USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 31
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880
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
side of the river at this point, being an off- shoot from Kawita. A small stream now called Broken Arrow Creek, and referred to on the old maps as Lekatchka Creek, flows north of the site of old Coweta.
REFERENCES .- Gatschet in Alabama History Commission, Report (1901), p. 403. Mms. Rec- ords in Alabama Department, Archives and History.
LILE'S UNIVERSITY SCHOOL. A private school for the education of boys and young men, located at Trinity Station. This in- stitution was established in 1874, by John A. Lile (deceased), under the name of Mountain Spring School. It was founded for the educa- tion of his eight sons, Prof. J. Roy Baylor, now of Chattanooga, Tenn., being principal. Mountain Spring School continued to grow in favor until the death of Mr. Lile in 1883 when its exercises were suspended. In 1890 the school was purchased from the estate of John A. Lile, by Henry T. Lile, who has since been principal and proprietor. It is strictly college preparatory in its nature and is limited to twenty boys.
REFERENCE .- Register, 1901-02.
LIMESTONE COUNTY. Created by an act of the legislature February 6, 1818. It was formed from land lying west of Madison County, north of Tennessee River, and east of the western boundary line of range six, west of the basis meridian of the county. An act of the legislature of November 27, 1821, gave to this county all of the country belong- ing to Lauderdale County, in the fork of the Tennessee and Elk Rivers, east of range six.
The name of the county comes from the large creek which flows through it, whose bed is of hard limestone.
It has an area of 584 square miles, or 373,760 acres.
Location and Physical Description .- In the extreme northern part of the state, Limestone County is bounded on the north by the Ten- nessee state line, on the east by Madison County, on the south by Morgan and Law- rence Counties, and on the west by Lauder- dale County.
There are two general physiographic divi- sions in the county-"the river bottoms, which include the first and second terraces along the rivers and streams, and the up_ lands, which include the valley slopes and the divides." The general geological struc- ture of the county resembles that of Lau- derdale.
The river bottoms consist of first and sec- ond bottoms, being so termed on account of their proximity to the Tennessee and Elk Rivers, and the large creeks which water the county. The uplands consist of three divi- sions-the Tennessee Valley, the Highlands of Tennessee, and the Elk River watershed. The Tennessee Valley extends north to a line which runs between townships 3 and 4. The surface is "gently rolling, billowy and undu- lating," and contains what is known locally
as "red lands." The second division is a continuation of the Highlands of Tennessee, the slopes toward the Tennessee are gentle, while those toward the Elk are steep and in some places precipitous. The Elk watershed is characterized by steep, mountainlike, and in places rough topography. It is called "hill country."
Drainage is generally southerly through Elk River, Limestone Creek, and a number of smaller streams into the Tennessee River. "The Elk River is the most important water course in the county," draining the north- western section. Limestone Creek and tribu- taries drain the eastern part of the county, while the drainage from central townships is through Swan and Round Island Creeks.
Limestone County soils are of two classes: upland and lowland. The former consists of all the country known locally as "red lands," "the barrens" and the "hill country," while the latter comprises the 'bottom lands of the streams and the "upland sinks." "The soils of the county have an intimate relation to the geology." Sixteen different types of soil are found. Those of the first bottoms are classed with Huntington, Holly and Abernathy series of the second bottoms with the Elk and Cum- berland series. "The soils of the upland dvi- sion, or residual soils, vary from gravelly loams through silt loams to silty clay loams and clay loams, and with the exception of a few types they are well drained. The upland soils are classed with the Clarkville, Decatur, Hagerstown, Guthrie, and Colbert series.
There is no station of the Weather Bureau in Limestone County, but the records of the station at Decatur in Morgan County are fairly representative of local conditions. An annual mean temperature of 61.1ยบ F shows, while the annual precipitation for the wet- test year shows 61.99 inches and for the driest year 34.7 inches.
Among the principal crops of the county are cotton, corn, oats, grain, hay, sorghum and sugar cane, potatoes, apples, peaches, and plums, legumes, cowpeas, soy beans, red top, Bermuda and Johnson grass, alfalfa and to- bacco. Farm labor is cheap and principally negroes.
The forest growth of the county consists of hickory, poplar, chestnut, red and white oak, beech, maple, red and white gum, wal- nut and cherry.
