USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 72
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With the settlement of Alabama came numerous survivors of the War of the Revo- lution; and later immigration brought into its citizenship participants in all other wars or engagements known to its history. Many of its own people participated in the War of 1812, the Indian Wars, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the War with Spain, or served in the regular establishment. Practically all of these who survived until the enactment of favorable legislation, found a place on the Federal pension rolls.
Very few detailed records of pensions have ever been published. The "Revolutionary Pension Roll" was published by the U. S. Government as Senate document 514, in 3 volumes, 23d Congress, 1st session, 1833-34, serial numbers 249, 250 and 251. It also issued, in 1841, a "Census of Pensioners," officially taken in 1840. The manuscript pen- sion book, kept officially by the State Branch Bank at Mobile, and containing names of Revolutionary pensioners in Alabama, is pre- served in the Alabama Department of Archives and History. This department in 1911, issued its Bulletin 5, entitled "Revo- lutionary Soldiers in Alabama," which con- tained all known data concerning these old heroes who settled in the State irrespective of whether they were pensioned.
While there are very few survivors of the Indian Wars and of the War with Mexico, and a larger number of those on the rolls by virtue of service in the Civil War, as well as widows of participants in all of these wars, it has been impossible to ascertain either the numbers or the amount of the disburse- ments in the State to the account of Federal pensions.
Pension Agencies .- All pensions are paid by warrants on the United States treasury, mailed direct from the office of the disburs- ing clerk for the payment of pensions, Wash- ington, D. C. Until August 17, 1912, pay-
ments to pensioners residing in Alabama were paid through agencies located at different points in the State. Under act of April 24, 1816, the Secretary of War was authorized to appoint "pension agents in those States where there is no commissioner of loans." For the payment of pensioners residing in Alabama under this authorization, agents were named at Huntsville and Mobile. On June 27, 1834, an act of Congress was ap- proved, authorizing the Secretary of War "to establish a pension agency at Decatur," "pro- vided that the establishment of such agen- cies can be made without any charge to the United States." Section 2 of the act is as follows:
"That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he hereby is, authorized to make the necessary arrangements with the branch of the bank of the State of Alabama, estab- lished in the said town of Decatur, for the payment of the pensioners hereinbefore de- scribed."
This agency was to provide for the pay- ment of pensioners residing in Jackson, Madi- son, Limestone, Lauderdale, Franklin, Law- rence, Morgan, Blount, Jefferson, Walker, Fayette and Marion Counties.
In appreciation of the importance of hav- ing an agency located at the State Capital, the legislature, on January 10, 1835, adopted a joint resolution, requesting the senators and representatives in Congress from Ala- bama "to use the proper means, if within their power, to have, at the seat of govern- ment, a pension agent to pay the pensions of the Revolutionary soldiers." What was done under this provision is not known.
On July 5, 1838, an act was approved, authorizing the Secretary of War "if in his opinion necessary, to remove and establish said pension agency in the town of Hunts- ville, Alabama." In the event of removal, the pensioners who were to be paid at the Decatur agency were to be paid at Hunts- ville. Just when the removal took place is not known.
Payments continued to be made at Hunts- ville and Mobile for many years. With the close of the War of Secession and the in- crease in the number of pensioners, agen- cies were established. In 1879 Knoxville was named as an agency, and from that point, all pensions in the State were paid at the time of the abolition of agencies in 1912.
In response to the memorial of the legis- lature, the Secretary of War, by act of June 28, 1838, was authorized and empowered to* establish a pension agency at Tuscaloosa for the payment of pensioners of the United States residing in the Counties of Pickens, Sumter, Greene, Marengo, Perry, Bibb, Tus- caloosa, Jefferson, Walker, Fayette, Shelby, Randolph and Talladega.
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1834-35, p. 153; U. S. Stat- utes at Large, vol. 3, p. 296; vol. 4, p. 688; vol. 5, pp. 254-255.
PEONAGE. "Status or condition of com- pulsory service based upon the indebtedness
1108
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of the peon to the master." Under the inter- pretation of the 13th amendment, peonage is involuntary servitude.
In Alabama Judge Thomas G. Jones has played a prominent part in improving peon- age legislation.
REFERENCES .- Constitutions of Alabama, vol. 3, Bouvier's Law Dictionary.
PERIODICALS. See Newspapers and Pe- riodicals.
