USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 30
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President-J. C. Compton, Selma.
Speaker-F. L. Pettus, Selma.
Session, Nov. 13, 1894, to Feb. 18, 1895. Senate: pp. 993. House: pp. 1211. Acts: pp. 1328.
President-F. L. Pettus, Selma.
Speaker-Thomas H. Clark, Montgomery.
Session, Nov. 10, 1896, to Feb. 18, 1897. Senate: pp. 1451. House: pp. 1442. Acts: pp. 1611 (I).
President -- A. D. Sayre, Montgomery.
Speaker-N. N. Clements, Tuscaloosa.
Session, Nov. 15, 1898, to Feb. 23, 1899. Senate: pp. 1889. House: pp. 1554, 11. Gen- eral Acts: pp. 301. Local Acts: pp. 1903.
President-R. M. Cunningham, Ensley, Jef- ferson County.
Speaker-Charles E. Waller, Greensboro.
Special Session, May 2, 1899, to May 17, 1899, 13 days. Senate: pp. 67. House: pp. 70. Acts: pp. 30, I.
.
Session, Nov. 13, 1900, to March 5, 1901.
Senate: pp. 1538. House: pp. 2075, II. General Acts: pp. 279. Local Acts: pp. 2814.
President-William D. Jelks, Eufaula.
Speaker-F. L. Pettus, Selma.
Session, Jan. 13 to Feb. 28, 1903, and Sept. 1 to Oct. 3, 1908, 60 days. Senate: pp. 2055. House: pp. 2488. General Acts: pp. 646. Local Acts: pp. 891.
President-R. M. Cunningham, Ensley. Speaker-A. M. Tunstall, Greensboro.
Session, Jan. 8 to March 6, 1907, and July 9 to Aug. 7, 1907. Senate: Vol. i, pp. 1239; Vol. ii, pp. 1241-2131. House: Vol. i, pp. 2031, vol. il, p. 2033-4362. General Acts: pp. 967. Local Acts: pp. 948.
President-Henry D. Gray, Lieut .- Gov., Birmingham, Jefferson County. E. Perry Thomas, Pres. pro tem, Eufaula.
Special session, Nov. 7 to Nov. 23, 1907, 13 days. Senate: pp. 349. House: pp. 479. General Acts: pp. 211. Local Acts: pp. 72.
Special Session, July 27, to Aug. 24, 1909.
22 days. Senate: pp. 768. House: pp. 973. Acts: pp. 455.
Session, Jan. 10 to April 14, 1911. Senate: Vol. i, pp. 1207; vol. ii, pp. 1209-2325. House: vol. i, pp. 1535; vol. ii, pp. 1537-2862. General Acts: pp. 768, Local Acts: pp. 398.
President -- Walter D. Seed, Lieutenant Governor, Tuscaloosa, Hugh Morrow, Presi- dent, pro tem, Birmingham.
Speaker-E. B. Almon, Tuscumbia.
Session, Jan. 12, to September 25, 1915. Senate: Vol. i, pp. 1840; vol. ii, pp. 1841-4236. House: vol. i, pp. 2288; vol. ii, pp. 2289. General Acts: pp. 1043, Local Acts: pp. 501.
President-Thomas E. Kilby, Lieut .- Gov., Anniston, Calhoun County; Thomas L. Bul- ger, Pres. pro tem, Dadeville, Tallapoosa County.
Speaker-A. H. Carmichael, Tuscumbia.
Session, Jan. 14 to Sept. 27, 1919. Senate: Vol. I, pp. 1246; vol. II, pp. 1251-2574. House: vol. I, pp. 1192; vol. II, pp. 1195-2907 General Acts: pp. 1227-1. Local Acts: pp. 275.
President-Nat. L. Miller, Lieut-Gov., Bir- mingham, Jefferson County. T. J. Bedsole, Pres. pro tem, Thomasville, Clarke County.
Speaker-Henry P. Merritt, Tuskegee.
Session, Sept. 14 to Oct. 2, 1920. Senate: -. House: -. General and Local Acts: pp. 216.
President-Nat. L. Miller, Lieut .- Gov., Bir- mingham, Jefferson County, T. J. Bedsole, Pres. pro tem, Thomasville, Clarke County.