Aboriginal History .- The territory em- braced in Limestone County, was at one time in the large domain on the Tennessee River, that was claimed by both the Chickasaws and Cherokees. There is no record of any settle- ment ever having been made, within its bor- ders by either nation. Both however made cession of it to the United States. It was embraced in the Cherokee cession of Janu- ary 7, 1806. From this cession the Cherokees reserved a tract which embraced that part of Limestone County west of Elk River. This land was given over to the United States by the cession made in the treaty of July 8, 1817. On September 20, 1816, the Chicka- saws, ceded to the United States, with the
JERE CLEMENS Anti-Secession leader
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
exception of three reservations, all right or title to lands on the north side of the Ten- nessee River.
John Craig, of Tennessee, made the first attempt to settle in this county about 1800. Camping three days above the big spring at Athens, and not liking the temper of the Indians he broke camp and returned to Ten- nessee.
By a treaty with the Chickasaws July 23, 1805, a triangular tract of country in Ala- bama, north of the Tennessee River, was acquired, which in 1808 was created into Madison County. By the treaty of January 7, 1806, the Cherokees ceded to the United States, all their lands in Alabama, with the exception of two reserves, north of the Ten- nessee River, and west of the Chickasaw Old Fields. This cession, of course, included Madison County. The claim of the Chero- kees was not admitted by the Chickasaws, nor by the United States, which in spite of the Cherokee cession, continued to recognize the Chickasaws' property right to the tract which they had ceded, and their claim to all the rest of the land north of the Tennessce river, west of this cession.
The islands in the Tennessee river nearly all show evidences of aboriginal occupancy and those located in Limestone County are no exceptions. On Elk river and Limestone Creek are further evidences. Near Brown's Ferry, a property of the late Henry Warten of Athens is a large town site. On the upper end of Mason Island is a small town site, which recent investigations have shown to contain numbers of burials, accompanying which were copper coated objects of wood used for ear pendants, and some earthern ware of a very interesting design. On the property of Arthur Steel near the landing is a domiciliary mound 12 feet high. Near by is a smaller one, probably a burial mound though no investigation of it has been at- tempted. On the plantation of J. E. Penney of Birmingham, is a cultivated field, one and a half miles back from the union of Lime- stone Creek with Tennessee River is a burial mound.
This was the situation in 1807 when a party consisting of Thomas Redus, William Redus, William and James Simms, James Withy, John Maples, Benjamin Murrell, and one Piedmore came from Roane County, Tenn., in flats down the Tennessee River, to the mouth of Elk River, and thence up this stream to Buck Island where they landed. After prospecting for a few days the party moved out to form their settlement and on October 3, the first cabin was erected, this cabin was for the Simms brothers and hence the community became known as Simms' settlement. This was the first white settlement in what is Limestone County. The year 1808 saw the advent of many others in the county, nearly all of whom settled on Limestone Creek. In the fall of the same year another settlement was made on Limestone Creek, a few miles above Mooresville, by John James and Joseph Bur- leson. Mooresville took its name from Rob-
ert and William Moore who were its first settlers.
Samuel Robertson settled in 1808 on the present site of Athens, where he established a trading house, and for two years carried on a considerable business with the white people and Indians. Thomas Redus built the first grist mill in 1808. About 1810 one was built in the fork of Piney about a mile and a quarter above Mooresville, and about the same time one was built on Round Island Creek.
After the treaty made with the Chicka- saws, July 23, 1805, Governor Williams is- sued a proclamation forbidding immigrants to settle outside of the ceded territory. His proclamation was disregarded, and all set- tlers in Limestone County from 1807 to 1816 were, in fact, intruders on forbidden land. There was more or less friction between them and the thin band of Chickasaws, who made their homes in the county. By 1809 the com- plaints of the Indians had become so persist- ent that Col. R. J. Meigs was ordered into the county with a small force to protect the Indians and exercise a general supervision over the county.
Col. Meigs established himself at Fort Hampton, a post which he erected on Elk River seventeen miles from Athens. He was a discreet man and was successful in his dealings with the rough frontiersmen under his control. He drove from the county all those who had settled on lands claimed hy or cultivated by the Indians. Others, whose presence it seems was not objected to by the In- dians were allowed to remain. Thomas Re- dus was allowed to remain and operate his mill for the benefit of soldiers and Indians. Robertson was removed from his trading post, and a man named Wilder put in his place, and the post was made a stopping point between Fort Hampton and Huntsville.
The services of the soldiers were used in opening roads, and they built one from Fort Hampton to Athens, and thence assisted by some of the Huntsville garrison, it was ex- tended to that place. What was known as the "Township Road," from Huntsville to Brown's Ferry was the work of the Hunts- ville garrison. In 1810 the opening of the road from Mooresville to Elk Ferry on Elk River, was the work of the Fort Hampton garrison.