PERRY COUNTY. Created by the legisla- ture, December 13, 1819, and was taken from territory the most of which belonged to no county, though at one time nominally a part of Montgomery. It was embraced in the Creek cession of Fort Jackson, August 9, 1814. Several changes of minor consequence were made in its limits. Two and a half town- ships were set aside to form Hale, one and a half to form Baker, and one and a third was added to Dallas. Its area is 790 square miles or 475,200 acres.
It was named for Commodore Oliver Haz- ard Perry, hero of the War of 1812.
The legislature on December 13, 1819, ap- pointed Nathan Reed, Lahan Rice, Edward McCraw, Joseph Britian, and John Tubbs to select a site for the courthouse. A year later, December 18, 1820, Elisha F. King, Samuel D. Read, James L. Beard, John Martin, Thomas A. Perry, and Caleb Russell were appointed for the same purpose. The seat of justice from 1819-22, "Old Perry Court- house," was near the Cahaha. On the first Monday in March, 1822, it was removed to Muckle's Ridge, now Marion.
The first election precincts were estab- lished in 1819 at Joseph Britian's, William Walters', and Captain Mccluskey's. A year later two others were established at William Wardly's and James Beard's.
Location and Physical Description .- It lies in the west central part of the state and is hounded on the north by Bihh County, south hy Dallas, on the east by Chilton and Dallas, and on the west by Hale. Its maximum ele- vation is 476 feet and its minimum 190 feet above sea level. The surface of the northern and extreme eastern half of the county is somewhat hilly and broken. Its soil is a sandy loam, with subsoil of yellow clay. The western and southern portions are an undu- lating prairie. Its soil is the black lime- stone known as Houston clay, and is very fer- tile. The county is primarily agricultural. The northern half of the county has a splen- did supply of freestone water, supplied hy surface springs and wells. Artesian wells
supply the southern portion. Livestock is becoming an interesting factor in this county. It is well watered by the Cahaha River, and the Washington, Legroane, Blue Cat, Brush, Belcher's, Five Mile, Oakmulgee, and Littie Oakmulgee Creeks. Its principal forest trees are the long and short leaf pine, and various species of the oak, ash, hickory, walnut and gum. Its mean temperature for summers is about 80.6, and for winter, 50.4.
Aboriginal History .- DeSoto, according to the views of students of his expedition, passed through the southern part of Perry County in his march from Casiste to Piachi. It may be inferred that Cahaba was the boundary separating the Maubila from the Tallisee confederacy. The Maubila Indians were a Choctaw-speaking people, and the name of the town Humati on the west bank of the Cahaba means "a young Turkey gobhler" in the Choctaw language. The names of many of the streams must have descended continu- ously from the days of the Maubila confed- eracy to modern times. The place names re- corded by the De Soto writers, and these modern place names show that this county was within the habitat of the Mauhila Indians, whose descendants as Mobiliens at a later date were found by the French on Mobile River. The Cahaba towns of the Creek In- dians were situated at the falls of the Ca- haba River. In 1814 Colonel Russell made an expedition against them and it was to these towns that Manowa and his followers fled after the battle of Tohopeka or Horse Shoe. Evidences of a town site of great antiquity are found just above the mouth of Oakmulgee Creek, just about the county line of Perry and Dallas. This is without doubt the site of Humati, the village passed by De- Soto, on October 7, 1540. Opposite to Felix, on the right hand side of the Cahaha River, is the surface dehris of the aboriginal town of Uxapita. Three miles further up stream are other remains. On Ford plantation, on the Marion to Centreville highway, two miles due west of Sprott, is a large mound now con- cluded to have been the site of Athahatchi, at which point DeSoto met Tastaluca, the Indian Chief. Two miles further up stream, im- mediately below the mouth of Old Town Creek, and for the distance of nearly two miles up Old Town Creek on hoth sides of the stream, are numerous evidences of abori- ginal occupancy. The site of Cahaha Old Town of later and into historic times was this point. Early maps show a point on Old Town Creek, as "Cahaba Old Towns." Doubtless two or three villages existed along the creek, which gets its name from this sig- nificance. On the headwaters of Oakmulgee Creek in the northeastern part of the county, have been noted aboriginal remains, and they possibly have connection with the Cahaba towns. Some remains are found near Uniontown in the southwestern part of the county and near New Bern, just over the line in Hale County, which are evidences of a remote culture of an advanced civilization, characteristic of the Moundville section.
Agricultural Statistics .- From U. S. Cen- sus, 1910:
Farms and Farmers.
