USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 40
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Latest Statistics .- The figures on manufac- tures in Alabama in the census reports of 1910 are not comparable with those in pre- vious reports, because in the first-mentioned only establishments conducted under the fac- tory system, as distinguished from neighbor -. hood, hand, and building industries, were in- cluded, while earlier reports included all these classes of manufactures in one group. In 1909 there were 3,398 factory-system manu- factories in the State, employing an average of 81,972 persons during the year, whose sal- aries and wages amounted to $33,849,000. Of the persons employed, 72,148 were wage- earners. Finished products to the value of $145,962,000 were made, and $83,443,000 worth of raw material consumed.
Lumber and timber products occupied first place among the manufactures, both with re- spect to value of products and number of establishments, having 1,819 plants whose finished products were worth $26,058,000. Cotton goods, including cotton small wares, came next in point of value of products, there being 51 establishments which manufactured $22,212,000 worth of goods. Nineteen blast furnaces, making $21,236,000 worth of iron and steel, occupied third place; and 102 foundry and machine shops, producing $11,- 550,000 worth of finished articles, came fourth. The production of cottonseed oil and cake amounted to $9,178,000; coke, $8,843,- 000; cars, general shop construction and re- pairs by steam railroad companies, $7,528,- 000; fertilizers, $6,423,000; flour-mill and gristmill products, $2,779,000; printing and publishing, $2,768,000; turpentine and rosin, $2,472,000; bread and other bakery prod- ucts, $1,725,000; brick and tile, $1,135,000. There were besides many other indus- tries whose total production for the year amounted to nearly a million dollars, such as manufactured ice; copper, tin, and sheet iron products; cordage, twine, jute, and linen
goods; illuminating and heating gas; car- riages, wagons, and materials, and others.
One of the most remarkable developments of this decade was the enormous growth of fertilizer manufacturing in the State, the value of whose products increased 174.4 per cent in 1909 as compared with 1904. The increase in cotton goods manufactured for the same period was 32.5 per cent, and in the by-prod- ucts of cotton-oil, cake, etc .- 59.1 per cent. In 1909 there were 81,972 persons engaged in manufacturing as compared with 67,884 in 1904. Of the total number in 1909, there were 3,769 proprietors and firm members, 6,055 salaried employees, and 72,148 wage- earners. In 1904, the corresponding numbers were 1,948, 3,763, and 62,173, the percentage of increase being 93.5, 60.9, and 16, re- spectively.
The value of the products manufactured in each of the seven principal industrial cities of the State in 1909 was: Birmingham, $24,- 128,214; Bessemer, $6,106,098; Montgomery, $5,442,287; Mobile, $5,428,894; Anniston, $4,332,890; Selma, $2,382,249; Gadsden, $1,- 525,091. Of the total of 3,398 manufacturing establishments in the State in 1909, 1,695, or 49.9 per cent, were owned by individuals; 906, or 26.7 per cent, by firms; 788, or 23.2 per cent, by corporations; and 9, or 0.3 per cent, otherwise owned. There were 22 plants, or 0.6 per cent of whole number, whose prod- ucts for 1909 were valued at $1,000,000 or over; 267, or 7.9 per cent, $100,000 and less than $1,000,000; 493, or 14.5 per cent, $20,- 000 and less than $100,000; 1,002, or 29.5 per cent, $5,000 and less than $20,000; and 1,614, or 47.5 per cent, less than $5,000.
The capital invested in the 3,398 manufac- turing establishments in 1909 was $173,180,- 000, cotton goods and small wares coming first with $30,954,000; lumber and timber products second, with $24,442,000; iron and steel third, with $23,816,000; and coke fourth, with $17,770,000. The total capitali- zation of several of the other industries was: foundries and machine shops, $11,984,000; fertilizers, $8,507,000; cottonseed oil and cake, $7,202,000; illuminating and heating gas, $4,730,000; manufactured ice, $2,281,- 000; printing and publishing, $2,010,000; brick and tile, $1,942,000; turpentine and rosin, $1,397,000; pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products, $1,016,000; and numerous others whose aggregate capitalization was less than a million dollars.
