USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 39
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97 | Part 98 | Part 99 | Part 100 | Part 101 | Part 102 | Part 103 | Part 104 | Part 105 | Part 106 | Part 107 | Part 108 | Part 109 | Part 110 | Part 111 | Part 112 | Part 113 | Part 114 | Part 115 | Part 116 | Part 117 | Part 118 | Part 119 | Part 120 | Part 121 | Part 122 | Part 123 | Part 124 | Part 125 | Part 126 | Part 127 | Part 128 | Part 129 | Part 130
1861-Nicholas Davis, Jeremiah Clemens. 1865-John N. Drake, Peter M. Dox.
1867 - Andrew J. Applegate, Lafayette Robinson (colored), Columbus Jones (col- ored.)
1875-Leroy P. Walker, William M. Lowe. 1901-R. W. Walker, J. W. Grayson, R. E. Spragins, A. S. Fletcher.
Senators .-
1819-20-Gabriel Moore.
1821-2-Isaac Lanier.
1822-3-David Moore.
1825-6-Thomas Miller.
1828-9-John Vining.
1831-2-John Vining.
1834-5-John Vining.
1836-7-William Fleming.
1839-40-Daniel B. Turner.
1842-3-William Fleming.
1845-6-James W. McClung.
1849-50-William Fleming.
1853-4-William Asklen.
1857-8-Willlam Fleming.
1861-2-F. L. Hammond. 1865-6-John W. Drake. 1868-Isaac D. Sihley.
1871-2-Isaac D. Sibley. 1872-3-S. H. Murphy.
1873-J. W. Grayson.
1874-5-J. W. Grayson.
1875-6-J. W. Grayson.
1876-7-Dr. Francisco Rice.
1878-9-Francisco Rice.
1880-1-Francisco Rice.
1882-3-David D. Shelby.
1884-5-David D. Shelby.
1886-7-Francisco Rice.
1888-9-Francisco Rice. 1890-1-Oscar R. Hundley. 1892-3-Oscar R. Hundley.
1894-5-Oscar R. Hundley. 1896-7-Oscar R. Hundley. 1898-9-E. L. Pulley. 1899 (Spec.)-E. L. Pulley. 1900-01-E. L. Pulley.
1903-Robert Elias Spragins. 1907-Robert Elias Spragins.
1907 (Spec.)-Robert Elias Spragins.
1909 (Spec.)-Robert Elias Spragins. 1911-Robert Elias Spragins.
1915-Jas. H. Pride. 1919-W. E. Butler.
Representatives .-
1819-20-Samuel Walker; Eppes Moody; James G. Birney; Samuel Chapman; Griffin Lamkin; John L. Towns; Isaac Wellborn; Frederick Weedon.
1820-1-Samuel Walker; Samuel Chap- man; Frederick Weedon; John Mckinley; John M. Leake; John Vining; David Moore; Henry Chambers.
1821 (called) - Samuel Walker; Samuel Chapman; Frederick Weedon; John McKin- ley; John M. Leake; John Vining; David Moore; Henry Chambers.
1821-2-Frederick Weedon; John Vining; David Moore; John Martin; Thomas Miller; William Fleming; John M. Leake; Henry King.
1822-3-John M. Leake; William I. Adair; John Pope; Thomas Fearn; Christopher Hunt; William Saunders; James McClung.
1823-4-William I. Adair; David Moore; John Vining; Thomas Miller; William Flem- ing; Henry King; Isaac Lanier.
1824-5-John Vining; Thomas Miller; Wm. Fleming; Samuel Walker; Isaac Lanier; James W. Camp; Anthony H. Metcalf.
1825-6-John Vining; Henry King; Wil- liam Kelly; William Brandon; Harry I. Thornton.
1826-7-David Moore; James W. McClung; William Acklen, Jr .; David Bradford.
1827-8 - John Vining; William Acklen; William Kelly; William H. Moore; Nathan Smith.
1828-9-S. Walker; Thomas Fearn; Wil- liam Brandon; Clement C. Clay; James Penn. 1829-30-David Moore; Thomas Fearn; William Acklen; Henry King; James Penn.
1830-1-David Moore; William Acklen; Henry King; Robert T. Scott; James Penn.
1831-2 - William Acklen; Henry King; Samuel Peete; James G. Carroll; James Penn.
1832 (called)-William Fleming; Henry King; J. W. Camp; R. T. Scott; John P. Gra- ham.
1832-3-William Fleming; Henry King; J. W. Camp; R. T. Scott; John Graham.