The first white child born in what is now Limestone County was Robert Pridmore in May, 1808, five miles above Athens, followed by the birth of George Witty in the following November, seven miles north of Athens.
Robert Bell, a Cumberland Presbyterian minister, in 1809, was the first to preach the gospel in Limestone County, the home of Jonathan Blair in the fork of Big and Little Piney being one of his appointments. He kept regular appointments even after most of the squatter population had been driven out. In 1810 other Cumberland Presbyte- rian ministers entered the field, followed shortly by Methodist ministers, as well as those of other denominations.
The legislature passed an act on November
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
17, 1818, ordering an election to be held in the courthouse in Athens on the fourth Mon- day in March, 1819, for the purpose of elect- ing five commissioners, who should have pow- er to select a proper place for the seat of justice in the county; and all free men in the county were entitled to vote. The act further gave power to the commissioners to be elect- ed, power to contract for and receive in behalf of the county a good and sufficient title to four acres of land for the purpose of erecting a courthouse, a jail, pillory, and stocks for the use of the county. Power was also given to build a courthouse and other necessary buildings.
The location of the courthouse was an all absorbing question in the election of the com- missioners. Three places were nominated, Athens, Cambridge, and English's Springs. After an exciting contest, Athens was select- ed, the men who were running on her part were Reuben Tilman, Thomas Redus, Jere- miah Tucker, Robert Pollock, and Samuel Hundley.
Setting about their duties immediately, they secured from Robert Beaty, John D. Car- roll, John Coffee and John Reed, the ground now covered by the public square of Athens, on which the public buildings of the county were established.
Agricultural Statistics .- From U. S. Census 1910: .
Farms and Farmers.
Number of all farms, 4,709. Color and nativity of farmers: Native white, 2,901. Foreign-horn white, 28. Negro and other nonwhite, 1,780. Number of farms, classified by size: Under 3 acres, -.
3 to 9 acres, 83.
10 to 19 acres, 671.
20 to 49 acres, 2,139.
50 to 99 acres, 1,059.
100 to 174 acres,
489.
175 to 259 acres, 142.
260 to 499 acres, 86.
500 to 999 acres, 36.
1,000 acres and over, 4.
Land and Farm Area. Approximate land area, 381,440. Land in farms, 298,393. Improved land in farms, 163,292. Woodland in farms, 127,272. Other unimproved land in farms, 7,829.
Value of Farm Property.
All farm property, $7,568,693. Land, $4,700,665. Buildings, $1,310,368. Implements and machinery, $320,212.
Domestic animals, poultry, and $1,237,448.
bees, Average values: All property per farm, $1,607. Land and buildings, per farm, $1,276. Land per acre, $15.75.
Domestic Animals (Farms and Ranges). Farms reporting domestic animals, 4,409. Domestic animals, value, $1,194,466. Cattle: total, 13,050; value, $195,407. Dairy cows only, 6,107.
Horses: total, 3,686; value, $364,623.
Mules: total, 4,799; value, $542,718. Asses and burros: total, 50; value, $5,830. Swine: total, 16,990; value, $78,409.
Sheep: total, 2,140; value, $5,166. Goats: total, 1,776; value, $2,313.
Poultry and Bees. All poultry, 94,281; value, $41,509. Bee colonies, 977; value, $1,473.
Farms Operated by Owners. Number of farms, 1,628.
Per cent of all farms, 34.4.
Land in farms, 175,570 acres.
Improved land in farms, 70,301 acres.
Land and buildings, $3,414,124.
Farms of owned land only, 1,220.
Farms of owned and hired land, 408.
Native white owners, 1,364. Foreign-born white, 28.
Negro and other nonwhite, 236.
Farms Operated by Tenants. Number o. farms, 3,067.
Per cent of all farms, 65.1.
Land in farms, 112,900 acres.
Improved land in farms, 91,216 acres.
Land and buildings, $2,430,011.
Share tenants, 1,946.
Share-cash tenants, 37. Cash tenants, 1,044.
Tenure not specified, 40.
Native white tenants, 1,523.
Foreign-born white, -.
Negro and other nonwhite, 1,544.
Farms Operated by Managers.
Number of farms, 14. Land in farms, 9,923.
Improved land in farms, 1,775.
Value of land and buildings, 166,898.