See Cotton Manufacturing; Iron and Steel; and titles of industries there listed.
REFERENCES .- U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census reports, 1840-1910, passim; Ibid, Abstract of the 13th Census, 1910, with Supplement for Alabama (1913); Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910); Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (1905), pp. 149-162, 234-241; Berney, Handbook (1892), pp. 456-470, 475-490; Ball, Clarke County (1882), pp. 645- 649, 765; Brewer, "The fiery furnace of thirty years ago," in Montgomery Advertiser, Apr. 19, 1891; Hardy, Selma (1879), pp. 114-121, where detailed sketches of a number of different manu-
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
factories, mills, and works are given; Blue, Montgomery (1878) ; R. M. Tryon, Household manufactures in the United States [1917]; De Bow, Statistical view of the U. S. (1854), pp. 179-182.
MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY. The region of the State has been mapped from the earliest times, in fact, it is from these early references that we are enabled to trace the early roads, trails, settlements, aboriginal towns, streams, and name places. Carey's map of the Mississippi Territory (1818), Bowens' Map, DeLisle Map (1707), Adair's Map, accompanying his book, Guthrie's, Mitchell's map (several dates), maps of the country of the Southern Indians (n. d.) in Hamilton's Colonial Mobile, Homan's map in Winsor's Mississippi Basin, Tanner's map, and numerous other maps referred to and illus- trated in, Hamilton's Colonial Mobile should be consulted in a study of primitive and early historical times in Alabama.
Since 1800 there has been a number of commercial maps issued, covering the terri- tory now embraced in the present State. The La Tourette map, made after the original sur- vey of the State, after admission in the Union, is the most reliable. The one including all that section of the State formerly embraced in the Creek Nation, which had been sur- veyed by James M. Weakley, Surveyor Gen- eral, shows the Meridian lines, is divided into sections, and is the base on which all subse- quent maps have been made. It is the first map of the present territory included in the State, inasmuch as Alahama did not come into possession of much of its eastern country until after the Land Cession of 1832.
The map accompanying Berney's Hand- book (1892), and prepared by Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist, under date of 1891, included the latest information available at that date.
The U. S. Geological Survey has not platted the territory much south of Jefferson County, and none of the southern sections nor the western sections of the State has been sur- veyed.
The most accurate sources in this respect, at present, are the maps accompanying, and issued as advanced sheets of the field opera- tions, of the U. S. Bureau of Soils. These maps are made in cooperation with the State, through the Department of Agriculture and Industries. Surveyors are furnished by both Departments, and while the report is de- voted largely to the character of the soils and a discussion of their productiveness, these maps at the present time, include all streams, town and village sites, churches and school sites, ferries and railroad crossings, and the later ones show every house site existing in the county. Those issued since 1911 are in the minutest detail, and are valuable con- tributions. Nearly all of the State has been mapped, only Morgan, Franklin, Winston, De- Kalb, Coosa, Marengo, Choctaw, Greene, Crenshaw, Geneva, and Houston Counties, re- main to be surveyed. The Fort Payne area,
of DeKalb County, including nearly one half of the county, has already been mapped, and the work is now progressing in Choctaw, and Crenshaw. It is planned to extend the work to the other counties as fast as cooperation can be established. There was no coopera- tion between the State and the U. S. govern- through 1920. The last two county surveys issued have been St. Clair and Fayette, of ment from the end of the fiscal year 1917 the 1917 Field Operations.
REFERENCES .- Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910); Bowen's map (1764) for Hamilton's Colonial Mobile, facing page 240; Homan's map, Mississippi Basin, p. 50; U. S. Soil Survey reports, passim; Mss. data in Alabama Depart- ment of Archives and History.
MARBLE, ALABAMA. The marbles of this State are of two kinds, crystalline or true marble, and noncrystalline. The crystalline or statuary marbles are found mainly in a narrow valley along the western border of the metamorphic rocks, extending from the northwestern part of Coosa County through Talladega into Calhoun. The outcrops have a width of about one-fourth mile and a length of 60 miles.