1833-4-William Fleming; Samuel Walker; A. F. Hopkins; George T. Jones; George Ma- son.
1834-5-William Fleming; Samuel Walk- er; Henry King; William H. Glascock; J. D. Phelan.
1835-6-William Fleming; James W. Mc- Clung ;; George T. Jones; Jabez Leftwich; John D. Phelan.
1836-7-David Moore; William Smith; R. Horton; Jabez Leftwich; P. N. Booker. 1837 (called)-David Moore; William Smith; R. Horton; Jabez Leftwich; P. N. Booker.
927
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1837-8-John Vining; William Smith; Rho- da Horton; James W. McClung; Parham N. Booker.
1838-9-John Vining; William Smith; Da- vid Moore; James W. McClung; Joseph Tay- lor.
1839-40 - John Vining; William Smith; David Moore; Jere Clemens.
1840-1-Samuel Walker; Thomas B. Prov- ence; David Moore; Jere Clemens.
1841 (called)-Samuel Walker; Thomas B. Provence; David Moore; Jere Clemens.
1841-2-George T. Jones: Thomas Haugh- ton; David Moore; Jere Clemens.
1842-3-James W. McClung; James Robin- son; David Moore; Clement C. Clay.
1843-4-David Moore; Jere Clemens; Wil- liam J. Sykes; A. L. Sandige.
1844-5-James W. McClung; Jere Clemens; C. C. Clay, Jr .; William Brandon.
1845-6-A. L. Sandige; William G. Miller; Clement C. Clay, Jr.
1847-8-William Fleming; M. A. King; Thomas H. Hewlett.
1849-50-David C. Humphries; M. A. King;
William Wright.
1851-2 -- H. C. Bradford; Michael A. King; C. D. Kavanaugh.
1853-4-D. C. Humphries; George W. Laughinghouse.
1855-6-Reuben Chapman; John T. Haden. 1857-8-S. S. Scott; Stephen W. Harris.
1859-60-S. S. Scott; Robert J. Lowe.
1861 (1st called)-S. S. Scott; Robert J. Lowe.
1861 (2d called)-S. D. Cabaniss; C. But- ler.
1861-2-S. B. Cabaniss; C. Butler.
1862 (called)-S. D. Cabaniss; C. Butler.
1862-3-S. D. Cabaniss; C. Butler.
1863 (called) - J. C. Bradford; J. W. Scruggs.
1863-4-J. C. Bradford; J. W. Scruggs.
1864 (called) - J. C. Bradford; J. W. Scruggs.
1864-5-J. C. Bradford; J. W. Scruggs.
1865-6-William D. Humphrey; J. W. Led- better.
1866-7-William D. Humphrey; J. W. Led- better.
1868-C. Jones; Jefferson McCally; Justin Romayne.
1769-70-D. C. Humphreys; W. D. Humph- rey; Justin Romayne.
1870-1-Francisco Rice; William M. Lowe; J. W. Grayson.
1871-2-J. W. Grayson; W. M. Lowe; F. Rice.
1872-3-J. M. Moss; James W. Steel; Reu- ben Jones.
1873-Reuben Jones; J. M. Moss; James W. Steel.
1874-5-Geo. P. Beirne; E. C. Betts; F. Rice.
1875-6-Geo. P. Beirne; E. C. Betts; F. Rice.
1876-7-E. C. Betts; A. S. Fletcher; George C. Saunders.
1878-9-E. C. Betts; A. S. Fletcher; George C. Saunders.
Vol. II-14
1880-1-E. C. Betts; J. W. Grayson; B. C. Lanier.
1882-3-W. W. Haden; W. O. Williams; J. W. Cochran. 1884-5-Milton Humes; E. T. Taliaferro; G. R. Sullivan.
1886-7-O. R. Hundley; A. Whited; R. A. Petty.
1888-9-Oscar R. Hundley; John P. Hamp- ton; E. F. Walker.
1890-1-R. T. Blackwell; W. A. Bishop; S. H. Moore.
1892-3-Francisco Rice; A. S. Fletcher.
1894-5-A. S. Fletcher; N. M. Rowe.
1896-7-A. P. Hunt; J. P. Hampton.
1898-9-J. H. Lyle; J. H. Wallace, Jr.
1899 (Spec.)-J. H. Lyle; J. H. Wallace, Jr.
1900-01-W. B. Bankhead; Jno. H. Wall- ace, Jr.
1903-Algernon Sidney Fletcher; Richard Wilde Walker.