Live Stock Products. Dairy Products.
Milk: Produced, 1,599,758; sold, 10,434 gallons.
Cream sold,
Butter fat sold,
Butter: Produced, pounds.
583,504; sold, 60,717
Cheese: Produced,
Dairy products, excluding home use of milk and cream, $101,396.
Sale of dairy products, $12,859.
Poultry Products.
Poultry: Number raised, 172,812; sold, 45,917.
Eggs: Produced, 435,242; sold, 195,378 dozens.
Poultry and eggs produced, $121,466. Sale of poultry and eggs, $46,312.
885
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Honey and Wax. Honey produced, 6,501 pounds. Wax produced, 272 pounds. Value of honey and wax produced, $795.
Wool. Mohair. and Goat Hair.
Wool, fleeces shorn, 1,175. Mohair and goat hair, fleeces shorn, 7. Wool and mohair produced, $814.
Domestic Animals Sold or Slaughtered. Calves-Sold or slaughtered, 1,535. Other cattle-Sold or slaughtered, 5,517.
Horses, mules, and asses and burros-Sold, 591. Swine-Sold or slaughtered, 13,855. Sheep and goats-Sold or slaughtered, 1,488. Sale of animals, $156,526. Value of animals slaughtered, $150,016.
Value of All Crops.
Total, $2,429,623.
Cereals, $743,772.
Other grains and seeds, $3,710.
Hay and forage, $106,548. Vegetables, $111,674.
Fruit and nuts, $23,243. All other crops, $1,440,676.
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity).
Cereals: total, 52,782 acres; 898,161 bushels. Corn, 49,215 acres; 855,237 bushels.
Oats, 2,478 acres; 33,578 bushels.
Wheat, 1,069 acres; 9,217 bushels. Rye, 18 acres; 119 bushels.
Athens (ch.)-7
Mooresville
Belle Mina
Mount Roszell-1
Elkmont-3
Ripley-1
Elk River Mills
Tanner-1
Greenbrier
Veto-1
Harris
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White.
Negro.
Total.
1820
6,922
2,949
9,871
1830
8,077
6,730
14,807
1840
7,498
6,876
14,374
1850
8,399
8,084
16,483
1860
7,215
8,091
15,306
1870
7,764
7,253
15,017
1880
11,637
9,963
21,600
1890
12,198
9,002
21,201
1900
12,558
9,828
22,387
1910
16,625
10,255
26,880
1920
31,341
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .- 1819-Thomas Bibb; Beverly Hughes; Nicholas Davis.
1861-Joshua P. Coman; Thomas J. Mc- Clellan.
1865-Joshua P. Coman; Thomas J. Mc- Clellan.
1867-Daniel H. Bingham.
1875-Robert A. McClellan.
1901-W. T. Sanders; Erle Pettus.
Senators .-
1819-20-Thomas Bibb. 1820-1-Nicholas Davis.
Plums and prunes, 3,798 trees; 714 bushels. Cherries, 736 trees; 37 bushels.
Quinces, 117 trees; 9 bushels. Grapes, 6,312 vines; 8,530 pounds. Tropical fruits: total, 28 trees. Figs, 25 trees; 225 pounds. Oranges, 3 trees. Small fruits: total, 6 acres; 4,618 quarts. Strawberries, 5 acres; 4,082 quarts. Nuts: total, 39 trees; 380 pounds. Pecans, 6 trees; 180 pounds.
Labor, Fertilizer and Feed. Labor-Farms reporting, 1,381. Cash expended, $73,940. Rent and board furnished, $14,150. Fertilizer-Farms reporting, 2,386. Amount expended, $49,599. Feed-Farms reporting, 1,064. Amount expended, $43,097. Receipts from sale of feedable crops, $55,062.
Domestic Animals Not on Farms.
Inclosures reporting domestic animals, 305.
Value of domestic animals, $48,995. Cattle: total, 418; value, $9,661. Number of dairy cows, 266.
Horses: total, 231; value, $29,005.
Mules, and asses and burros; total, 75; value, $8,338. Swine: total, 384; value, $1,957. Sheep and goats: total, 15; value, $34.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Figure indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Kafir corn and milo maize, Rice, -
Other grains:
Dry peas, 263 acres; 1,727 bushels.
Dry edible beans, 3 acres; 37 bushels. Peanuts, 26 acres; 546 bushels.
Hay and forage: total, 4,104 acres; 6,626 tons.
All tame or cultivated grasses, 1,898 acres; 2,529 tons.