The marble industry in Alabama had its beginning at a very early period of the State's history. A quarry was opened near Sylacauga, in Talladega County, in the late thirties and operated profitably for many years. Four brothers-Scotchmen-George, David, Alex- ander, and Thomas Herd, developed the en- terprise. Their finished product consisted chiefly of tombstones, urns, statues, and other
The main deposits of true marbles in the State are found in the southeastern portion of the Coosa Valley (q. v.) region, in the more or less metamorphosed strata, although some are found in all the limestone and dolo- mite formations. The best, or most crystal- line, are along the great Talladega thrust fault that divides the Coosa Valley from the crystalline strata. Marble of fair quality and considerable quantity exists in Bibb, Cal- houn, Cherokee, Chilton, Coosa, Jefferson, and Shelby Counties, but the best and largest deposits are in Talladega County, most of them of white, bluish, and dark colors, which take a superior polish. The prevailing color is white, or of a creamy tint, particularly de- sirable for interior finishing and decoration. The product of the Talladega County quarries is said to have the fine uniform crystallization of statuary marble and to be unsurpassed in carving qualities. Alabama marble is well adapted to exterior use, being a very pure car- bonate of lime, exceedingly strong and dur- able, but much of it is almost too fine for such use. Its texture, its lustre, its tinting make it eminently suitable for interior and decora- tive work. A block of marble from the Gantt quarry, Talladega County, 4 feet long, 2 feet high, and 12 inches thick, forms a part of the Washington Monument. It was presented by the Grand Lodge of Masons, pursuant to a resolution adopted December 6, 1849, and bears the inscription:
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
" Alabama Marble.
Presented by the M. W. Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Alabama to the Washington Monument Society."
The following quarries are known to have been worked before the War: Gantt's and Herd's, near Sylacauga; Nix's near Sycamore; Bowie's near Rendalia; and Taylor's and Mc- Kenzie's near Taylor's Mill, east of Talla- dega. During 1914 [the latest available fig- ures] three companies reported production of marble, two in Talladega and one in Coosa County. The State geologist says of the product of these quarries:
" I think it is fairly safe to say that on the whole the marble from this quarry and im- mediate vicinity is of the highest grade of commercial white marble now on the market and obtainable in large quantity. There are small quantities of marble produced both in Italy and Vermont that are somewhat freer from coloring matter than the best grades that can be produced in Alabama in any quantity. But on the other hand, the poorest grades in Alabama greatly surpass the poorest grades produced elsewhere, so that the aver- age of the Alabama deposit is probably some- what higher than that of any other so far de- veloped, not excluding even the marble from the Carara district in Italy. The marble from this State (Gantt's Quarry) has now a well established reputation and has been used in more than 200 important buildings through- out the United States."
The value of the marble produced in the State in 1914 was $370,766.
REFERENCES .- Henry McCalley, Report on val- ley regions of Alabama, pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897) ; Smith and McCalley, Index to mineral resources of Alabama (Ibid, Bulletin 9, 1904), pp. 29-31; Geol. Survey of Ala., Statistics of mineral pro- duction of Alabama, 1910-1915 (Bulletins 12-16, and 19); W. F. Prouty, Preliminary report on the crystalline and other marbles of Alabama (Geol. Survey of Ala., Bulletin 18, 1916); Oliver Bowles, Technology of marble quarrying (U. S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 106, 1916); Prouty, "Crystalline marbles of Alabama," in Bulletin of Geological Society of America, June 17, 1916, vol. 27, pp. 437-450, with 18 pls .; Hardy, Selma (1879), p. 179, for sketch of Dr. Edward Gantt, who originally opened the quarry bearing his name; Properties of Marble Quarry Co., of Bibb (Montgomery, n. d., pp. 10); Alabama marble, quarry and works at Gantt's Quarry, Talladega County (Broadside, pp. 4, n. p., n. d.).
MARBLE CITY MILLS, Sylacauga. See Cotton Manufacturing.
