USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 99
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The slave, property under the law, as a rule was never so regarded in the treatment accorded him. As property he was an asset of nature, and as such must be careful and protected as other property, But this status existed as a shield, not for use as a sword. Practically the slaves were a contented and happy class. They were amiable of their position, bidable and trustable as a rule, and they soon ingratiated themselves into the good opinions and even the affections of their masters. That love hegets love obtained in the relation of master and slave. Usually well fed, well cared for and healthy, their condition was not wholly had. It may be said in proving that the solicitude of the master and mistress for the welfare of the slave has become one of the fixed parts of any claims or admissions in reference to the system.
The slave as a laborer was not wholly a success, and yet he possessed docility, willing- ness to learn and an imitation facility of a remarkable sort. On the plantations and in the villages the great hulk of the manual labor was performed by negroes. On a plan- tation of a hundred negroes or less there were plowhands, hostlers, gardeners, black- smiths, plasterers, wood choppers, coachmen, footmen, butlers, seamstresses, cooks, etc. The ante bellum plantation was the best school the negro ever had. Under wise and intelligent direction he developed the use of hand and muscle and strength that made him the best fixed labor in the world, and the like of which will not be seen again. The credit for the quality first described was not due wholly to master or wholly to slave, but it came about because of the well di- rected application of intelligent authority and power.
But toward 1860 the changes in the char- acter of the conditions of the South, because of the ascendance of cotton, were causing thoughtful people to ponder whether the sys- tem was accomplishing the same results as with the generation prior. The raising of cotton, to bring money to buy more land and slaves, to make more money, was a circle the unceasing round of which the thought- ful farmer realized would bring economic doom. This one crop condition at first thought the best product of slavery appoint- ment was the first serious suggestion of the economic impossibility of the perfect nation of slavery.
It will he well here to recall the state- ments made above in regard to colonization and attitude, slowly forming, toward the ulti- mate abolition of slavery. These forces grew with slowly increasing momentum every year. But in the early thirties the rise of the aboli- tionists and the growth of the abolition cru- sade served to check the anti-slavery move-
ment from within and to throw the people of the State of all class on the defensive. They bitterly resented the attacks on the system, on its operation and on themselves as people. It was unjust and unfair. The attacks and charges were untrue and could not be supported. Self government, individ- ual rights and responsibilities and the rights of the States were all in jeopardy. From the joining of the South and the Abolition- ists in the middle thirties, it was a bitter, unceasing and uncompromising struggle, re- sulting in separation, in war, in the death of the old industrial system of the South, and the restatement of ideals and practices of government far away from the fundamen- tals of the founders.
The effect of slavery on the character of the people of the slave-holding states was wholesome, whatever individual instances and sporadic illustrations may he adduced to the contrary. The charge is made that slave own- ership served to develop a tyranny of habit and conduct incompatible with true manliness. This is not true. It has been charged that the men of the old South were degraded and de- praved, and one writer (now living) has so far forgotten himself as to refer to the women of the South as but one of many mistresses in the harems of their husband. Nothing is further from the truth. Individual cases of wrongdoing and evil there doubtless were many of them. But such conduct does not confine wholly to the South. In the North the present age of vice among the women developed the red light district, made divorce not infrequent and lowered the standards of domestic virtue. The queen and paragon of virtue and character had her highest model among the women of the South. The doc- trine of noblesse oblige here had its truest and best application. Their race, their train- ing, their ideals challenged them to meet the duties and obligations of the relation, and they met it in a way that developed a con- dition and qualify of society, of individual character, high leadership the like of which will never be found again among men.
But the institution was doomed. Two causes contributed, the one economic, in that it failed ultimately as an industrial system, falling of its own weight and from defects which had come with its development, and from which there was no escape. The other was moral. In the providence of God man should no longer he his brother's keeper hy force of law, and with the signing of the terms of surrender by Lee on the 9th of April, 1865, at Appomattox came the end of a sound and economic system, and the hopes and political practices of people in whom God had planted only too great a portion of cour- age and manliness and high endeavor.
SLOCOMB. Post office and station on the Central of Georgia Railway in the eastern part of Geneva County, 18 miles northeast of Geneva, 16 miles southwest of Dothan, 30 miles south of Ozark, and about 10 miles north of the Florida line. Population: 1906 -700; 1910-896; 1916-1,500. It was in-
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corporated in 1901 under the general laws, and is now operated under the municipal code of 1907. It has a $3,500 city hall, a $16,000 school building, a $6,500 electric light plant, a $15,000 waterworks plant, and sewerage system. Its bonded indebtedness is $21,500. Its banks are the First National, and the Slocomb National. The Slocomb Observer, a Democratic weekly established in 1914, is published there. Its industries are a Far- mers' Union Warehouse, a ginnery, a grist- mill, a fertilizer plant, a lumber mill, a shin- gle mill, and a syrup mill.
