USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 34
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Dr. Charles A. Cary, veterinarian of the Ala- bama Polytechnic Institute, in 1901 published the results of a series of investigations as'to tick fever, which was republished with addi- tions in 1907. In his report for 1902, he declared that "The time is coming when Ala- bama must begin the battle of tick-extermina- tion," meaning, by organized effort, and by legislative aid, if need be. This appeal and prophecy was realized in the passage of the act of March 12, 1907, in which it was di- rected "That the work of cattle tick eradica- tion, or the suppression or eradication of any other infectious, contagious or communicable disease of live stock shall be taken up by the live stock sanitary board." The same act conferred authority upon county commission- ers in which the State or Federal authorities should take up the work, to make appropria- tions in aid thereof. The first work was done in Baldwin County, a preliminary canvass being made by Dr. Robbins, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. I. S. McAdory, of the Alabama Experiment Station, working under the law just referred to. Notwithstand- ing a careful canvass, a meeting of the farm- ers decided that they did not wish cattle tick work to continue in their county. About the same time work was taken up in Limestone and Madison Countles, and as a result, they would each have been wholly free of cattle tick, if the law had not been so amended August 20, 1909, as to prohibit its operation in counties which did not have stock laws ap- plying to more than half their territory. In 1908 the State and Federal authorities adopted the policy of working only in coun- ties, which would cooperate by furnishing one or more inspectors. This policy continued until 1915.
The legislature of 1915 determined upon a more definite and vigorous course for the further prosecution of the work. On March 5 an act was passed whereby elections could be held to determine the question of whether or not tick eradication should be undertaken by counties, under the direction of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board as provided by law. On September 2, 1915, an amendment to the original law was adopted providing that noth- ing in the act should be construed as requiring an election to be held for the work in those counties where it was then being conducted under county authorization. The same leg- islature March 25, 1915, made an appropria- tion of $25,000 annually for four years, for the use of the Live Stock Sanitary Board "for the purpose of eradicating the cattle tick."
REFERENCES .- Tick Eradication: Code, 1907, sec. 765; General Acts, 1907, p. 416; 1909, p. 61; 1915, pp. 123, 204, 341; Dr. C. A. Cary, in Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Reports, 1902, p. 26; 1904, p. 28; 1905, p. 16; 1906, p. 23; Tait Butler, "Why eradicate the cattle ticks," in Ala- bama Live Stock Association, Proceedings, 1911, pp. 53-57; Dr. J. A. Kiernan, "Necessary steps for eradicating the cattle tick in Alabama," in Ibid, 1914, pp. 35-43; Dr. R. E. Jackson, "Tick eradication," Ibid, 1916, pp. 22-25; Dr. Cary, "Texas or acclimation fever," in Alabama Ex- periment Station, Bulletins, vol. 9, p. 149 (Bull. No. 116), "Texas or tick fever," in Ibid, vol. 15, p. 107 (Bull. No. 141); and "Dipping vats and dips," in Ibid, vol. 21, p. 98 (Bull. No. 171) ; and Graybill and Lewallen, "Biology or life his- tory of the cattle tick," in Ibid, Bulletins, vol. 21, p. 79 (Bull. No. 171); Veterinarian, State, Reports, 1907-1917, passim.
Live Stock Products .- Since no state agency has ever been provided for the col- lection of statistical data, except for special purposes, and inasmuch as the surveys of the U. S. Bureau of the Census and of the U. S. Department of Agriculture have only covered the State in a limited way in recent years, facts as to the extent and value of live stock products are almost wholly wanting, and in many cases they are unreliable. While they have been collected in a limited way as indi- cated below, they are doubtless incomplete, and they are here offered as of possible sug- gestive value only. As noted in the prelimi- nary paragraph above, these products include dairy products (milk, butter and cheese), hides, tallow and wool.
Statistical details as to numbers and farm values of sheep from 1867 to January first, 1918, are set forth below. Wool production is as follows: For 1880, there were 347,538 fleeces; for 1890, 351,716 fleeces; for 1900, 299,118 fleeces, or 744,274 pounds, valued at $150,943; and for 1910, 120,039 fleeces, or 339, 884 pounds, valued at $85,677. These figures show 43.2 decrease in value for the decade. Estimated statistics shown by the yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1916 shows 100,000 fleeces, with minimum and maximum values of twen- ty-one and twenty-four cents per pound; and for 1917. 106,000 fleeces, with minimum and maximum values of twenty-six and thirty- eight cents per pound. The average weight of fleeces is from two to three pounds.