Number of all farms, 5,143. Color and nativity of farmers: Native white, 1,139 Foreign-born white, Negro and other nonwhite, 4,004.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Number of farms, classified by size: Under 3 acres, -
3 to 9 acres, 377. 10 to 19 acres, 547. 20 to 49 acres, 2,444. 50 to 99 acres, 931.
100 to 174 acres, 424.
175 to 259 acres, 177. 260 to 499 acres, 172. 500 to 999 acres, 55.
1,000 acres and over, 16.
Land and Farm Area.
Approximate land area, 471,680 acres. Land in farms, 356,740 acres. Improved land in farms, 188,273 acres.
Woodland in farms, 122,686 acres.
Other unimproved land in farms, 45,781 acres.
Value of Farm Property. All farm property, $6,372,971. Land, $3,952,040. Buildings, $952,813. Implements and machinery, $247,297.
Domestic animals, poultry, and bees, $1,- 240,821. Average values: All property per farm, $1,239. Land and buildings per farm, $950. Land per acre, $11.02.
Domestic Animals (Farms and Ranges). Farms reporting domestic animals, 4,622. Domestic animals, value, $1,207,700. Cattle: total, 16,204; value, $225,440. Dairy cows only, 7,438. Horses: total, 1,975; value, $210,337. Mules: total, 5,615; value, $695,377.
Asses and burros: total, 15; value, $2,125. Swine: total, 19,110; value, $69,615. Sheep: total, 1,499; value, $3,571.
Goats: total, 1,042; value, $1,235. .
Poultry and Bees. All poultry, 76,468; value, $30,402. Bee colonies, 1,707; value, $2,719.
Farms Operated by Owners. Number of farms, 1,159. Per cent of all farms, 22 5. Land in farms, 187,931 acres. Improved land in farms, 59,335 acres. Land and buildings, $2,104,421. Farms of owned land only, 896. Farms of owned and hired land, 263. Native white owners, 695. Foreign-born white, Negro and other nonwhite, 464.
Farms Operated by Tenants. Number of farms, 3,950. Per cent of all farms, 76.8. Land in farms, 153,863 acres. Improved land in farms, 123,638 acres. Land and buildings, $2,540,915. Share tenants, 937. Share-cash tenants, 8. Cash tenants, 2,918. Tenure not specified, 87. Native white tenants, 411.
Foreign-born white, - Negro and other nonwhite, 3,539.
Farms Operated by Managers.
Number of farms, 34. Land in farms, 14,946 acres.
Improved land in farms, 5,300 acres.
Value of land and buildings, $239,517.
Live Stock Products. Dairy Products.
Milk: Produced, 1,253,143; sold, 9,679 gal- lons.
Cream sold, 10 gallons.
Butter fat sold,
Butter: Produced, 396,582; sold. 37,454 pounds.
Cheese: Produced,
Dairy products, excluding home use of milk and cream, $84,526.
Sale of dairy products, $11,008.
Poultry Products.
Poultry: Number raised, 169,796; sold, 37,- 915.
Eggs: Produced, 190,474; sold, 52,893 dozens.
Poultry and eggs produced, $76,124.
Sale of poultry and eggs, $19,858.
Honey and Wax.
Honey produced, 15,386 pounds. Wax produced, 753 pounds. Value of honey and wax produced, $2,024.
Wool, Mohair and Goat Hair.
Wool, fleeces shorn, 768. Mohair and goat hair, fleeces shorn, 1. Wool and mohair produced, $465.
Domestic Animals Sold or Slaughtered. Calves- Sold or slaughtered, 547. Other cattle-sold or slaughtered, 3,416. Horses, mules, and asses and burros-sold, 255.
Swine sold or slaughtered, 9,823. Sheep and goats-sold or slaughtered, 595. Sale of animals, $70,884. Value of animals slaughtered, $110,062.
Value of All Crops.
Total, $3,007,767.
Cereals, $462,377.
Other grains and seeds, $33,738.
Hay and forage, $45,195. Vegetables, $120,411. Fruits and nuts, $25,712.
All other crops, $2,320,334.
Selected Crops ( Acres and Quantity).
Cereals: total, 39,063 acres; 527,770 bushels. Corn, 34,989 acres; 469,432 bushels. Oats, 4,024 acres; 57,738 bushels.
Wheat,
Rye, - Kafir corn and milo maize, Rice, 50 acres; 600 bushels. Other grains: Dry peas, 2,214 acres; 10,864 bushels. Dry edible beans, 7 acres; 77 bushels. Peanuts, 944 acres; 17,288 bushels.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Hay and forage: total, 3,777 acres; 4,255 tons.