REFERENCE .- Manuscript data in the Alabama Department of Archives and History.
SLOSS IRON & STEEL CO. See Sloss- Sheffield Steel & Iron Co.
SLOSS-SHEFFIELD STEEL AND IRON COMPANY. An industrial corporation, in- corporated August 16, 1899, in New Jersey, as a consolidation of the Sloss Iron & Steel Co. and various iron and steel companies in Alabama; it mines and deals in coal, iron ores, and dolomite; converts coal into coke in its own ovens; sells coal on yearly contract and otherwise for steam purposes; manufactures pig iron; capital stock, authorized-preferred 7 per cent noncumulative, $10,000,000, com- mon, $10,000,000, total $20,000,000, out- standing, preferred $6,700,000; common, $10,000,000, total, $16,700,000; value of each share, $100; both kinds of stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange; funded debt outstanding November 30, 1915, $4,000,- 000; offices: Birmingham.
The 13 companies included in the organiza- tion of the above-mentioned company were: Sloss Iron & Steel Co .; Lady Ensley Coal, Iron & Railroad Co .; Franklin Mining Co .; Lady Ensley Furnace Co .; American Coal & Coke Co .; Lost Creek Coal Co .; Walker County Coal Co .; Russellville Ore Co .; Hamilton Creek Ore Co .; Colbert Iron Co .; Philadel- phia Furnace Co .; Miss Emma Ore Mining Co .; and the North Alabama Furnace Co. The Sloss Iron & Steel Co. was formed in Febru- ary, 1887, by the capitalists who purchased the property of the Sloss Furnace Co. It added to its original purchase, large amounts of mineral and coal lands, and was the chief interest in the consolidation of companies which compose the Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co.
REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of industrials, 1916, passim; 16th annual report to stockholders of Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co. (1916) ; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910).
SMALLPOX. See Epidemics.
SNAKES FOUND IN ALABAMA.
Adder, Spreading, Heterodon platyrhinus, and H. simus.
Black, Eastern, Zamenis constrictor.
Black, Southern, Spilotes carais couperi. Chain, See King Snake.
Chicken, Coluber absoletus and varieties. Coachwhip, Zamenis flagelliformis.
Coluber, See Rat Snake.
Coral, Elaps fulvius.
Corn, Coluber guttatus.
Crowned, Tantilla coronata. Garter:
Common, Thannophis sirtalis.
Spotted, Thamnophis sirtalis, ordinatus.
Gopher. See Southern black snake.
Green Cyclophis Aestivus and Liopeltis Ver- nalis.
Harlequin. See Coral Snake.
Hog nose. See Spreading Adder.
Black, Melanistic variety.
Hoop, Farancia abacura.
Indigo. See Southern Black Snake.
King, Ophibolus getulus.
Brown, Haldea striatula.
Moccasin :
Copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix.
Cotton-mouth, see water moccasin.
Water, Agkistrodon piscivorus.
Pine, Pituophis melanoleucus. Racer, Blue Zamenis constrictor.
Scarlet, See Corn snake.
Rainbow, Alabastor erythrogrammus.
Rat, Coluber absoletus and varieties.
Rattlesnake:
Diamondback, Crotalus adamanteus. Ground, Sistrurus miliarius.
Timber, Crotalus horridus. Ribbon, Thamnophis saurita.
Ringneck, Eastern, Diadophis punctatus.
Scarlet, Cemophora coccinea.
Storer's Storeria occipitomaculata. Thunder. See King Snake.
Water:
Brown, Tropidonotus taxispilotus.
Common, Natrix sipedon.
Green, Natrix clycopium.
Red-bellied, Natrix fasciata erythrogaster.
Worm, Carphophis ameonus.
SOAPSTONE. See Corundum and Soap- stone.
SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. See Friends, So- ciety of the.
SOIL SURVEYS. See Soils and Soil Sur- veys.