Speaker-S. A. Lynne, Decatur, Morgan County.
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. Of the great natural family, Leguminosae, some trees and shrubs and many herbs are to be found in Alabama. The most important belonging to field crops are alfalfa, beans, clovers, cow- peas, lespedeza, melilotus, peas, peanuts, soy- beans, velvet beans, and vetch. The settle- ment of the State brought with it the intro- duction and use of many of these, and there was hardly a farm or plantation without them. Inasmuch as they were not classed with the staple crops, no records are pre- served, but the agricultural periodicals in the fifties discuss them all, with the exception of soybeans and velvet beans, both of which were brought in after 1865.
Legumes have two values. They are par- ticularly rich in protein, and afford fine feed for farm animals; and they possess in a pre- eminent degree the power of drawing, in their growth, free nitrogen from the air. A record at the Alabama Experiment Station at Au- burn shows the production of 105.5 pounds of nitrogen from hairy vetch, 143.7 pounds from crimson clover, and 26 pounds from rye, the last named being a non-leguminous plant.
See Grasses and Forage Crops; Peanuts; Soy Bean; Velvet Bean.
REFERENCES .- Duggar, Agriculture for South- ern schools (1908), pp. 87, 169, and Southern field crops (1911), p. 154; Hunt, Forage and fiber crops in America (1911), pp. 121 et seq .; Wilcox, Farmer's cyclopedia of agriculture
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
(1911), p. 516-518; and Bailey, Cyclopedia of American agriculture (1907), vol. 2, pp. 391- 395.
LEIGHTON. Post office and incorporated town, in the eastern part of Colbert County, at the base of the Cumberland Hills, 6 miles west of Towne Creek, and on the Southern Railway, 11 miles east of Tuscumbia, and 15 miles southeast of Florence. Altitude: 569 feet. Population: 1888-500; 1900- 506; 1910-540. It was incorporated Feb- ruary 13, 1891, and adopted the municipal code of 1907, in May, 1916. The corporate limits include 1 square mile. The town owns its school building and a jail, and has 11/2 miles of concrete sidewalks. Its tax rate is 5 mills, and it has no bonded indebtedness. It has a branch of the Tennessee Valley Bank of Decatur. The Leighton News, a Demo- cratic weekly established in 1890, is published there. Its industries are 2 cotton ginneries, a gristmill, a sawmill and lumber yard, and woodworking shops. It is the location of the Colbert County High School.
The first settlers were the Leigh, Robert- son, Robinson, Kumpe, Abernathy, McGregor, Gargis, Wilson, Kernachan, Downs, Deloney, Galbraith, Peden, Landers, Rand, King, Mad- din, Johnson, Stanley and McGehee families. The ornithologist, Frederick W. McCormick, was born in Leighton. In 1891, he published a work on "Birds of Colbert County, Ala- bama."
REFERENCES-Brewer, Alabama (1872), pp. 187-189; Northern Alabama (1888), pp. 103- 105; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 463; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915; The Leighton News, circa, 1903-1904.
LEMONS. See Fruits.
LETOHATCHIE. A village and P. O. in Lowndes County, on the Louisville and Nash- ville, R. R. It is modern, dating from the establishment of a railway station at that point in the decade prior to 1860. It doubt- less received its name from the creek in the vicinity, by the same name, known as Arrow Creek, that is, lita, "arrow," hatche, "creek."
REFERENCE .- Manuscript data in the Alabama Department of Archives and History.
LETTER CARRIERS ASSOCIATION, THE ALABAMA RURAL. An organization com- posed of affiliated rural letter carriers, and of State wide membership. The 1920 Con- vention was held in Montgomery on July 4. F. A. Reynolds, Minter, is president, with F. D. Duncan, secretary, Honoraville.
This association is not connected with the American Federation of Labor.
REFERENCES .- Mss. data in Alabama Depart- ment Archives and History.
LETTER CARRIERS ASSOCIATION, THE ALABAMA (Rural). An affiliated associa- tion of rural letter carriers, connected with American Federation of Labor, and entirely
separate from the Alabama Rural Letter Car- riers Association, which see. The president is Julius Merritt, Dothan.
REFERENCES .- Mss. data in Alabama Depart- ment Archives and History.