Dairy .- Dairy products have always had an important place in the dietary economy of Ala- bama homes. The State is largely agricul- tural and it is doubtless true that during its early history at least the money value of milk, butter and cheese exceeded that of live stock slaughtered for home consumption. The business of dairying has developed, largely because of the increasing density of population and the growth of cities. Statis- tics as far as obtainable follow:
(1) Milk. According to the U. S. census for 1870, 104,657 gals. were sold; for 1880, 260,387 gals. were sold; for 1890, 55,508,687 gals. were produced; for 1900, 95,882,103 gals. were produced, and 3,087,433 were sold; and for 1910 78,728,345 gals. were produced, and 3,397,426 were sold. On April 15, 1910,
WILLIAM CRAWFORD GORGAS Surgeon General, U. S. Army, who won fame by directly apply- ing Major Walter Reed's discovery of the prevention of yellow fever.
JOSIAH GORGAS Brigadier General, C. S. Army, Mexican War Veteran and presi- dent of the University of Alabama.
MRS. AMELIA GAYLE GORGAS Librarian at the University of Alabama and called by the students "the angel of the campus."
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
899
Years
Number
Farm Value
1881
115,039
6,813,760
1882
115,089
7,883,596
1883
116,240
8,127,501
1884
119,727
8,820,288
1885
120,924
8,589,232
1886
123,342
8,731,643
1887
127,042
8,751,535
1888
130,853
10,800,825
1889
133,470
9,919,207
1890
134,805
9,740,488
1891
133,457
9,828,262
1892
121,446
8,485,421
1893
123,511
8,155,435
1894
119,806
6,866,130
1895
123,400
5,769,369
1896
128,336
5,456,987
1898
130,915
5,304,161
1900
133,546
6,105,518
1901
146,335
8,020,682
1902
149,262
8,128,833
1903
147,769
1904
146,291
9,185,063
1905
147,754
10,539,273
1906
155,142
14,535,227
1907
158,245
13,767,307
1908
160,000
14,240,000
1909
168,000
14,784,000
1910
171,000
16,245,000
1911
140,000
14,560,000
1912
143,000
14,157,000
1913
146,000
15,476,000
1914
149,000
16,837,000
1915
149,000
14,304,000
1916
150,000
15,150,000
1917
150,000
14,850,000
1918
153,000
17,748,000
Mules .- Statistics from 1867 to Jan. 1,
1917, viz .:
Year
Number
Farm Value
1867
81,754
$ 6,605,406
1868
79,301
4,823,906
1869
85,645
7,026,553
1870
95,900
10,545,047
1871
98,700
10,425,466
1872
101,600
9,855,479
1873
103,600
9,425,569
1874
102,500
8,512,159
1875
102,500
7,449,373
1876
101,400
7,139,842
1877
102,400
6,601,431
1878
105,400
6,843,823
1879
111,700
6,057,019
1867
82,591
$ 4,708,620
1881
118,553
7,806,715
1869
86,720
5,712,264
1883
125,961
10,109,630
1870
100,600
8,888,960
1884
127,221
11,732,321
1871
103,600
9,296,860
1885
131,038
11,333,477
1872
106,700
8,522,308
1886
132,348
11,120,818
1873
107,700
8,852,134
1887
134,995
11,194,624
1874
106,600
7,229,419
1888
137,695
11,980,525
1875
104,400
6,528,505
1889
140,449
11,933,953
1876
104,400
6,540,811
1890
143,258
12,456,913
1877
105,400
6,145,240
1891
143,258
12,815,875
1878
108,500
6,217,641
1892
136,095
11,783,744
1879
112,800
6,098,637
1893
135,415
10,920,434
1880
113,900
6,450,157
1894
125,936
8,455,692
Telephone Survey .- In 1917 the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company un- dertook a partial survey of the live stock industry in the southern section of Alabama, through their local and long distance tele- phone managers. Direct appeal was made to the farmers, either in person or over the telephone, and in this way statistics were secured at first hand, and at the same time emphasis was placed on the importance of the industry, and an urgent appeal for greater interest. The press gave wide publicity to the movement, and in that way the industry was further stimulated. The survey under- took to secure details of carload lot shipments in 1915 and in 1916, both of cattle and hogs from Headland, Ozark, Troy, Abbeville, Do- than, Selma, Demopolis, Greensboro, Fauns- dale, Marion, Opelika, Tuskegee, Ala. and from West Point, Ga. The principal points to which shipments were made found to be were Montgomery, Birmingham, Mobile and Andalusia and to the great stock and packing centers of the Middle West.