MARENGO COUNTY. Created by act of February 7, 1818, by the territorial legisla- ture of Alabama. The county was formed from territory acquired from the Choctaws by the treaty of October 24, 1816. The original boundaries were, on the north, Tus- caloosa County, on the west the Tombigbee
River, on the south the ridge dividing the waters of Chickasaw Bogue and Beaver Creek, and on the east the main ridge, divid- ing the waters of Black Warrior and Cahaba Rivers. By an act of the legislature of Ala- bama, February 12, 1818, the county was enlarged by adding to it all the tract of country lying west of Dallas County, north of Clark County and east of the Tombigbee. By an act of the legislature December 13, 1819, the boundaries were established as fol- lows, "beginning at the Choctaw Corner, thence running east to the range line dividing ranges four and five; thence north with the said range line to the northwest corner of township thirteen in range five; thence east with the line dividing the thirteenth and four- teenth townships to the range line dividing five and six; thence north with said range line to the northern boundary of township eight- een; thence west with the line dividing the eighteenth and nineteenth townships, to Tus- kaloosa River; thence down Tuskaloosa to its junction with the Tombigbee River; thence down Tombighee River to the north boundary of Clarke County; thence with this line to the beginning." These were the boundaries of Marengo until 1860, when 85 square miles were taken from it and given to Hale County.
The county now has a total area of 960 square miles or 615,000 acres.
The name of the county was suggested by Judge Abner Lipscombe, and was given as a compliment to the first white settlers, the expatriated French imperialists and com- memorative of Napoleon's great victory at Marengo over the Austrian armies, June 14, 1800.
Location and Physical Description .- Ma- rengo County is situated in the west central part of the state and is bounded on the north by Hale and Greene Counties, on the east by Perry, Dallas and Wilcox Counties, on the south by Wilcox and Clarke Counties, and on the west by Sumter and Choctaw Counties.
Situated in what is known as the "black belt," the county is largely in the "cane brake region," and is noted for the fertility of its soil. The surface of the county is undulating and slightly hilly, except for the "fringe" of ridges following the streams. A soil survey of the county has not been completed and it is impossible to tell the number of soil types which are recognized. Among the soil vari- eties noted however, are the black prairie soil of the Rotten Limestone, the Mulatto soil of the uplands, and gray hammock. However a large amount of Houston Clay is contained in the area of the county. The rock bed of the northern half of the county is in the Rotten Limestone group, while the rocks of the Tertiary group underlie the southern half.
The creeks of the county whose waters flow into the Tombigbee are: Allen's, Double, Six Mile, Chickasawbogue, with its tributaries, Turkey, Powell's and Dry and Horse Creek with its tributaries, also Goose, James, and Turkey Creeks.
The forest trees of the county are, long
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
and short leaf pine, various types of oak, poplar, ash, cedar and gum.
Among the crops grown are cotton, corn, small grain, potatoes, peanuts, velvet beans, alfalfa, hay, clovers, sugar cane, truck, etc. The live stock and dairying industry is well advanced in this county. Honey is also pro- duced in commercial quantities and finds a ready market.
The chief towns are Linden, the county seat and Demopolis.
Aboriginal History .- This county was sit- uated within the domain of the Choctaws. But no Choctaw settlements are reported within it during the historic period. The place names "Nanih falaia," Long Hill, and "Bok Chitto," Big Creek, the Choctaw name for Chickasawbogue, show that the Choctaws were familiar with the county. The county was embraced in the Choctaw session of the Trading House, October 24, 1816.
Evidences of Choctaw occupation are met with at a number of points on Tombigbee River and further back in the interior of the county have been noted some cemetery sites. Mr. Clarence B. Moore explored the sites along the river in 1901, and while many bur- ials were met with, very few objects of inter- est were found. Mounds were found, near Spragin's mill, 8 miles below Demopolis; sev- eral mounds half mile south of Bickley's landing; mound on Watters plantation; mound just helow Horse Creek; several mounds near mouth of Beaver Creek; several mounds near Beckenridge Landing and mounds near Remberts Landing. Near the central part of the county, on one occasion, was unearthed human remains. This proved to be the remains of an aboriginal cemetery. Near Prairieville is a cemetery.