LIBRARIES. The free, public, and school libraries in Alabama are:
Abbeville, Third District Agricultural School Gladstone H. Yeuell, Librarian.
Alabama City, Howard Gardner Nichols Mem- orial Library.
Albertville, Seventh School. District Agricultural
Anniston, Carnegie Library,
Anne Van Ness Blanchet, Librarian ..
Athens, Athens College.
Athens, Eighth District Agricultural School.
Auburn, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Mary E. Martin, Librarian.
Bessemer, Carnegie Library, Mrs. W. T. Warlick, Librarian.
Birmingham, Public Library, L. W. Josselyn, Director.
Lila May Chapman, Vice-Director.
Avondale Branch, Mrs. J. D. Ellis, Librarian.
Booker T. Washington Branch, Erline Driver, Librarian.
Central High School, Mrs. Sadie A. Maxwell, Librarian.
Ensley Branch, Louise Roberts, Librarian.
Ensley High School, Mrs. J. B. Messer, Librarian.
East Lake Branch, Martha Attaway, Librarian.
Woodlawn Branch,
Pearl Sabdifer, Librarian.
West End Branch, Mrs. M. F. Johnston, Librarian.
East Lake, Howard College, Marie Bost, Librarian.
Birmingham-Southern College, Lillian Gregory, Librarian.
Blountsville, Ninth District Agricultural
School.
Brewton, Intercollegiate Institute. Brundidge, Pike County High School. Citronelle, Public Library, Miss Mary B. Carothers, Librarian.
Daphne, State Normal School, Ursula Delchamps, Librarian.
Decatur, Carnegie Library, Louise Leadingham, Librarian.
Dothan, Public Library, Sue Malone, Librarian.
Eufaula, Carnegie Library, Mrs. W. E. Barron, Librarian.
Evergreen, Second District Agricultural
School, Louise Thomas, Librarian. Florence, State Normal School,
Mrs. Mary Inge Hoskins, Librarian.
Southern Library Association, Mrs. G. H. Smith, Acting Librarian.
Fairhope, Public Library, Mrs. Lydia J. N. Comings, Librarian.
Gadsden, Carnegie Library, Lena Martin, Librarian.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Geneva, Public Library,
Mrs. William K. Kenan, Librarian.
Hamilton, Sixth District Agricultural School, Edgar Ellen Wilson, Librarian.
Huntsville, Carnegie Library,
Mrs. J. C. Darwin, Librarian. Jackson, First District Agricultural School. Livingston Public Library,
Minnie Simmons, Librarian.
State Normal College, Mrs. Moon, Acting Librarian.
Marion, Marion Institute, R. G. Craig, Librarian.
Judson College, Fannie Pickett, Librarian.
Mobile Public Library, Mrs. E. C. Harris, Librarian.
Mobile, Y. M. C. A. Library.
Montevallo, Alabama Technical Institute and College for Women,
Fannie Taber, Librarian.
Montgomery Carnegie Library, Laura Elmore, Librarian.
Alabama Supreme Court Library, J. M. Riggs, Librarian.
Alabama Department of
Archives and History,
Mrs. Marie B. Owen, Director. Mary R. Mullen, Librarian.
Woman's College of Alabama, Marion Shivers, Librarian.
Normal, Carnegie Library, A. & M. College (negro),
E. L. Gulley, Librarian.
Opelika, Lee County Library, Maud Palmer. Librarian.
Orrville, Public Library,
J. R. Foster, Librarian.
Oxford, Public Library, Nell Dodd, Librarian.
St. Bernard, St. Bernard College, Rev. Edward I. Fazarkerly, Librarian. Selma, Carnegie Library,
Bettie Keith, Librarian.
Summerdale, School Library,
Winnie Cherry, Librarian. Sylacauga, Fourth School.
District Agricultural
Talladega, Alabama School for the Blind. Talladega College (Negro), Mary Elizabeth Lane, Librarian.
Carnegie Library,
Mrs. Marie Fechet Kilburn, Librarian.
Thorsby, Thorsby Institute,
Carrie Belle Thomas, Librarian.
Troy, State Normal School,
Evelyn Somerville, Librarian.