Horses .- Statistics from 1867 to Jan. 1, 1918, viz .:
Years
Number
Farm Value
1880
115,100
7,390,571
1868
82,591
4,315,007
1882
122,292
7,846,319
The census of 1900 distinguishes the production, showing 10,000 pounds produced by factories, and 36,374 on farms, making a grand total for that year of 46,374. In 1910 there was a complete falling off, the census reports show- ing 5,528 pounds produced, and 2,435 pounds sold.
1897
129,619
5,032,297
1899
132,224
5,270,259
(3) Cheese. Statistics of cheese production date from 1860. For that year, 15,923 pounds were produced; for 1870, 2,732 pounds; for 1880, 14,091; and for 1890 6,131 pounds. The foregoing was doubtless produced on farms alone.
the number of farms reporting dairy cows to the U. S. census was 203,939, but only 164,- 333 reported dairy products in 1909. This difference is explained because of a possible increase of dairy cows on the farms, but more probably because of inaccuracy in reporting. It is estimated that only about one-twentieth of the milk reported as produced by Alabama farmers in 1909 and included in the census of 1910, was disposed of by sale.
(2) Butter. Statistics cover a little longer period, and are as follows: for 1850, 4,008,- 811 pounds were produced; for 1860, 6,028,- 478; for 1870, 3,213,753; for 1880, 7,- 997,719; for 1890, 14,548,435; for 1900, 19,- 139,321; for 1910, 29,550,595 pounds, all produced on farms.
8,664,388
900
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Year
Number
Farm Value
Year
Number
Farm Value
1895
125,936
7,265,473
1907
283,800
5,938,800
1896
127,195
6,765,542
1908
283,000
5,943,000
1897
129,739
6,358,007
1909
289,000
6,358,000
1898
131,036
6,571,322
1910
289,000
6,647,000
1899
129,726
6,320,059
1911
392.000
9,800,000
1900
132,321
7,961,050
1912
396,000
10,296,000
1901
155,354
11,345,676
1913
396,000
10,692,000
1902
156,908
11,366,976
1914
388,000
12,571,000
1903
155,339
10,856.028
1915
384,000
12,096,000
1904
156,892
13,414,873
1916
396,000
12,672,000
1905
161,599
15,758,485
1917
405,000
14,782,000
1918
433,000
20,568,000
Other Cattle .- Statistics from 1867 to Jan. 1, 1918, viz .:
Year
Number
Farm Value
1911
257,000
33,410,000
1912
265,000
33,655,000
35,370,000
1869
235,297
2,208,946
1914
278,000
37,530,000
1870
335,000
3,794,641
1915
281,000
32,034,000
1916
281,000
34,001,000
1917
278,000
32.804,000
1918
289,000
40,749,000
Milk Cows .- Statistics from 1867 to Jan.
1, 1918, viz .:
Tear
Number
Farm Value
1878
375,000
3,509,241
1867
176,271
$ 3,310,647
1879
257,500
2,194,281
1868
170,982
2,407.328
1880
267,800
2,075,450
1869
182,950
2,877,819
1881
265,122
2,158,093
1870
186,600
3,608.933
1882
474,950
4,345,793
1871
177,200
3,921,770
1883
484,950
5,077,426
1872
180,700
3,118,773
1884
480,100
5,439,533
1873
177,000
3,131,417
1885
432,090
4,299,29€
1874
173,400
3,073,909
1886
432,090
4,384,375
1875
169,900
2,716,575
1887
436,411
4,304,325
1876
168,200
2,993,340
1888
445,139
4,187,825
1877
171,500
2,826,015
1889
454,042
4,370,248
1878
205,000
3,390,078
1890
454,042
4,060,682
1879
215,200
2,945,295
1891
449,502
4,123,061
1880
217,300
2,933,550
1892
445,007
4,006,179
1881
215,127
2,996,719
1893
436,107
3,741,453
1882
274,157
3,632,580
1894
545,134
3,735,805
1883
276,899
4,280,859
1895
545,134
3,738,913
1884
279,668
4,617,319
1896
523,329
3,507,352
1885
285,290
4,541,817
1898
442,736
3,109,998
1887
296,787
4,570,520
1900
279,278
3,061,719
1889
302,723
5,146,291
1901
447,165
3,609,334
1890
311,805
4,926,519
1902
424,807
3,402,020
1891
308,687
4.908,123
1903
399,319
2,975,843
1892
311,774
4,676,610
1904
379,353
2,922,797
1893
314,892