1907-A. D. Kirby; N. M. Rowe.
1907 (Spec.)-A. D. Kirby; N. M. Rowe.
1909 (Spec.)-A. D. Kirby; N. M. Rowe.
1911-S. S. Fletcher; R. T. Lawler.
1915-J. W. Grayson; Ed Johnston.
1919-J. Gray Woodward.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), index; Acts of Ala., Brewer, Alabama, p. 346; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 310; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 25; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 59; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 159; U. S. Soil Survey (1913), with map; Alabama Landbook (1916), p. 102; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Handbook (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Agricultural Features of the State (1883) ; The Valley Regions of Ala- bama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Under- ground Water Resources of Alabama (1907).
MAGNOLIA RIVER. See Fish River.
MALARIA. See Epidemics.
MALLORY MOUNTAIN. An extension, on the northwest side of Weewoka Creek in Tal- Iadega County, of the Weewoka Mountains (q. v.), from which it differs somewhat in the character and conformation of geologic strata, those of the Mallory Mountain being less fully metamorphosed, and made up mostly of tal- cous shales and sandstones, with some con- glomerates and limonites. The area of the mountain is not important agriculturally. It is timbered mainly with long-leaf pine.
REFERENCE .- McCalley, Valley regions of Ala- bama, pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897), p. 566.
MALTHA. See Asphaltum, Maltha and Pe- troleum.
MALVERN. Post office and station on the Central of Georgia Railway, in the eastern part of Geneva County. It is about 5 miles northeast of Slocomb and about 20 miles northeast of Geneva. Population: 1910-200. It was incorporated in 1904.
928
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
REFERENCE .- Manuscript data in the Alabama Department of Archives and History.
MAMMALS. In the State there are sixty- one species, ranging from the smallest of the bat family to the black bear. The hilly, mountainous regions of the northern sec- tions and the low swampy country of the Gulf coast afford excellent protection for all wild mammals. The black bear and Virginia deer are found in increasing numbers in the southern counties, while there are yet the puma and wolf in the mountains of the northwestern section. Throughout the other sections, native wild life is reasonably plen- tiful. Wild fruits, nuts and grains, together with a temperate climate the year around afford an opportunity for existence, even though much of the undergrowth is being removed with the clearing up lands for farm- ing purposes.
None of the original native mammals have become extinct, though the fact that the laws of the State do not protect the fur-bearing animals has a tendency to keep them from multiplying. A successful effort to increase the stock of deer and red fox has been made in recent years. Several deer farms and pre- serves have been opened, notably by Judge C. E. Thomas of Prattville, the late Howard Douglass of McIntosh in Washington County, and William Pickett of Bullock County. The introduction of an elk herd in 1915 has not proven satisfactory. Much trapping is done, but it is confined principally to mink, raccoon, opossom, weasel and the muskrat. Occasion- ally an otter and beaver are caught, but these are now found in only a few localities in the State. There is now but little fox and wild . cat hunting indulged in.
The principal collectors in the Alabama field have been Wm. Bartram, P. H. Gosse, Arthur H. Howell and Lewis S. Golsan. The collections of Mr. Howell and Mr. Golsan have gone to the Bureau of Biological Sur- vey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. A complete collection of mammals accredited the State is being made by the Department of Archives and History for its museum. The specimens have been In most cases secured through trappers and sportsmen. This col- lection is the only one of consequence in the State. The specimens have been mounted by C. H. M. Barrett, Larry Chastain and F. F. Brannon.
Popular and Scientific Names of Alabama Mammals.
Bat (big-eared), Corynorhinus macrotis. Bat (large brown), Eptesicus fuscus fuscus.
Bat (small brown), Myotis lucifugus.
Bat (evening), Nycticeius humeralis.
Bat (free tailed), Nyctinomus cynocepha- lus.
Bat (Georgian), Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus.
Bat (gray), Myotis grisesceus.
Bat (hoary), Nycteris cinerea.
Bat (mahogany), Nycteris borealls semi- nola.
Bat (red), Nycteris borealis borealis.
Bat (silvery-haired), Lasio nycteris nocti- vagans.
Black Bear, Ursus americanus.
Carolina Bear, Castor canadensis carolinen- sis.
Bobcat (Wild cat), Lynx ruffus.
Southern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus stria- tus.
Virginia Deer, Odocoileus virginianus.
Elk, Cervus canadensis.
Gray fox, Urocyon cinereo-argenteus.
Red fox, Vulpes fulva.