Tuskegee, Normal and Industrial Institute (Negro),
M. Ernestine Suarez, Librarian.
Union Springs, Carnegie Library, Mollie Norman, Librarian.
University, University of Alabama, Alice Wyman, Librarian.
Wetumpka, Fifth District Agricultural School,
John M. Crowell, Librarian.
LIBRARY, STATE AND SUPREME COURT. The library of the State and Su-
preme Court occupies the same position in Alabama as is usually held by the commonly known and accepted state libraries in other states. It is directly under the control of the justices of the Supreme Court as a library board, who have the authority to "make such rules as they may deem necessary for the preservation and protection of the libraries." The marshal is ex-officio the "librarian of the Supreme Court library, and of the State library." The marshal and librarian has au- thority to employ an assistant, who may at any time be removed by him.
Funds for Support .- The library is sup- ported from various funds. A direct appro- priation of $500.00 annually is made, "for the use and benefit of the library." The money arising from the sales made by the secretary of state of reports of the Supreme Court remaining at his office on the first of March, 1881, and the surplus proceeds of the sales of such reports as have been, or may be published under contract made by the gov- ernor, remaining after paying the expenses of binding and printing, constitute a part of the library fund. For further maintenance a fee of $5.00 is "taxed in each civil case de- cided by the Supreme Court on appeal," to be collected as other costs. All disburse- ments are made by the librarian on the order of the justices.
The library tax of $5.00 was attacked as unconstitutional in the case of Swann & Billups v. Kidd. The case carefully reviewed the nature and purpose of such legislation, and it was held that it was not only not viola- tive of the constitution, but that it was a valid exercise of power by the imposition of a reasonable incidental tax. Among other things, the opinion states that: "There is nothing in the suggestion, that the tax is for a private purpose. The maintenance of a li- brary, to aid the judiciary department in the proper administration of the law, is a public benefit-one to which taxes in the treasury have long been appropriated. That the tax is paid directly for the purpose, without the delay and formality of passing through the coffers of the State, cannot change its nature. The State itself is virtually the beneficiary of its own bounty."
PUBLICATIONS .- Catalogue of books belonging to the supreme court library (1859), 8 vo., p. 16; Junius M. Riggs, librarian, Catalogue (1882), 8 vo., p. 171; and Riggs, Catalogues of the supreme court library and of the state library (1902), 8 vo., p. 301.
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1859-60, pp. 75-76; 1882-83, p. 149; Code, 1907, secs. 5971-5981; General Acts, 1903, p. 341; 1907, p. 216; 1911, p. 100; 1915, D. 934; Riggs v. Brewer, 64 Ala., p. 282; Swann & Billups v. Kidd, 79 Ala. 431.
LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, THE ALA- BAMA.
Organization .- Organized, Nov. 21, 1904, in Montgomery, in response to a call issued and signed by Thomas M. Owen, Laura M. Elmore, Junius M. Riggs, Wm. H. Dingley, Eliza M. Bullock and L. D. Dix, represent-
878
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
ing the library interests of the capital city. Meets annually.
Objects .- "Its objects shall be the promo- tlon of libraries and library interest in Ala- bama."-Constitution.
First Officers, 1904-05 .- Thomas M. Owen, president; A. C. Harte, Charles C. Thach, and Herbert A. Sayre, vice-presidents; Junius M. Riggs, secretary; Laura M. Elmore, treas- urer; and J. H. Phillips, Sara Callen, Eliza M. Bullock, C. W. Daugette and Douglas Allen, executive council.
Present Officers, 1920 .- J. R. Rutland, Au- hurn, acting president since the death of Dr. Owen; P. A. Brannon, Montgomery, secre- tary.
PUBLICATIONS .- Proceedings, 1904 (8vo.) ; and Proceedings, 1905 (8vo.). Circulars.