4,487,211
1905
367,972
2,876,660
1894
311.743
3,881,200
1906
496,762
4,131,822
1895
317,987
3,434,162
1907
561,000
4,908,750
1896
308,439
3,365,069
1908
539,000
4,312,000
1897
305,355
3,395,548
1909
544,000
4,352,000
1898
296,194
3,702,425
1910
528,000
4,752,000
1899
254,727
3,935,532
1911
540,000
4,914,000
1900
231,802
4,265,157
1912
540,000
5,184,000
1901
246,994
4,791,684
1913
535,000
5,404,000
1902
239,584
4,470,637
1914
514,000
6,168,000
1903
234,792
4,371,827
1915
504,000
6,350,000
1904
232,444
4,548,929
1916
534,000
6,942,000
1905
230,120
4,517,256
1917
534,000
7,850,000
1906
253,132
5,163,893
1918
668,000
13,627,000
1871
324,900
3,621,740
1872
337,800
3,526,620
1873
344,500
4,013,026
1874
334,100
3,465,528
1875
330,700
3,096,797
1876
327,300
3,675,300
1877
330.500
3.050,769
1906
185.839
20,750,794
1907
231,750
28,139,085
1908
234,000
26.442,000
1909
248,000
26,784,000
1910
253,000
30,866,000
1867
233,663
$ 1,774,548
1868
221,979
1,588,311
1913
270,000
282,465
4,519,440
1897
491,929
3,384,129
1886
288,143
4,797,581
1899
336,479
3,001,561
1888
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
901
Sheep .- Statistics from 1867 to Jan. 1, 1919, viz .:
Hogs.+ Statistics from 1867
to Jan. 1,
Year
Number
Farm Value
Year
Number
Farm Value
1867
276,507
$407,777
1867
819,226
$ 2,609,524
1868
257,151
327,240
1868
655,380
1,792,239
1869
252,007
254,608
1869
707,810
2,020,077
1870
225,000
294,930
1870
716,500
3,189,695
1871
200,200
320,103
1871
900,000
3,495,935
1872
188,100
313,787
1872
981,000
3,290,981
1873
186,200
320,290
1873
961,300
2,655,998
1874
189,900
314,198
1874
990,100
2,592,262
1875
182,300
324,778
1875
910,800
2,519,581
1876
185,900
315,002
1876
755,900
2,647,973
1877
195,100
309,195
1877
793,600
2,552,170
1878
270,000
459,630
1878
952,300
3,019,940
1879
204,000
297,542
1879
1,095,100
2,603,734
1880
214,200
332,010
1880
1,117,000
3,105,260
1881
224,910
375,600
1881
1,184,000
3,800,640
1882
354,489
496,285
1882
1,189,839
4,818,848
1883
350,944
536,944
1883
1,225,534
5,318,818
1884
343,925
512,448
1884
1,286,811
4,079,191
1885
343,925
505,570
1885
1,351,152
4,580,405
1886
337,047
471,866
1886
1,351,152
4,261,533
1887
323,565
458,071
1887
1,310,617
3,882,703
1888
310,622
453,135
1888
1,376,148
4,661,014
1889
301,303
426,554
1889
1,403,671
5,038,477
1890
286,238
413,613
1890
1,530,001
4,643,552
1891
274,788
427,873
1891
1,514,701
4,338,102
1892
269,292
443,927
1892
1,499,554
4,356,205
1893
358,158
542,251
1893
1,484,558
4,761,719
1894
343,832
421,057
1894
1,514,249
4,988,693
1895
326,640
474,804
1895
1,680,816
5,385,336
1896
271,111
311,534
1896
1,848,898
5,280,452
1897
252,133
316,074
1897
1,885,876
4,763,724
1898
219,356
279,898
1898
1,848,158
4,648,117
1899
193,033
269,281
1899
1,866,640
5,291,925
1900
171,799
262,767
1900
1,847,974
5,645,561
1901
259,825
390,595
1901
1,422,475
4,283,072
1902
236,441
366,531
1902
1,266,003
4,051,843
1903
212,797
330,558
1903
1,114,083
5,102,500
1904
195,773
358,500
1904
1,013,816
4,399,961
1905
189,900
312,424
1905
1,034,092
4,684,437
1906
195,597
409,776
1906
1,137,501
5,289,380
1907
189,729
384,391
1907
1,251,251
5,880,880
1908
188,000
365,000
1909
1,238,000
6,438,000
1910
178,000
356,000
1911
1,419,000
9,791,000
1911
146,000
339,000
1912
1,577,000
9,964,000
1912
140,000
308,000
1913
1,456,000
9,901,000
1913
132,000
277,000
1914
1,485,000
12,622,000
1914
124,000
298,000
1915
1,559,000
12,160,000
1915
119,000
274,000
1916
1,715,000
13,034,000
1916
119,000
309,000
1917
1,850,000
15,725,000
1917
121,000
387,000
1918
2,128,000
30,856,000
1918
131,000
590,000