SOILS AND SOIL SURVEYS. The soils constitute the most interesting and the most important geological feature of the State, and are of most recent formation. The State may be divided into two parts, approximately co- extensive with the mineral district and the agricultural district, respectively. The soils of the first are mainly residual, that is, they have been derived from the rocks upon which they now rest, and therefore show more or less close relationship to them. In the second -the Coastal Plain, or agricultural district- the older formations have been overspread with a mantle of sandy loam and pebbles, transported from elsewhere, and the soils are in great measure made from these materials, though modified locally by admixtures with the disintegration and decomposition prod- ucts of the underlying older rocks.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
The Mineral District .- There are three prin- cipal varieties of soils in the mineral district. The first is the sandy loams, in part slightly calcareous, derived from the sandstones and siliceous shales of the Coal Measures, the Weisner quartzite, and the Talladega slates; from the cherty or more siliceous parts of the Knox dolomite, and of the lower Carbonifer- ous limestones; and from some of the Monte- vallo shales. These soils are less fertile than the others, but they lie well, are responsive to fertilizers and easily cultivated. Approxi- mately 10,000 square miles of the mineral region have soils of this kind. The second variety is the calcareous sandy loams, in which the proportion of clay and of lime Is greater than in the preceding class. They are more fertile, quite as easy of cultivation, as responsive to fertilizers, and hence the most desirable farm lands of the region. They cover about 4,000 square miles of territory, and are the residual soils from the slightly siliceous limestones of the Tuscumbia divi- sion of the lower Carboniferous, the Fort Payne chert, the lower beds of the Knox dolo- mite, the more calcareous of the Montevallo shales, and the rocks of the Red Mountain group. The fine red lands of the Tennessee Valley, those of parts of the Coosa Valley, and belts in the other anticlinal valleys belong to this class. The third variety is composed of the highly calcareous clayey soils, occupy- Ing some 2,500 square miles of area, and de- rived from the purer limestones of the lower Carboniferous, and of the Trenton, and from the calcareous shales of the Cambrian flat- woods. These lands, though essentially fer- tile, are of little value as farm lands, being generally too rocky or too wet for cultiva- tion.
The Coastal Plain .- In the Coastal Plaln the upland soils are based mainly on the ma- terials of the Lafayette formation, which is spread as a mantle of sandy loam and peh- bles over the entire area with an average thickness of 25 feet. When unmodified by admixtures with the underlying country rock, these Lafayette soils are at their best highly siliceous loams, usually of deep red color from iron oxide, well drained, well situated, and among the most desirable of our farm lands. At their worst, they are very sandy and comparatively infertile, yet some of the most valuable truck farms of southern Ala- bama have soils of this class. While the Coastal Plain formations, Cretaceous and Tertiary, consist prevalently of sands and clays in many alternations, yet there are two great limestone formations intercalated, viz, the Selma chalk and the St. Stephens lime- stone, the former of Cretaceous, the latter of Tertiary age.
The Selma chalk is about 1,000 feet In thickness. It is a rather soft, chalky rock having from 10 to 50 per cent clayey mat- ters, less in the middle third of the formation, and more in the upper and lower thirds. The St. Stephens limestone, in its lower part, is also an argillaceous limestone much like the Selma chalk, but the upper part is a purer rock containing as a rule only about 10 per
cent of insoluble matter. In those belts where the limestone of these two formations underlle and constitute the country rocks, the Lafayette sands have often been in great part swept away by erosion. The soils are thus in a measure residual, being the insoluble clayey residues from the decay and disinte- gration of the limestones. Like all clayey soils derived from limestones, they are of exceptional fertility, being the very best farm lands of the State. In this class belong the lands of the "Black Belt," or "Canebrake Belt," of central Alabama, and those of the lime hills and hill prairies of the southern 'part of the State. Remnants of the Lafayette mantle exist at intervals throughout these re- gions, and admixtures of the red loams of this mantle with the native marly soils give rise to many varieties, such as the "Red Post Oak," the "Piney Woods," and other soils.
The great clay formation of the lower Ter- tlary causes another variation from the pre- vailing sandy loams of the Coastal Plain. In Sumter and Marengo Counties it forms the "Post Oak Flatwoods"; but east of the Ala- bama River it holds much lime and forms regular "prairie" soils, of which those along Prairie Creek, in Wilcox County, are typical examples. There are small areas of marly soils in the Tertiary, due to the shell beds which frequently occur in the lower, or lig- nitic, division of this formation. The cele- brated "Flat Creek" lands of Wilcox County, marled by the outcrop of the Woods Bluff greensand shell bed, belong to this class of soils. The same shell bed is also responsible for fertile lands on Beaver Creek, in the same county, and on Bashi Creek, in Clarke County. The Nanafalia shell bed, or marl, gives rise to many tracts of fertile, limy soils in Ma- rengo and Wilcox.
