, and consulted with them concern- ing the assumption of the tax by the State upon the terms provided by the act of the legislature. The Secretary of the Treasury,
he said, did not have authority to acceed to the proposal, but had agreed to recommend that Congress take favorable action upon it. The proposal of the legislature was sub- mitted in writing by Gov. Patton to the Sec- retary of the Treasury, who referred the matter to President Andrew Johnson, by whom it was transmitted to Congress with a message of April 3, 1866. Both the Sec- retary and the President recommended favor- able action upon the proposition submitted, but the matter remained in abeyance for sev- eral years.
Congress enacted a law, June 8, 1872, per- mitting owners of lands sold for nonpayment of direct taxes to redeem them upon payment of taxes, interest, and costs. A bill was in- troduced in 1876 for the relief of owners and purchasers of lands sold for direct taxes in insurrectionary States. In 1888 Congress passed laws refunding the entire amount col- lected under the direct-tax law of 1861. At that time Alabama's quota of $529,313.33 still remained unpaid except for a credit of $18,285.03, consisting of $8,491.46
and $9,793.57, accumulations of the 2 and 3 per cent funds, due the State from the United States under acts of Congress, March 2, 1819, and September 4, 1841. Because of the re- funding of the entire amount of the land tax paid by all the States, Alabama declined to agree to this disposition of its share of the 2 and 3 per cent funds, and the matter was later readjusted. Thus it came about that Alabama never paid any part of its quota of the United States land tax.
See Cotton Tax; Income Tax; Reconstruc- tion.
REFERENCES .- U. S. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, pp. 292-313; Gov. R. M. Patton, "Message," Nov. 12, 1866, S. Jour. 1866-67; R. M. Patton, Let- ter to Congress on Special land tax in Alabama (H. Mis. Doc. 114, 39th Cong., 1st sess.) ; An- drew Johnson, Message, Apr. 3, 1866 (H. Ex. Doc. 79, 39th Cong., 1st sess.); Compt. of Pub- lic Accounts, Annual report, 1865, pp. 5-7; Sec- retary of the Treasury, Letter regarding the collection of direct taxes, July 14, 1870 (H. Ex. Doc. 312, 41st Cong., 2d sess.); Ibid, Feh. 25, 1871 (S. Ex. Doc. 47, 41st Cong., 3d sess.) ; U. S. Com. of Internal Rev., Letter regarding direct tax (H. Mis. Doc. 101, 41st Cong., 3d sess.); Ibid, Apr. 16, 1872 (S. Mis. Doc. 141, 42d Cong., 2d sess.); Edward McPherson, In- der of bills relating to banks, currency, public debt, tariff, and direct taxes, 1st to 42d Cong., inclusive (H. Mis. Doc. 92, 43d Cong., 2d sess.) ; Committee on the Judiciary, Report on direct taxes in insurrectionary states (H. Rept., 44th Cong., 1st sess.); Ibid, Lands sold for direct taxes (H. Rept. 908, 45th Cong., 2d sess.) ; Ibid (H. Rept. 168, 46th Cong., 2d sess.) ; Com- mittee on Claims, Report on payment of direct taxes (H. Rept. 2486, pts. 1 and 2, 48th Cong., 2d sess.) ; Acting Secretary of the Treasury, Letter regarding direct tax apportionment (H. Ex. Doc. 158, 49th Cong., 1st sess.); Secretary of the Treasury, Letter regarding refund of direct taxes (H. Rept. 683, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) ; Committee on Claims, Report on refund
844
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of direct taxes to West Virginia (S. Rept. 31, 52d Cong., 1st sess.) ; U. S. Com. of Internal Rev., Compilation of direct tax laws (1874).
LANDS, PUBLIC. That part of the na- tional domain, in the ownership of the gov- ernment, subject to sale or other disposal under general laws, acquired for the United States chiefly by cession from the individual States and by treaties with foreign nations.
The Federation Constitution adopted in 1789 conferred upon Congress the power to make all needful rules and regulations re- specting the territory and other property be- longing to the United States, thus making Congress the sole authority for the control of the public lands. The government has often reserved large areas for special pur- poses or for such disposal as it may see fit, and these areas are popularly and officially known as the public lands of the United States. Title to lands occupied by Indian tribes are legally vested in the United States. The public lands of the United States have been disposed of by sale at a nominal price, or by gift to individual settlers and grants to States and corporations. Prior to 1801 the government practiced the policy of selling its public lands in large quantities by public contract. The policy of selling small lots, on credit, and later lots to suit purchasers, for cash, was followed. By 1883 the total receipts from the sale of public lands amounted to 233 million dollars, the cost of which to the government for purchase from foreign territory, extinguishing Indian titles, expense of surveying, maintaining land offi- cers, etc., exceeded that sum by 126 millions. The purposes for which public land has been granted has been in recognition of special services to the Republic, especially to vet- erans of wars, to corporations for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads, or to the States for the encouragement of edu-
cation or the building of roads and canals. Public lands are acquired by preemption, homestead, public auction or private sale, bounty law or military land warrants, and under the Timber Culture Act.
Alabama was created out of lands ceded to the United States by France and by the States of South Carolina and Georgia. The returns of public land surveys of Alabama show only the general characteristics, as "broken, sandy, level, mountainous, rolling, pine, hilly," etc.
On the 22d of March, 1832, a treaty was concluded by the Secretary of War, with the Creek Indians, by which they ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mis- sissippi River. The territory acquired by this treaty lies within the limits of Alabama. By the Act of May 23, 1828 (4 Stat. 290), a grant of 400,000 acres of land was made by Congress to the State of Alabama for the purpose of improving the navigation of the Tennessee, Coosa, Cahawba and Black War- rior Rivers within said State. These lands were to be selected in the Counties of Mad- ison, Morgan, Limestone, Lawrence, Franklin and Lauderdale, in said State. On Sep- tember 15, 1829, a list of lands, aggregating 400,016.19 acres was selected by Benjamin M. Bradford, State Agent under said Act.
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