All tame or cultivated grasses, 2,950 acres; 3,129 tons.
Wild, salt, and prairie grasses, 230 acres; 267 tons.
Grains cut green, 475 acres; 555 tons. Coarse forage, 122 acres; 304 tons.
Special crops:
Potatoes, 87 acres; 6,544 hushels.
Sweet potatoes and yams, 1,463 93,992 bushels.
acres;
Tobacco, 7 acres; 6,547 pounds.
Cotton, 95,757 acres; 29,459 bales.
Cane sugar, 676 acres; 4,892 tons. Sirup made, 56,842 gallons.
Cane-sorghum, 156 acres; 720 tons.
Sirup made, 5,556 gallons.
Fruits and Nuts.
Orchard fruits: total, 34,432 trees; 27,016 bushels.
Apples, 9,570 trees; 6,857 bushels.
Peaches and nectarines, 22,749 17,143 bushels.
trees;
Pears, 1,766 trees; 2,830 bushels.
Plums and prunes, 234 trees; 78 bushels.
. Cherries, 28 trees; 21 hushels. Quinces, 62 trees; 57 bushels.
Grapes, 283 vines; 6,129 pounds.
Tropical fruits: total, 1,518 trees. Figs, 1,514 trees; 48,575 pounds. Oranges, 1 tree; 1 box.
Small fruits: total, 2 acres; 1,951 quarts. Strawberries, 2 acres; 1,919 quarts.
Nuts: total, 385 trees; 8,994 pounds. Pecans, 322 trees; 6,955 pounds.
Labor. Fertilizer and Feed.
Lahor- Farms reporting, 1,296. Cash expended, $120,754.
Rent and hoard furnished, $27,137.
Fertilizer-Farms reporting, 1,330. Amount expended, $59,623.
Feed-Farms reporting, 1,652. Amount expended, $81,160.
Receipts from sale of feedable crops, $9,748.
Domestic Animals Not on Farms.
Inclosure reporting domestic animals, 310.
Value of domestic animals, $57,095.
Cattle: total, 441; value, $10,795. Number of dairy cows, 289. Horses: total, 237; value, $35,590.
Mules and asses and burros: total, 65; value, $9,162.
Swine: total, 284; value, $1,513.
Sheep and goats: total, 10; value, $35.
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White
Negro
Total
1830
7,149
4,341
11,490
1840
8,721
10,365
19,086
1850
8,342
13,943
22,285
1860
9,479
18,245
27,724
1870
7,142
17,883
24,975
1880
7,150
23,591
30,741
1890
6,812
22,516
29,332
1900
6,821
24,962
31,783
1910
6,727
24,494
31,222
1920
25,373
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Fig- ures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Augustin. Perryville-1. Scotts Station.
Felix-2.
Hamburg.
Sprott-3.
Heiberger-2.
Uniontown-2.
Marion (ch.)-5.
Walthalls.
Morgan Spring-1.
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .-
1861-William M. Brooks, James F. Bailey. 1865-Columbus W. Lea, James F. Bailey. 1867 -- Dr. Joseph H. Speed, Dr. George W. Graves, Thomas Lee (colored) . 1875-A. H. Curtis (colored), Greene S. W. Lewis (colored).
1901-J. H. Stewart, W. H. Tayloe, C. H. Greer.
Senators. 1822-3-Dunklin Sullivan.
1825-6-Dunklin Sullivan.
1828-9-Richard B. Walthall.
1831-2 -- Richard B. Walthall.
1834-5-Richard B. Walthall.
1836-7-Henry C. Lee.
1839-40-Henry C. Lee.
1842-3-Richard B. Walthall.
1845-6-Jack F. Cocke.
1849-50-Jack F. Cocke.
1851-2-Jack F. Cocke.
1855-6-Jack F. Cocke.
1861-2-Edward H. Moren.
1865-6-Edward H. Moren.
1868-F. D. Wyman. 1871-2 -- T. C. Stewart.
1872-3-A. H. Curtis.
1873-A. H. Curtis.
1874-5-A. H. Curtis.
1875-6-A. H. Curtis.
1876-7- J. H. Harris.
1878-9-J. W. Bush.
1880-1-J. W. Bush.
1882-3-A. C. Davidson.
1884-5-A. C. Davidson.
1886-7-Benjamin H. Huey. 1889-9-B. M. Huey.