Wild, salt, and prairie grasses, 279 acres; 370 tons.
Grains cut green, 3,861 acres; 3,634 tons. Coarse forage, 66 acres; 93 tons. Special crops:
Potatoes, 242 acres; 23,300 bushels. Sweet potatoes and yams, 207 acres; 23,995 bushels.
Tobacco, 4 acres; 1,510 pounds.
Cotton, 58,179 acres; 16,648 bales. Cane-sugar, 220 acres; 967 tons. Syrup made, 13,723 gallons.
Cane-sorghum, 558 acres; 2,288 tons. Syrup made, 25,643 gallons.
Fruits and Nuts. Orchard fruits: total, 61,903 trees; 39,584 bushels.
Apples, 22,129 trees; 17,348 bushels.
Peaches and nectarines, 32,199 trees; 20,920 bushels. Pears, 2,888 trees; 526 bushels.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1821-2-Nicholas Davis.
1824-5-Nicholas Davis.
1827-8-Nicholas Davis.
1829-30-William Edmonson.
1930-1-William Edmonson.
1833-4-John W. Lane. 1836-7-Nathaniel Terry. 1839-40-Nathaniel Terry.
1842-3-Nathaniel Terry.
1845-6-Milton McClanahan.
1847-8-Nathaniel Davis.
1849-50-William S. Compton.
1851-2-John N. Malone.
1855-6-John N. Malone.
1857-8-John D. Rather.
1861-2-Joshua P. Coman.
1865-6-Isaac M. Jackson.
1868-B. Lentz.
1871-2-B. Lentz.
1872-3-Daniel Coleman.
1873-Daniel Coleman.
1874-5-Daniel Coleman.
1875-6-R. A. Mcclellan.
1876-7-W. J. Wood.
1878-9-W. J. Wood.
1880-1-T. N. McClellan.
1882-3-Thos. N. Mcclellan.
1884-5-R. T. Simpson.
1886-7-R. T. Simpson.
1888-9-W. N. Hays.
1890-1-Wm. N. Hayes.
1892-3-J. M. Cunningham.
1894-5-J. M. Cunningham.
1896-7-Ben M. Sowell.
1898-9-B. M. Sowell.
1899 (Spec.)-B. M. Sowell.
1900-01-H. R. Kennedy.
1903-Dr. Hiram Raleigh Kennedy.
1907-Wm. N. Hayes.
1907 (Spec.)-Wm. N. Hayes.
1909 (Spec.)-Wm. N. Hayes.
1911-Thurston H. Allen.
1915-H. C. Thatch.
1919-B. A. Rogers.
Representatives .-
1819-20-Nicholas Davis; James W. Exum; William Whitaker.
1820-1-John S. Doxey; William Edmon- son; Quin Morton.
1821 (called)-John S. Doxey; William Edmonson; Quin Morton.
1821-2-Benjamin Murrell; William Ed- monson; Quin Morton.
1822-3-J. L. Martin; William Edmonson; Quin Morton; W. Montgomery.
1823-4-J. L. Martin; J. W. Smith; W. Whitaker; Joseph Powell.
1824-5-J. L. Martin; William Edmonson; Quin Morton; James W. Exum.
1825-6-J. L. Martin; William Edmonson; Quin Morton; Waddy Tate.
1826-7-James W. Exum; William Edmon- son; Joseph Bell; W. P. Robertson.
1827-8-J. L. Martin; William Edmonson; Joseph Bell; Joseph Powell.
1828-9-William Saunders; William Ed- monson; Thomas Bibb.
1829-30-George W. Lane; Daniel Cole- man; Thomas Bibb.
1830-1-George W. Lane; Wm. Saunders; Wm. Richardson.
1831-2-George W. Lane; William Saun- ders; Joseph Johnson.
1832 (called)-Richard B. Brickell; Wil- liam J. Mason; William Richardson.
1832-3-Richard B. Brickell; William J. Mason; William Richardson.
1833-4-Richard B.
Brickell; William Saunders; Archibald Harris.
1834-5-John H. J. Wynn; William Saun- ders; Waddy Tate.
1835-6-Jobn H. J. Wynn; Joshua P. Coman; Joseph Johnson.
1836-7-John H. J. Wynn; Asa Allen; F. B. Nelson.
1837 (called)-John H. J. Wynn; Asa Allen; F. B. Nelson.
1837-8-Robert A. High; Joshua P. Co- man; F. B. Nelson.