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. This office was created by the constitutional convention of 1867, and the incumbent was to serve a term of two years and in case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office, for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant-governor. He is also president of the senate, but votes only when the senate is equally divided. In case of his absence or impeachment, or when he is acting as gov- ernor, the senate chooses a president pro tempore. If, while executing the office of gov- ernor he is impeached, displaced, resigns or dies, or otherwise becomes incapable of per- forming the duties of the office the president of the senate acts as governor until the va- cancy is filled or the disability removed. This office was aholished by the constitution of 1875 and again created by the constitution of 1901. By the constitution of 1875 the governor's office would devolve upon the president of the senate in case of the impeach- ment, removal, etc., of the governor. By the constitution of 1901 the term of office of the lieutenant-governor was changed to four years, he must be at least thirty years of age; is ex officio president of the senate but does not have the right to vote except in the event of a tie. His compensation is the same as that received by the speaker of the house, is fixed by law and cannot be increased or diminished during his term. He is not required to reside at the state capital, except during epidemics. While serving in the place of the governor his compensation is the same as that received by the governor. In case of the impeachment of the governor, his absence from the state for more than twenty days, unsoundness of mind, or other disability the power and authority of the office devolve upon the lieutenant governor.
Lieutenant-Governors. -
A. J. Applegate, Montgomery, elected Feb- ruary, 1868.
Edward H. Moren, elected November 8, 1870
Alexander Mckinstry, Mobile, elected No- vember 5, 1872.
Robert F. Ligon, Tuskegee, elected Novem- ber 3, 1874.
Russell M. Cunningham, Birmingham, elected November, 1902.
Henry B. Gray, Birmingham, elected 1906. Walter D. Seed, Montgomery, elected No- vember 8, 1910.
Thomas E. Kilby, Anniston, elected No- vember 3, 1914.
Nathan B. Miller, Birmingham, elected No- vember 5, 1918.
REFERENCES .- Code, 1907; Manuscript in State department of archives and history; Official and Statistical Register, 1903, 1907, 1911, 1915.
LIGHTHOUSES. A form of building erected to carry a light for the purpose of warning or guiding, especially at sea. The earliest example were towers built by the Lybians in lower Egypt, beacon fires being maintained by the priests. Probably the first light regularly maintained for the guidance of marines was at Sigeum, on the Troad. The science of lighthouse construction is called "pharology" the name bearing relation to the famous Pharos of Alexandria, a lighthouse six hundred feet high, built on the Island of that name in the reign of Ptolomy II, and re- garded as one of the wonders of the ancient world.
The United States Lighthouse Board was constituted by Act of Congress in 1852. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor is the ex- officio president. The board consists of two officers of the navy, two engineer officers of the army and two civilian scientific mem- bers, with two secretaries, one a naval officer, the other an officer of engineers in the army. The members are appointed by the president of the United States. The coastline of the States, with lakes and rivers and Porto Rico, is divided into 16 executive districts for pur- poses of administration. The' various types of lighthouses comprise lighthouses and bea- con lights, 1,333; light vessels in position, 53; light vessels for relief, 13; gas lighted buoys in position, 94; fog signals operated by steam or oil engines, 228; fog signals operated by clock work, etc., 205; sub-marine signals, .43; portlights 2,333; day or unlighted bea- cons, 1,157; bell buoys in position, 169; whistling buoys in position, 94; other buoys, 576; steam tenders, 51; constructional staff, 318; light keepers and light attendants, 3,137, officers and crews of light-vessels and tenders, 1,693.
Mobile Bay Entrance .- Approaching Mobile from seaward, the waterway is marked by lights, buoys, and other aids to navigation at the entrance of Mobile Bay and along the Mobile Ship Channel. Of these aids Sand Island Light is the first one picked up, and is used in connection with two range rear lights for crossing the bar. Most of the lights and beacons originally established are gone. Numerous changes have been made as necessity required and the buoys have often been shifted to mark the changing channels. Lights have been established and discontinued
879
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
to meet the requirements of navigation. There are other minor lights, lighted and unlight buoys and day beacons marking this important waterway but only principal lights now in commission are herein described.