Alabama Pocket Gopher, Geomys tuza mobilensis.
Southeastern mink, Mustela vison lutreo- cephala.
Beach Mouse, Peromyscus polionotus albi- frons. Cotton Mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus gossypinus.
Golden Mouse, Peromyscus nuttalli aureo- lus.
Merriam Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys humulis merriami.
House Mouse, Mus musculus.
Oldfield Mouse, Peromyscus polionotus po- lionotus.
Pine Mouse, Pitymys pinetorum auricularis. White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus leucopus.
Mole (Southeastern), Scalopus aquaticus howelli. .
Muskrat, Fiber zibethicus zibethicus.
Louisiana Muskrat, Fiber rivalicius.
Opossum, Didelphis virginiana virginiana. Florida Opossum, Didelphis virginiana plgra.
Southern Otter, Lutra canadensis lataxina. Puma, Felis conguar.
Bangs Cottontail Rabbit, Sylvilagus flori- danus alacer.
Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, Sylvilagus flori- danus mallurus.
Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris palu- stris.
Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus aqua- ticus.
Coast Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus littoralis.
Raccoon, Procyon lotor.
Barn Rat, Epimys norvegicus.
Allegheny Cliff rat, Neotoma pennsylvanica. Cotton Rat, Sigmodon hispidus hispidus.
Rice-field Rat, Orysomys palustris palu- stris.
Roof Rat, Epimys rattus alexandrinus.
Swamp Wood Rat, Neotoma floridana flori- dana.
Shrew ( Carolina ) short tailed shrew, Bla- rina brevicanda carolinensis.
Shrew (least), Cryptotis parva.
Longtailed Shrew.
Eastern Skunk, Mephitis nigra nigra.
Florida Skunk, Mephitis nigra elongata.
Alleghenian Spotted Skunk, Spilogale pu- tarius.
Southern Flying Squirrel, Glausomys volans saturatus.
Southern Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger texia- nus.
SENATE CHAMBER IN WHICH CONFEDERATE CONGRESS WAS ORGANIZED AND HELD ITS FIRST TWO SESSIONS, 1861, MONTGOMERY
931
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis caro- linensis.
Fusky Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, fuliginosus.
Alabama Weasel, Mustela peninsulea oli- vacea.
Wolf, Canis lycaon.
Southern Woodchuck (Groundhog), Mar- mota monax monax.
MANGANESE ORES. Small quantities of Pyrolusite and Psilomelane are found in various localities in Cleburne, Clay, Calhoun, Blount, and Cherokee Counties. Several of these deposits in the Weisner formation of Cleburne County have been worked to some extent, but the mining of manganese has not yet become commercially important. The de- posits in Blount County are near the base of the Fort Payne chert of the lower Car- boniferous, and those of Cherokee, Tuscaloosa, and other counties are in the Knox dolomite. Manganese ore and brown iron ore, or limonite, are frequently found closely asso- ciated in the same deposit. Most of the brown ore banks contain more or less manganese ore. The manganiferous limonite has been mined near Anniston and converted into spiegeleisen and ferromanganese in the An- niston furnaces.
REFERENCES .- Smith and McCalley, Index to mineral resources of Alabama (Geol. Survey of Ala., Bulletin 9, 1904), p. 18; U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral resources of United States, 1886, p. 183, 1893, pp. 124-125.
MANUFACTURING AND MANUFAC- TURES. Manufactures, or more accurately the handicrafts, have occupied no small posi- tion in the community life of Alabama. In the early years of the State's development, on the larger plantations, the culture of cotton was the principal business. Usually it was marketed raw, and supplies were purchased from the manufacturing towns of the North, or were imported from Europe. The less wealthy people of the towns, as well as the small farmers, supplied most of their needs in the way of tools, implements, utensils, fur- niture, linen, clothing, and many other ar- ticles, from local artisans. Many of these skilled craftsmen-blacksmiths, founders, ironworkers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, wheelwrights, millwrights, millers, tanners, bootmakers, tailors, and others-were among the earliest settlers. They made by hand in their small shops many useful articles that are now machine-made in standard patterns and by standardized processes.