1838-39-John H. J. Wynn; Robert A. High; A. F. Mills.
1839-40-Elbert H. English; Robert A. High.
1840-1-Jobn H. J. Wynn; Nathaniel Davis.
1841 (called)-John H. J. Wynn; Natba- niel Davis.
1841-2-Jobn H. J. Wynn; Nathaniel Davis.
1842-3-Elbert H. English; Waddy Tate. 1843-4-Nathaniel Davis; Waddy Tate.
1844-5-Nathaniel Davis; Egbert J. Jones.
1845-6-Milton Walker; Egbert J. Jones.
1847-8-Nathaniel Davis; Frederick Tate. 1849-50-Nathaniel Davis; L. Rip. Davis.
1851-2-Nathaniel Davis; Nicholas Davis, jr.
1853-4-W. R. Hanserd; W. B. Allen.
1855-6-Thomas H. Hobbs; Luke Pryor. 1857-8-T. H. Hobbs; William M. Reedus. 1859-60-T. H. Hobbs; L. Ripley Davis.
1861 (1st called)-T. H. Hobbs; L. Rip- ley Davis.
1861 (2d called) -- T. J. McClellan; James Shelton.
1861-2-T. J. McClellan; James Shelton. 1862 (called)-T. J. McClellan; James Shelton.
1862-3-T. J. McClellan; James Shelton. 1863 (called)-J. B. Mcclellan; J. W. S. Donnell.
1863-4-J. B. Mcclellan; J. W. S. Donnell. 1864 (called)-J. B. Mcclellan; J. W. S. Donnell.
1864-5-J. B. Mcclellan; J. W. S. Donnell. 1865-6-C. W. Raisler; William Richard- son.
1866-7-C. W. Raisler; William Richard- son.
1868-R. E. Harris.
1869-70-R. E. Harris.
1870-1-Charles W. Raisler.
1871-2-C. W. Raisler.
1872-3-John Lamb.
1873-Jobn Lamb.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1874-5-J. M. Townsend.
1875-6-J. M. Townsend.
1876-7-Gaines C. Smith; B. M. Towns- end.
1878-9-W. R. Crutcher; L. R. Davis.
1880-1-J. G. Dement; C. P. Lane.
1882-3-Porter Bibb; C. W. Raisler.
1884-5-J. H. Hundley; W. W. Hill. .
1886-7-W. E. Vasser; W. R. Crutcher. 1888-9-Benj. M. Sowell; A. W. Mosely. 1890-1-H. D. Lane; J. B. Townsend.
1892-3-G. A. Gilbert.
1894-5-J. E. Fielding.
1896-7-W. H. Mcclellan.
1898-9-Erle Pettus.
1899 (Spec.)-Erle Pettus.
1900-01-Erle Pettus.
1903-Henry Clyde Thach.
1907-B. B. Peete.
1907 (Spec.)-B. B. Peete.
1909 (Spec.)-B. B. Peete.
1911-J. E. Horton, jr.
1915-Perry Henderson.
1919-J. R. Christopher.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), index; Acts of Ala., Brewer, Alabama, p. 317; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 307; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 21; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 71; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 151; U. S. Soil Survey (1916), with map; Alabama land book (1916), p. 100; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Hand- book (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural features of the State (1883) ; The Valley regions of Alabama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Underground Water Resources of Alabama (1907).
LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES. The quantity of these rocks in Alabama, used for furnace flux and for lime burning, is vir- tually without limit. Until recent years lime- stones were used almost exclusively for flux- ing, but dolomite has been found well adapted to that purpose, and is now extensively used in the furnaces of the Birmingham district. The dolomite is considered better for mak- ing low silicon pig iron as it contains, on an average, not more than 1.5 per cent silica as against 3 to 4 per cent in the limestone.
The limestone most extensively used is that known as the "Mountain Limestone," occur- ring in the lower Carboniferous formation. This rock covers a great area in the northern part of the State, and varies from 350 to 1,300 feet in thickness. As its name indicates, this rock often occurs on mountain sides above drainage level, making it easily and cheaply quarried. The principal quarries are near Blount Springs and Bangor on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and near Trussville and Vann's on the Alabama Great Southern. An- other important limestone for fluxing and for lime burning is the Trenton, or Pelham, lime- stone of Silurian age, which occurs in long, narrow belts on the flanks of the Red Moun- tain ridges on each side of the anticlinal val- leys. In its best quality, this rock is a compact blue limestone, often highly fos-
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