The Lafayette formation is more sandy in the lower counties than in those farther north. In this section a second surface man- tle, consisting mainly of sands with some beds of laminated clay intercalated, and known as the Citronelle division of the Grand Gulf, is found underlying the Lafayette. This dou- ble mantle increases the thickness of the sandy surface beds, so that the Miocene lime- stones, which are known to underlie this sec- tion, seldom outcrop or influence the soils ex- cept along the banks of the Chattahoochee River and possibly some of the smaller streams. The uneven surfaces of the Grand Gulf clays which underlie the Lafayette sands near the surface, give this country, which is gently rolling or nearly flat, a succession of shallow ponds, pine barren swamps, and open savannahs, comprising some of the most fav- orably situated and valuable lands of Baldwin and Mobile Counties.
Valleys and River Bottoms .- The valleys of all the larger streams of the Coastal Plain consist of three well defined terraces. The first terrace, or bottom, is subject to overflow and its soils are the sands and other materials periodically deposited by the stream. The second terrace, or bottom, is a few feet above high-water mark and consequently not sub- ject to overflow, except in the depressions
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
caused by erosion. The characteristic soils of these second bottoms are yellowish, silty loams increasing in sandiness from above downward. They average about a mile in width, and are always choice farm lands. Many of the great plantations of ante bellum days were situated on this terrace. The third terrace is usually about 100 feet above the second, and averages some three miles in width, with soils of the ordinary Lafayette type. Most of the river towns-Tuscaloosa, Selma, Cahaba, Claiborne, St. Stephens, Jack- son, Columbia and others-are situated on this terrace. Above this third terrace are the broad, level uplands of the Coastal Plain, with their red, sandy loam of the Lafayette.
State Soil Surveys .- Surveying the soils of the State is a collateral function of the department of agriculture and industries (q. v.), authorized by legislative act of Aug- ust 13, 1907, which empowers the commis- sioner to appoint, with the governor's ap- proval, one or more soil surveyors, whose duty it is, "to investigate, survey, analyze, class soils; and investigate the cause and pre- vention of diseases in farm products and plants, and the drainage of soils and the in- vestigation of methods of growing, and fer- menting of tobacco in the different tobacco sections of the State, and to determine the relative crop values of soils in the areas sur- veyed. To further make investigations with the view of introducing more remunerative crops, or crops better adapted to the condi- tions and peculiar characteristics of the soils surveyed, and to give the location and boun- daries of the area surveyed and describe the general topographic features and regional drainage, character and source of population, present condition as to settlement, chief towns, transportation facilities, markets and water powers and timber resources." It is the further duty of the soil surveyors to at- tend the agricultural meetings or schools held in the State, and lecture on soils, exhibiting maps of the areas surveyed, and furnishing such other information as shall be directed by the commissioner. Provision is made In section 4 of the act for cooperation of the State's representatives with the United States Soil Survey, and section 5 makes an annual appropriation of $10,000 for the work. From the very first the State soil surveys have been conducted in close cooperation with the Gov- ernment Bureau of Soils.
United States Soil Surveys .- Under the direction of the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, soil sur- veys of large areas of every State have been made. The work was inaugurated in 1899, prior to the organization of the bureau on July 1, 1901. As indicated by the Report of the bureau for 1901 (p. 28), "the purpose of a soil survey is to provide an accurate basis for the adaptation of soils to crops. It seeks to present as clearly and as forcibly as possi- ble the conditions of an area in such a manner as to make it possible for prospective settlers to take up lands suited to certain crops, and to enable present owners of land to learn from the experience of other localities what
erops are best adapted to their own soils and climatic conditions. In the present struggle for commercial supremacy the importance of such accurate knowledge of agricultural con- ditions is becoming daily more evident. No community and no nation can afford to waste its time and energies in the pursuit of inter- ests to which its conditions are unsuited; nor on the other hand can it afford to lose any chance of inaugurating and developing those interests for which it is peculiarly adapted. A soil survey aims to eliminate to some extent such waste in the line of agriculture. Its most valuable function is undoubtedly the im- provement of existing methods, so that larger yields of our staple crops can be secured, al- though more showy results are gained in the development of special industries."
Cooperative Methods .- Soon after the pas- sage of the act of August 13, 1907, the State put men in the field to assist the Federal soil surveyors. The general plan was to have one State surveyor work with each Federal sur- veyor. This plan has been carried out except where local conditions have made it necessary or expedient to have more Government than State men working within the State. It has sometimes happened, on the other hand, that most of the work of surveying a county has been done by the State representatives with- out the assistance of Government men. In all cases the reports and maps showing the results have been published by the Federal Government. At present four soil surveyors are employed by the State, their salaries and expenses being paid entirely from State funds. The Government pays the entire cost of its portion of soil survey work.