During the pioneer days, and for many years after that term ceased to be strictly applicable, the journeyman mechanics and tradesmen of the local communities fashioned for the farmer, the housekeeper, and the laborer, most of their axes and handles, plow- points, plowstocks, harrows, harness, saddles, shovels, spades, picks, hoes, cowbells, fire- tongs, andirons, ovens, iron pots, cranes, frying pans, skillets, flatirons, and kettles, be- sides repairing their guns, knives, and pistols,
and the various implements of the farm and home. Later, in shops where two or more mechanics worked together, wagons, car- riages, buggies, tables, wardrobes, chairs, secretaries, "whatnots" and other household furniture, besides carding frames, spinning wheels and flax wheels, were made. There were boatyards along the rivers in which skilled boatwrights were employed. A steam- boat was built at Old St. Stephens as early as 1818. (See Steamboat Transportation.)
By 1832 the State had a cotton mill. It was located in Madison County on the Flint River, from which the motive power was ob- tained. (See Cotton Manufacturing.) One of the earliest cotton-gin factories was estab- lished by Daniel Pratt (q. v.) in Autauga County in 1838. It later hecame the largest gin factory in the world, and the Daniel Pratt Gin Co.'s (q. v.) machines were known wher- ever cotton was grown.
Early Statistics. - By 1849 there were 1,026 individuals and establishments engaged in manufacture in Alabama, whose invested capital amounted to $3,450,606. These in- dustries employed 4,938 persons, consumed raw material to the amount of $2,224,960, and produced finished articles valued at $4,528,878. These totals included 12 cotton mills, having a capital of $651,900, using 5,208 bales of cotton valued at $237,081, em- ploying 715 persons, and turning out finished products to the value of $382,260; 3 furnaces, representing $11,000 capital, consuming 1,838 tons of ore worth $6,770, employing 40 men, and making 522 tons of pig iron be- sides $5,000 worth of other products, making a total production of $22,500; 10 foundries, capitalized at $216,625, using 2,348 tons of pig iron costing, with the fuel used to melt it, $102,085, giving employment to 212 men, and making iron castings of various sorts to the value of $271,126; 3 manufactories of wrought iron with a capital of $7,000, using $3,355 worth of raw material, employing 34 men, and producing $7,500 worth of iron- ware for the market.
The census report for the year ending June 30, 1860, is much more detailed and com- prehensive, including 56 different industries and crafts for the State. Outside of Clarke, Russell, and Winston Counties, from which no returns were received, there were 1,459 manufacturing establishments, having an ag- gregate capitalization of $9,098,181, using $5,489,963 worth of raw materials, employ- ing 7,889 persons who received $2,132,940 in wages, and turning out finished products valued at $10,588,571. Among others there were 18 manufacturers of agricultural imple- ments worth $75,636; 110 makers of boots and shoes, whose output was valued at $288,276; 62 carriagemakers with a product worth $336,555; 9 clothing manufactories with an output worth $28,350; 14 manufac- turers of cotton goods, worth $1,040,147; 236 mills, grinding $2,343,238 worth of flour and meal; 30 furniture-makers with an out- put of $85,173; 4 furnaces making pig iron valued at $64,590; 4 foundries making cast-
932
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
ings worth $35,000; 132 manufacturers of leather goods whose product was valued at $393,740; 336 sawmills and 3 planing mills whose output was worth $1,946,233; 16 ma- chine shops, in which machinery and steam engines worth $742,120 were made; 32 makers of saddlery and harness, valued at $140,350; 27 manufacturers of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, whose product amounted to $237,420; 61 wagonmakers, producing $196,684 worth of wagons and carts; 10 wool- carding establishments handling wool to the value of $43,475, and 6 woolen factories whose product was valued at $191,474. Be- sides these, there were manufacturers of bag- ging, brick, cigars, confectionery, cooperage, hats, bar iron, marble work, and numerous other commodities of less commercial im- portance.
During the War Period .- During the de- cade, 1860-1869, the industrial development of the State was much retarded. However, from 1861 to 1865 there were many manu- facturing plants established and many old ones enlarged and improved. Most of the new establishments were designed to manu- facture arms, ammunition, and supplies for military use. Several were owned or sub- sidized by the Confederate Government, and their entire output monopolized for its use; but there were also numerous new enterprises started by individuals and corporations. A factory for the manufacture of small arms was erected at Tallassee in 1862, and the Ala- bama Arms Manufacturing Co., at Mont- gomery, was equipped for making Enfield rifles. Arsenals, a navy yard, and a naval foundry were established by the Confederacy and the State at Selma, and guns, armor, am- munition, and other equipment for gunboats and rams, as well as the boats themselves, were manufactured. In the manufacture of gunpowder, large quantities of nitre or salt- petre were needed. The Federal blockade of Mobile shut off the supply from Europe, and many expedients were used to obtain it. In 1862 a special corps of officers was organized to work the nitre caves of north Alabama. It was known as the Nitre and Mining Bureau (q. v.). Salt manufacturing was another im- portant industry during the War period. (See Salt Springs, Salt Lands, Salt Works.)