Later History .- The first white inhabi- tants of Marengo were white settlers who came from France. These men were expa- triated when Napoleon's power waned, and were forced to leave France. They organized the Vine and Olive Colony (q. v.), and laid out a town on the White Bluff, "which they called Demopolis-the city of the people-at the suggestion of Count Pierre Francois Real, one of the Philadelphia incorporators, who never came to Alahama."
By an act of the legislature December 13, 1819, the house of Mrs. Irby, on the South side of Chickasawbogue, or any house within four miles of it, that the judges of the inferior court might choose, was made the temporary seat of justice for Marengo County. By an act of the legislature, December 6, 1820, John Spinks, Bowen Bennett, Allen Glover, Nathaniel Norwood and William Irons were appointed commissioners with power to fix upon a site for the permanent seat of justice. Linden, named in commemoration of Mo- rean's victory over the Archduke John, was selected, and is now the seat of justice.
The principal towns are, Linden (q. v.), Demopolis (q. v.), Thomaston, Faunsdale, Spring Hill, Dayton, Mckinley, and Myrtle- wood.
Agricultural Statistics .- From U. S. Census 1910:
Farms and Farmers.
Number of all farms, 6,621.
Color and nativity of farmers:
Native white, 1,470.
Foreign-born white, 2.
Negro and other nonwhite, 5,149.
Number of farms, classified by size:
Under 3 acres, 2.
3 to 9 acres, 626.
10 to 19 acres, 1,310.
20 to 49 acres, 2,948.
50 to $9 acres, 840.
100 to 174 acres, 460.
175 to 259 acres, 176.
260 to 499 acres, 147.
500 to 999 acres, 62.
1,000 acres and over, 50.
Land and Farm Area.
Approximate land area, 618,240 acres. Land in farms, 453,389 acres.
Improved land in farms, 238,944 acres.
Woodland in farms, 163,067 acres.
Other unimproved land in farms, 51,378 acres.
Value of Farm Property.
All farm property, $7,370,740. Land, $4,291,770.
Buildings, $1,220,047.
Implements and machinery, $298,823.
Domestic animals, poultry, and bees, $1,- 560,100.
Average values:
All property per farm, $1,113.
Land and buildings per farm, $832.
Land per acre, $9.47.
Domestic Animals (Farms and Ranges).
Farms reporting domestic animals, 5,989. Domestic animals, value, $1,526,339.
Cattle: total, 29,546; value, $395,540. Dairy cows only, 9,477.
Horses: total, 3,257; value, $305,836.
Mules: total, 6,170; value, $723,216. Asses and burros: total, 36; value, $1,815.
Swine: total, 30,133; value, $90,520.
Sheep: total, 2,444; value, $7,050.
Goats: total, 2,724; value, $2,362.
Poultry and Bees.
All poultry, 92,216; value, $30,715. Bee colonies, 2,335; value, $3,046.
Farms Operated by Owners.
Number of farms, 1,529.
Per cent of all farms, 23.1. Land in farms, 260,094 acres. Improved land in farms, 96,034 acres.
Land and buildings, $2,839,648. Farms of owned land only, 1,190. Farms of owned and hired land, 339.
Native white owners, 879. Foreign-born white, 1.
Negro and other nonwhite, 649.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Farms Operated by Tenants.
Number of farms, 5,067.
Per cent of all farms, 76.5. Land in farms, 167,107 acres. Improved land in farms, 132,992 acres.
Land and buildings, $2,391,484.
Share tenants, 789.' Share-cash tenants, 156.
Cash tenants, 3,974. Tenure not specified, 148. Native white tenants, 569.
Foreign-born white, 1.
Negro and other nonwhite, 4,497.
Farms Operated by Managers.
Number of farms, 25. Land in farms, 26,188 acres.
Improved land in farms, 9,918 acres.
Value of land and buildings, $280,685.
Live Stock Products. Dairy Products.
Milk: Produced, 859,472; sold, 6,298 gal- lons.
Cream sold, 200 gallons.
Butter fat sold,
Butter: Produced, 263,100; sold, 17,404 lbs.