Goats .- Although one of the most common of domestic farm animals, very few statistics as to goats are available. Although on prac- tically all small farms, their numbers have evidently never been large, so that in statis- tical estimates they have been negligible. On April 15, 1910, 5,667 farmers reported 79,347 goats and kids on their farms, but only thirty- six reported the production of goat hair or mohair during 1909. These farmers reported 383 fleeces, weighing 808 pounds, valued at $238.00.
Packing Plants, Slaughter Houses, Stock Yards .-- Available information shows that the first packing house established in Alabama was the Tennessee Packing Company at Bir- mingham, 1890. It was operated ten months, destroyed by fire, and rebuilt by a new and different corporation. After operating under the new management about three years it failed. The Birmingham Packing Company was established in 1895 as a copartnership and operated as such for about twelve years, with a capital of approximately $30,000, and an annual business of about $200,000. It was incorporated in 1904, with a paid up capital
1,251,000
5,755,000
1909
184,000
350,000
1908
1910
1,176,000
7,056,000
1918, viz .:
902
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of $100,000, and has been in operation con- tinuously since, doing an annual business of $1,500,000. The capacity of the plant Is 200 cattle and 500 hogs per day. The build- ings are of brick. About 1914 the entire plant was remodeled.
There is a packing plant at Andalusia. originally erected by local capital, but now owned by Swift & Co. There are two slaugh- ter houses in Mobile, one in Selma and one in Montgomery. The Union Slaughter House at Montgomery is controlled by M. Sabel and Sons. As illustrating the character and vol- ume of this class of business, their statistics · for 1916 are given: Beeves, 6,521; calves, 1,846; hogs, 5,445; sheep, 735; and goats 211, making a grand total of 14,758 animals.
Union Stock Yards of Montgomery is a recent corporation, organized with ample capi- tal, and well equipped for an extensive busi- ness, which is being developed, not only throughout Alabama, but also in adjacent parts of Georgia and Mississippi.
REFERENCES .- Code, 1907, secs. 757-770, 4873- 4876, 6230, U. S. Bureau of the Census, Abstract, with supplement for Alabama (1910), pp. 309, 624, 632, 640; Bailey, Cyclopedia of American agriculture, 4th ed. (1912), vol. 3, passim; American cotton planter, Montgomery 1853-1861, passim; Ala. Experiment Station, Bulletins; Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletins ; U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Statistical abstract, 1888; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1917, and pre- vious issues; Burkett, First principles of feed- ing farm animals (1912) ; Hunt and Burkett, Farm animals (1917); Ewing, Southern park production (1918); American National Live Stock Association, Proceedings, 1911, and pre- vious volumes; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), index; Barrett v. Mobile, 129 Ala., p. 180; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 73 (1914), and No. 110 (1914); Ibid, Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Bulletin, 147 (1914). Stock Laws: Code, 1907, sec. 5881 et seq .; Spigener v. Rives, 104 Ala. p. 437; Pruitt v. Ellington, 59 Ala. p. 454; Davis v. State, 68 Ala. p. 64; M. & O. R. R. v. Williams, 53 Ala. p. 596; Stanfil v. Court of County Revenue of Dallas County, 80 Ala., p. 287; Col. Isaac Croom, "Essay on the propriety and policy of abolishing fences," in American cotton planter, Aug. 1860, p. 358.
LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD. A State board governing the movement, trans- portation or disposition of live stock that may be quarantined on account of being af- fected with or exposed to a contagious or com- municable disease or on account of being in- fected or infested with the carrier or carriers of the cause or causes of contagious infections or communicable diseases. It is composed of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries of the State. The professor of animal indus- tries, and the professor of veterinary science at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and two actual live stock breeders, appointed by the Governor. The commissioner of Agriculture and Industries is chairman of the board. The veterinarian of the board is secretary.
The Act became effective May 1, 1908.
Having been approved March. 12, 1907. The board has full power to make and enact all rules and regulations governing the imposed duties. The professor of veterinary science of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, being the State veterinarian of Alabama, is clothed with the power to quarantine all tick infected cattle or carriers and any infected livestock with communicable diseases, in any or all parts of the State. No quarantine cattle can be moved by any railroad company, vessel, boat, or other transportation agency out of the quarantine area, nor can this agency de- liver any live stock into this area, except under and in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Board. All live stock for immediate slaughter, when brought into Ala- bama, shall be accompanied by a certificate of health, which certificate must be attached to the shipping bill, and agents of transporta- tion companies, are required to send imme- diately to the State veterinarian this certifi- cate.
The Act creating the State Live Stock Board, provides an appropriation of $5,000 for the administration of the Act. The State Veterinarian is required to make an annual report to the Governor giving full account of the work done during the preceding year, and a detailed report of the money expended.
Dr. C. A. Cary, Auburn, has been secretary of the board since creation. Hon. Miles C. Allgood, the present commissioner of Agri- culture is president.
REFERENCES .- Acts of Alabama 1907 (Act ap- proved March 12, 1907); Regulations adopted by the Live Stock Sanitary Board.
LIVINGSTON. County seat of Sumter County, in the central part of the county, sec. 33, T. 19, R. 2 W., on the Succarnoochee River, 10 miles northeast of York, about 40 miles northwest of Demopolis, and 38 miles southwest of Greensboro. It is on the Ala- bama Great Southern Railroad. Altitude: 160 feet. Population: 1870-500; 1880- 738; 1888-1,000; 1890-850; 1900-851; 1910-877. The town was made the county seat in 1833; and incorporated by the legis- lature January 25, 1867. The charter was amended in 1867, 1885, and 1900; and the municipal code was adopted in 1907. It owns no municipal buildings except the schools. It has electric lights, water- works, sewerage, and paved sidewalks in the business district. Its bonded indebtedness is $20,000, $16,000 school bonds due in 1932, with interest at 5 per cent, and $4,000 school certificates, payable $500 annually, and draw- ing 6 per cent. Its banks are The Bank of Sumter (State), and McMillan & Co. (State). Our Southern Home, a Democratic weekly established in 1865, and the State Normal School Quarterly, established in 1910, are published there. Its industries are an electric light plant, waterworks plant, both privately owned, a sawmill, a veneering plant, a head- ing mill, a gristmill, cotton ginneries, and a warehouse. It is the location of the Liv-
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
ingston State Normal School. The city is well supplied with parks and playgrounds, and, has a public square, 90 yards square. Liv- ingston possesses a widely known artesian mineral well, whose boring was begun in 1855. It is located on the corner of the public square.
The town was laid out in 1833, and named for Hon. Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, at that time United States Secretary of State. The settlers were wealthy men, who culti- vated large plantations, while they enjoyed refined society within the town. They en- couraged education and everything that goes to make good citizenship. They induced Prof. Tutwiler to establish the boys' high school, which has ranked high as an educational in- stitution. Miss Julia Tutwiler, his daughter, established a girls' school of high rank. It has since been converted into the Livingston State Normal School. Among the early set- tlers were the Lyde, Brown, DeLoach, Green, Forster, Inge, Winston, Chapman, Hopkins, Payne, and Baldwin families. Some of the distinguished people who have made Liv- ingston their home are Gov. John A. Winston, Miss Julia Tutwiler, Prof. J. W. A. Wright, Jeremiah Brown, Rev. Jere Boland, Rev. Dr. B. F. Riley, and Joseph G. Baldwin, the author of "Flush Times in Alabama."
Livingston is built upon the site of a Choc- taw Indian village, and many evidences of Indian occupation still exist. A striking feature of the city is the large number of primeval water oaks along its streets, and surrounding its homes.
REFERENCES .- Acts. 1866-67, pp. 215-223; Brewer, Alabama (1872), pp. 226-233; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 329; Northern Alabama (1888), pp. 215-223; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 471; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.
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