Areas surveyed prior to 1907 .- The first area in Alabama to be surveyed was Perry County. This was done in 1902 under the di- rection of Mr. R. T. Avon Burke. Further surveys were made by the Government in this State prior to the inauguration of the State work as follows: Fort Payne area, including parts of DeKalb and Cherokee Counties, 1903; Mobile area, part of Mobile County, 1903; Huntsville area, parts of Limestone and Madison Counties, 1903; Macon, and Sumter Counties, 1904; Blount, Dallas, Lauderdale, and Montgomery Counties, 1905; Lee County, 1906; and Butler, Marion, and Talladega Counties, 1907.
Areas Surveyed Since 1907 .- Since Ala- bama entered upon a policy of cooperation, surveys of 39 counties have been made. Up to November 1, 1915, surveys had been under- taken by the Federal Government, independ- ently or in cooperation with the State, of the following counties: Autauga, 1908; Baldwin, 1909; Barbour, 1914; Bibb, 1908; Blount, 1905; Bullock, 1913; Butler, 1907; Calhoun, 1908; Chambers, 1909; Cherokee, 1903; Chil- ton, 1911; Clarke, 1912; Clay, 1915; Cle- burne, 1913; Coffee, 1909; Colbert, 1908; Conecuh, 1912; Covington, 1912; Cullman, 1908; Dale, 1910; Dallas, 1905; DeKalb, 1903; Elmore, 1911; Escambia, 1913; Eto- wah, 1908; Fort Payne area, parts of DeKalb and Cherokee Counties, 1903; Hale, 1909; Henry, 1908; Huntsville area, parts of Lime-
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
stone and Madison Counties, 1903; Jackson, 1911; Jefferson, 1908; Lamar, 1908; Lauder- dale, 1905; Lawrence, 1914; Lee, 1906; Limestone, 1914; Macon, 1904; Madison, 1911; Marlon, 1907; Marshall, 1911; Mobile, 1911; Mobile area, part of Mobile County, 1903; Monroe, 1916; Montgomery, 1905; Perry, 1902; Pickens, 1916; Pike, 1910; Ran- dolph, 1911; Russell, 1913; Sumter, 1904; Talladega, 1907; Tallapoosa, 1909; Tusca- loosa, 1911; Walker, 1915; and Washington, 1915.
The reports of these soil surveys, with the maps accompanying them, have constantly in- creased in usefulness and Interest to the gen- eral public. They are of especial value to intending purchasers of farm lands, to schools and to persons engaged In agricultural and kindred pursuits; and as agriculture be- comes more efficient and more specialized, soil surveys will acquire more and more im- portance.
REFERENCES .- Code, 1907, sec. 76-79; General Acts, 1907, pp. 587-588; State Agricultural Dept., Bulletin, ser. 27, pp. 358, 367; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Soil Surveys, List of Soil Surveys, Nov. 1, 1915; Smith and McCalley, Inder to mineral resources of Alabama (Geol. Survey of Ala., Bulletin 9, 1904), pp. 74-79; W. G. Smith, "United States soil surveys," in Ala. State Hort. Soc., Proceedings, 1906, pp. 20-28, and "Soils," Ibid, 1908, pp. 46-60; C. H. Billingsley, "The soil survey as related to truck growing," Ibid, 1910, pp. 181-185; Duggar, "Solls of Alabama and their adaptations to crops," In Alabama's new era (Dept. of Immigration, Bul- letin, vol. 1, 1911), pp. 39-47.
SONG, THE STATE. See Alabama-State Song.
SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS, THE ALABAMA.
Organization .- The United Sons of Con- federate Veterans was organized at Rich- mond, Va., June 30, 1896. Its constituent bodies are Departments, Division, Brigades and Camps. The first camp in Alabama to affiliate with the Confederation was Camp John Pelham No. 16, of Auburn, organized with sixty-two members, Nov. 7, 1896. From this date the Division may be said to date its existence. On Aug. 10, 1897, Dr. Patrick H. Mell, of Auburn, was appointed Com- mander of the Division. On Oct. 12, 1898, Thomas M. Owen, then of Carrollton, was appointed to succeed him, and he in turn was succeeded by Warwick H. Payne, of Scotts- boro, Sept. 9, 1901. On Nov. 13, 1901, the first Division reunion convention was held in the city of Montgomery, at which time a constitution was adopted and formal organi- zation effected. At the reunion in Mobile, Nov. 15, 1905, the Division was subdivided into five brigades. Reunions have been held as follows: Montgomery, Nov. 13, 1901; Montgomery, Nov. 12, 1902; Birmingham, Nov. 4, 1903; and Mobile, Nov. 15, 1904. In 1905 the reunion was called for Hunts- ville, but was not held owing to the preva- lence of yellow fever on the gulf coast.
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