1890-1-W. T. Downey.
1892-3-W. T. Downey.
1894-5-W. F. Hogue.
1896-7-W. F. Hogue.
1898-9-J. G. Moore.
1899 (Spec.)-J. G. Moore.
1900-01-J. G. Moore.
1903-William F. Hogue.
1907-H. E. Reynolds.
1907 (Spec.)-H. E. Reynolds.
1909 (Spec.)-H. E. Reynolds.
1911-W. J. Vaiden.
1915-W. H. Cooper.
1919-J. Marvin Moore.
Representatives .- 1822-3-George Weissinger; William Ford.
Weissinger; John Mc- 1823-4-George
Laughlin.
1824-5-George Weissinger; Charles J.
Shackleford.
1825-6-George Weissinger; R. B. Wal- thall.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1826-7-George Weissinger; R. B. Wal- thall.
1827-8-George Weissinger; R. B. Wal- thall.
1828-9-David Cole; Martin A. Lee.
1829-30-George Weissinger; David A. Cole; Elisha Young.
1830-1-Elisha F. King; Martin A. Lee; Elisha Young.
1831-2- Elisha F. King; Martin A. Lee; C. J. Shackleford.
1832 (called)-George Weissinger; Co- lumbus W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1832-3-George Weissinger; Columbus W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1833-4-John Barron; Columbus W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1834-5-John Barron; Columbus W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1835-6-Obed C. Eiland; Columbus W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1836-7-Obed C. Eiland; John Barron; Michael Wright.
1837 (called)-Obed C. Eiland; John Bar- ron; Michael Wright.
1837-8-L. A. Weissinger; Columbus W. Lea; D. Sullivan.
1838-9-L. A. Weissinger; W. E. Blas- singame; Michael Wright.
1839-40-Andrew B. Moore; John Barron; Michael Wright.
1840-1-William Seawell; John Barron; A. Q. Bradley.
1841 (called) -William Seawell; John Barron; A. Q. Bardley.
1841-2-Benjamin Ford; John Barron; A. Q. Bradley.
1842-3-Andrew B. Moore; John Barron; W. S. Miree.
1843-4-Andrew B. Moore; John Barron; W. S. Miree.
1844-5-Andrew B. Moore; C. W. Lea; W. S. Miree.
1845-6-Andrew B. Moore; Isham W. Gar- rott; Jesse G. Cole.
1847-8-James F. Bailey; Isham W. Gar- rott; Joseph R. John.
1849-50-Henry C. Lee; William Hendrix; George Goldsby.
1851-2-Henry C. Lee; Porter King; George Goldsby.
1853-5-E. G. Talbert; Jesse G. Cole.
1855-6-John C. Reid; W. S. Miree.
1857-8-George D. Johnston; A. Q. Brad- ley.
1859-60-A. K. Shepard; A. Q. Bradley. 1861 (1st called)-A. K. Shepard; A. Q. Bradley.
1861 (2nd called)-John N. Walthall; W. S. Miree.
1861-2-John N. Walthall; W. S. Miree.
1862 (called)-John N. Walthall; W. S. Miree.
1862-3-John N. Walthall; W. S. Miree.
1863 (called)-J. L. Price; J. H. Chap- man.
1863-4-J. L. Price; J. H. Chapman.
1864 (called)-J. L. Price; J. H. Chapman. 1864-5-J. L. Price; J. H. Chapman.
1865-6-John Moore; Robert D. Sturdi- vant.
1866-7-J. J. Seawell, vice John Moore.
1868-Matt Avery; T. C. Steward; G. S. W. Lewis.
1869-70-Matt Avery; T. C. Steward; G. S. W. Lewis.
1870-1-James H. Graham; A. H. Curtis; John Dozier.
1871-2-A. H. Curtis; John Dozier; J. H. Graham.
1872-3-P. G. Clarke; John Dozier; G. S. W. Lewis.
1873-P. G. Clarke; John Dozier; G. S. W. Lewis.
1874-5-Matt Boyd; T. J. Harris; G. S. W. Lewis.
1875-6-Matt Boyd; T. J. Harris; G. S. W. Lewis.
1876-7-G. S. Lewis; Nicholas Stevens,
1878-9-J. A. Fuller; B. M. Huey.
1880-1-A. C. Davidson; W. F. Hogue.
1882-3-C. D. Hogue; J. A. Fuller.
1884-5-C. D. Hogue; W. B. Modawell.