A lighthouse was built in 1838 on Sand Island, under the Act approved March 3, 1837, then a low lying island about three miles southerly of Mobile Point; replaced in 1858, under Act approved August 18, 1856, a white light was shown 152 feet above water from a brick tower, which was destroyed in the early sixties. A light was then tem- porarily shown from a small wooden tower until a permanent lighthouse was built and a light established in 1873, under the Acts approved March 2, 1867, March 3, 1871, and March 3, 1873. This was a second-order fixed white light, shown 131 feet above water from a conical. brick tower painted black and located in the middle of the island about 700 feet from the site of the former tower, and is the structure standing today. Near this new tower, a double, wooden, two-story, keep- ers' dwelling was constructed. As the small island had been gradually washing away, the original dwelling was removed to a more secure location in 1893, but was taken down in 1902 and a new dwelling built on piles on the rocks near the tower. This dwelling was destroyed in the hurricane of 1906, and the Assistant Keeper and his wife were drowned. The keepers have since then re- sided in the tower itself. The original island has disappeared and the tower is now in the water surrounded by a mound of riprap or massive stones that have been placed at the base of the tower from time to time by the Lighthouse Service to protect it from the en- croachment of the sea. In 1912 the oilwick lamp then in use was replaced by a modern incandescent oilvapor lamp and the light is now of 17,000 candlepower, visible 18 miles.
Further inside the entrance to the bay is another important aid to mariners, Mobile Point Light, established in 1822, and refitted in 1835 under the acts approved May 15, 1820 and March 3, 1835. It was again re- fitted with illuminating apparatus in 1858. During the Civil War it was badly damaged and was rebuilt in 1873 under the Acts ap- proved March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1871. The tower is still standing and consists of iron skeleton structure located on one of the bastions of Fort Morgan, and exhibits a fixed red light of 150 candlepower, 49 feet above the sea, and visible nine miles.
Mobile Ship Channel .- Prior to the dredg- ing of the ship channel in Mobile Bay from its entrance to Mobile, the aids to navigation seem to have consisted of buoys entirely, as evidenced by appropriations made by Acts ap- proved between that of May 18, 1826, and August 3, 1854. . Immediately after the War of Secession steps were taken to mark the channel with lights, but nothing seems to have been accomplished until an appropriation of $19,000 was made by the Act approved March Vol. II-11
3. 1883. under which a number of small lighted beacons were established along both sides of the then recently completed ship channel. Under this appropriation, a screw pile structure, known as Mobile Bay Light Sta- tion, was also established in December, 1885, at the bend in the channel about 14 miles be- low Mobile. This structure is still standing, but at that time it exhibited a fixed white light varied by a red flash every 30 seconds from a fourth-order lens whose focal plane was 44 feet above water, and was provided with a fog bell struck by machinery. This system of lighting proving insufficient, two appropriations amounting in all to $60,000 were made by the Acts approved August 18, 1894, and March 2, 1895, under which a sys- tem of lighting was carried out which included the construction and erection of 16 cast iron beacons on wooden piles supporting posts from which lens lanterns showing fixed white lights were established. Ten additional bea- cons were subsequently added to the system in 1902. In 1906 thirteen of the lights were changed from oil to acetylene. At present the system consists of 24 lighted beacons, includ- ing old Mobile Bay Light Station, using acety- . lene as illuminant.
During the year 1916, the Lighthouse Serv- ice established as additional markers 17 spar buoys midway between the lights on the west- erly side of the channel and one at junction of this channel with the Cutoff Channel, also replaced the whistling buoys at the entrance channel with a large gas and whistling buoy showing a flashing light of high candlepower. The light has a flash of one second every ten seconds and the whistle is sounded by action of the sea. The following is quoted from the Buoy List, Eighth Lighthouse District, page 4:
"The following states bordering on the waters included in this list have passed laws providing penalties to be paid by persons in- terfering in any manner with the aids to navi- gation established and maintained by the United States, as follows: Florida, Revised Statutes of Florida, 1892; Alabama, Code of 1907, sections 4923 and 7870; Texas, Penal Code, 1895, article 789."
In this connection attention is invited to pages 326 to 332 of the Light List, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, 1917, items No. 1881 to 1917.
REFERENCES .- Encyclopedia Britannica; letter from G. R. Pulnam, Commissioner, Bureau of Lighthouses, Washington, D. C., in Department of Archives and History.
LIIKATCHKA. A river ford on the south- ern trail which crossed Chattahoochee River, southeast of the present Jernigan in Russell County. Swan, Bartram, and other early travelers, crossed here. It is supposed that this is the same ford which is sometimes called "the military ford." The name, signi- fying "broken arrow" is given because of the prevalence here of reeds for making arrow shafts. A small town existed on the right
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