Cheese: Produced, -
Dairy products, excluding home use of milk and cream, $53,646.
Sale of dairy products, $5,218.
Poultry Products.
Poultry : Number raised, 160,907; sold, 38,989.
Eggs: Produced, 230,336; sold, 51,111 dozens. Poultry and eggs produced, $73,691. Sale of poultry and eggs, $18,186.
Honey and Wax Honey produced, 10,290 pounds. Wax produced, 1,437 pounds. Value of honey and wax produced, $1,238. Wool, Mohair, and Goat Hair.
Wool, fleeces shorn, 971. Mohair and goat hair, fleeces shorn, Wool and mohair produced, $639.
Domestic Animals Sold or Slaughtered. Calves-Sold or slaughtered, 348. Other cattle-Sold or slaughtered, 4,832.
Horses, mules, and asses and burros-Sold, 243. Swine-Sold or slaughtered, 8,908. Sheep and goats-Sold or slaughtered, 867. Sale of animals, $84,422. Value of animals slaughtered, $80,604.
Value of All Crops.
Total, $3.221,171. Cereals, $475,577. Other grains and seeds, $14,550. Hay and forage, $60,879. Vegetables, $113,007. Fruits and nuts, $7,310. All other crors, $2,549.848.
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity).
Cereals: total, 38,731 acres; 518,307 bushels. Corn, 36,319 acres; 489,528 bushels.
Oats, 2,388 acres; 28,301 bushels.
Wheat, 10 acres; 150 bushels. Rye,
Kafir corn and milo maize, 1 acre; 20 bushels. Rice, 13 acres; 308 bushels. Other grains:
Dry peas, 1,151 acres; 6,491 bushels. Dry edible beans,
Peanuts, 343 acres; 4,547 bushels.
Hay and forage: total, 5,485 acres; tons.
6,272
All tame or cultivated grasses, 4,642 acres; 5,224 tons.
Wild, salt, and prairie grasses, 559 acres; 808 tons.
Grains cut green, 261 acres; 207 tons. Coarse forage, 23 acres; 33 tons. Special crops: Potatoes, 57 acres; 3,287 bushels.
Sweet potatoes and yams, 1,180 acres; 70,653 bushels.
Tobacco, 3 acres; 2,255 pounds.
Cotton, 117,257 acres; 32,200 bales.
Cane-sugar, 405 acres; 3,483 tons. Syrup made, 48,687 gallons.
Cane-sorghum, 81 acres; 275 tons.
Syrup made, 2,594 gallons.
Fruits and Nuts.
Orchard fruits: total, 18,460 trees; 6,191 bushels.
Apples, 2,225 trees; 621 bushels.
Peaches and nectarines, 14,482 trees; 4,256 bushels.
Pears, 1,371 trees; 1,269 bushels.
Plums and prunes, 351 trees; 34 bushels.
Cherries, 4 trees; 1 bushel.
Quinces, 15 trees; 10 bushels. Grapes, 363 vines; 2,118 pounds.
Tropical fruits: total, 1,114 trees. Figs, 1,107 trees; 51,696 pounds. Oranges, - Small fruits: total, 1 acre; 692 quarts. Strawberries, 1 acre; 279 quarts. Nuts: total, 256 trees; 2,095 pounds. Pecans, 234 trees; 1,910 pounds.
Labor, Fertilizer and Feed. Labor-Farms reporting, 1,762. Cash expended, $168,997. Rent and board furnished, $16,315.
Fertilizer-Farms reporting, 1,206. Amount expended, $50,273. Feed-Farms reporting, 2,524. Amount expended, $136,336. Receipts from sale of feedable crops, $10,234.
Domestic Animals Not on Farms.
Inclosures reporting domestic animals, 364. Value of domestic animals, $104,473. Cattle: total, 1,054; value, $24,119. Number of dairy cows, 341. Horses: total, 388; value, $57,180.
Mules and asses and burros: total, 144; value, $21.055.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Swine: total, 472; value, $2,067. Sheep and goats: total, 65; value, 52.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Figures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
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