1886-7-C. D. Hogue; T. G. Fowler.
1888-9-William F. Hogue; A. D. Pitts. 1890-1-G. P. White; W. B. Alexander.
1892-3-George P. White; S. M. Bolling. 1894-5-W. R. Barron; W. O. Perry.
1896-7-W. R. Barron; W. O. Perry.
1898-9-Eli George; R. A. Hardy.
1899 (Spec.)-Eli George; R. A. Hardy. 1900-01-W. F. Hogue; R. A. Hardy.
1903-Robert Alexander Hardie; Clifton Carrell Johnston.
1907-W. L. Pitts, Sr .; George P. White.
1907 (Spec.)-W. L. Pitts, Sr .; George P. White.
1909 (Spec.)-W. L. Pitts, Sr .; George P. White.
1911-J. H. James, Jr .; J. C. Lee.
1915-J. C. Lee; A. M. Spessard.
1919-J. C. Lee; W. B. Alexander.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), index; Acts of Ala .; Brewer, Alabama, p. 488; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 321; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 162; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 208; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 182; U. S. Soil Survey (1902), with map; Alabama land book (1916), p. 130; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Handbook (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural fea- tures of the State (1883) ; The Valley regions of Alabama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Un- derground Water resources of Alabama (1907).
PETIT BOIS ISLAND BIRD RESERVA- TION. The island is located between Missis- sippi Sound and the Gulf of Mexico. The bird reservation embraces all the public lands on the island in Tps. 9 and 10, S. Rgs. 3 and 4 W. St. Stephens Meridian, consisting of 522.29 acres, and was created by Executive Order, May 6, 1913. These reservations are set aside under the general authority of the president for the purpose of affording protection to breeding birds or as a refuge for birds during migration. The birds are protected under a special Act of Congress, now contained in Sec- tion 84 of the Penal Code of the United States.
REFERENCE .- Letter from E. W. Nelson, chief
1112
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of Bureau of Biological survey, Washington, D. C., in the Department of Archives and His- tory.
PETROLEUM. See Asphaltum, Maltha and Petroleum.
PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION, THE ALABAMA. A voluntary professional or- ganization whose objects are "to unite the reputable druggists and pharmacists of the State, and to establish fraternal feeling and co-operation among its members; to improve the science and art of pharmacy, to restrict the dispensing and sale of medicine to regu- larly educated druggists and apothecaries." The association was organized largely through the efforts of Dr. P. C. Candidus, at a confer- ence held in Birmingham, August 9, 1881. The following participated: P. C. Candidus and Charles A. Mohr, Mobile; C. Stollen- werck, Greensboro; L. T. Bradfield, Union- town; Hugo Plato, Cullman; Wm. J. Hurd, Prattville; J. E. Ellis, John L. Davis, A. L. Stollenwerck, J. W. Hughes, Wm. Houpt, F. D. Nabers, G. M. Morrow, Y. P. Newman and S. W. Gillespie, Birmingham. The first officers were: P. C. Candidus, Mobile, presi- dent; J. L. Davis, Birmingham, first vice pres- ident; C. Stollenwerck, Greensboro, second vice president; Y. P. Newman, Birmingham, treasurer; S. W. Gillespie, Birmingham, sec- retary.
One of the first acts of the new body was to frame a proposed pharmacy law for the State, but it was not until February 28, 1887, that the law, which was finally amended so as to apply to towns of more than 1,000 inhabitants only, was approved. This law made it mandatory on the governor to ap- point a "Board of Pharmacy for the State of Alabama," to be composed of three druggists who had had at least five years' practical ex- perience and who were to serve one, two and three years respectively.
The association had grown rapidly from the beginning, and at the time of the passage of the law referred to, there were more than 100 druggists on the active roll. In 1884 the association was chartered under the gen- eral laws. The constant aim of the organiza- tion for better legal enactments resulted in the amendment of the original law in 1897, 1907, 1909, and 1915. The effort on the part of its leaders to elevate the standard of the profession in the State has been highly suc- cessful. The organization of a board of pharmacy for the examination of applicants to practice, the elimination of the "cut-rate" dealer, the enforcement of the laws prohibit- ing the sale of narcotics, the enactment of more stringent food and drug legislation, and many other reforms, are directly traceable to the work of the association. It has coop- erated at all times with the national body in bringing about the elevation of the standards of the profession, and the protection of the public.
It has now more than 700 active members, representing practically all of the reputable drug firms in the State, both wholesale and
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