Private manufacturing enterprises were en- couraged and assisted both by the Confederate and State Governments. Employees of mills, foundries, and factories supplying the Con- federacy or the State with arms, clothing, cloth, and other necessary articles, were exempt from military duty. There were private factories at Tallassee, Autaugaville, Prattville, and other places, that could make large quantities of good tent cloth. There were also shoe factories, tanneries, woolen mills, harness and other factories, at various towns, and the State itself made shoes, salt, clothing, whiskey, alcohol, and other supplies for the army and for the destitute. During the latter part of the War, many of the neces- sities became exceedingly scarce. Many make- shifts were resorted to and substitutes found
for some of the most necessary things. The old spinning wheels, looms, and carding frames were brought down from attics and again used by the women in their homes to make yarn and cloth. Similar expedients had to be adopted in supplying other needs, and conditions became much like those of pioneer days. The industrial revival in the State did not begin until the seventies, and the re- covery from the effects of the War and Re- construction was slow until the latter part of that decade.
Beginnings of Modern Conditions .- The census reports of 1880 showed a total of 2,070 manufacturing establishments in the State, capitalized at $9,668,008, using raw materials valued at $8,545,520, employing 10,019 per- sons in making products worth $13,565,504. The largest of the industries represented, with respect to value of finished products, was the manufacture of flour, meal, and other cereal products, whose aggregate value was $4,315,- 174. Sawed lumber occupied second place with a total value of $2,649,634; iron and steel products, third place, with $1,452,856; and cotton goods, fourth place, with a total production of $1,352,099. Among the new industries introduced during the previous de- cade were the manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake, whose value for the year 1880 was $247,982, and coke, valued at $148,026 for the same year. The production of other manufactures varied only slightly from that of 1860, and need not be listed here.
In 1890 the value of manufactures in Ala- bama had risen to $51,226,605, an increase of $37,661,101, or 277.624 per cent. There were 2,977 establishments, capitalized at $46,122,571, with land and plants valued at $33,837,984, employing an average of 33,821 persons, and consuming $28,432,281 worth of raw materials. The most notable increase was in iron and steel products, which reached the value of $12,544,227, an increase in 10 years of 763.425 per cent. Lumber products reached a total of $8,135,996; flour and grist mill products, $3,060,452; coke, $2,474,377; foundry and machine shop products, $2,195,- 913; cotton products, $2,190,771; cottonseed oil and cake, $1,203,989. There were in- creases in other industries, but none so strik- ing as those shown above. Manufacturing in- dustries in the State continued during the 10 years, 1891-1900, but not in so large a ratio.
Further Development .- The increase in products for the year last mentioned being $80,741,449, an increase over 1890 of 57.6 per cent. The number of establishments in 1900 was 5,602, an increase in 10 years of 88.2 per cent; capital invested, $70,370,081, increase, 52.6 per cent; wage-earners, 52,902, increase, 69.9 per cent; value of lands and plants, $24,978,473, increase, 96.5 per cent; raw materials used, $44,098,671, an increase of 55.1 per cent. The 11 leading industries Included in these figures, in the order of the value of finished products, were iron and steel, $17,392,483, an increase over the year 1890 of 38.6 per cent; lumber and timber products,
933
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
$12,867,551, increase, 51.2 per cent; cotton goods, $8,153,136, increase, 272.2 per cent; foundry and machine shop products, $5,482,- 441, increase, 149.7 per cent; cars and gen- eral shop construction and repairs by steam railroad companies, $4,172,192, an increase of 163.9 per cent over the value of such products for 1890; coke, $3,726,433, increase, 50.6 per cent; fiouring and gristmill products, $3,310,757, increase, 8.2 per cent; cotton- seed oil and cake, $2,985,890, increase, 148 per cent; fertilizers, $2,068,162, increase, 170.3 per cent; cotton ginning, $1,218,283, increase 470.5 per cent; leather, tanned, curried, and finished, $1,005,358, increase, 1,204.5 per cent.
Besides these 11 leading industries, there were 62 others of sufficient importance to be shown separately in the census reports, and 52 others, having one or more establish- ments, that were grouped under the heading, "All other industries." These 52 smaller in- dustries manufactured products to the total value of $2,580,413 and gave employment to an average of 1,502 persons whose wages aggregated $504,039 a year.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.