USA > Washington DC > Washington DC > A new and comprehensive gazetteer of Virginia, and the District of Columbia > Part 71
USA > Virginia > A new and comprehensive gazetteer of Virginia, and the District of Columbia > Part 71
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85
1
(2)
- 4
52
RECOMMENDED BY VIRGINIA.
with such exceptions and under such regulations as the congress shall make : but the judicial power of the United States shall extend to no case where the cause of action shall have originated before the ratification of this constitution; except in disputes between states about their territory ; disputes between persons claiming lands under the grants of different states ; and suits for debts due to the United States.
XV. That in criminal prosecutions, no man shall be restrained in the exercise of the usual and accustomed right of challenging or excepting to the jury.
XVI. That congress shall not alter, modify, or interfere in the times, places, or manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, or either of them, except when the legislature of any state shall neglect, re- fuse, or be disabled by invasion or rebellion to prescribe the same.
XVII. That those clauses which declare that congress shall not exer- cise certain powers, be not interpreted in any manner whatsover to extend the power of congress; but that they be construed either as making excep- tions to the specified powers where this shall be the case, or otherwise as inserted merely for greater caution.
XVIII. That the laws ascertaining the compensation of senators and representatives for their services, be postponed in their operation, until after the election of representatives immediately succeeding the passing thereof; that excepted, which shall first be passed on the subject.
XIX. That some tribunal other than the senate be provided for trying. impeachments of senators.
XX. That the salary of a judge shall not be increased or diminished during his continuance in office, otherwise than by general regulations of salary, which may take place on a revision of the subject at stated periods of not less than seven years, to commence from the time such salaries shall be first ascertained by congress.
And the convention do, in the name and behalf of the people of this commonwealth, enjoin it upon their representatives in congress, to exert all their influence, and use all reasonable and legal methods to obtain a ratification of the foregoing alterations and provisions in the manner pro- vided by the fifth article of the said constitution; and in all congressional laws to be passed in the mean time, to conform to the spirit of these amend- ments as far as the sand constitution will admit.
Extract from the journal, JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk of Convention.
-
H
١
- rijwillie
١
528
A TABLE, exhibiting the Population of each State, Seats of Government, with their Population and distance from Washington, Gorternor's Term and Salary, the number of Senators and Representatives, with their respective Terms and Pay.
Seats of Government.
Governors.
Senators.
Representatives.
STATES.
NAMES.
Distance from
Washington City.
Population.
Term of Years.
Salary.
Term of Years.
Number.
Term of Years.
Number.
Total Senate and Representatives.
Pay per Day.
Maine,
399,437 Augusta,
595
3,980
1
$1,500
1
20
1
153
173
$2 00
New Hampshire,
269,328|Concord,
474
3,727
1
1,200
1
12
1
229!
236
2 00
Vermont,
280,657|Montpelier,
524
1,193
1
7.50
00
1
230
230
. 50
Massachusetts,
610,40S Boston,
432 61,392
1
3,666g
1
40
481
521
2 00
Rhode Island,
97,199
403
8,010
1
400
1
10
72
82
1 50
Connecticut,
297,675 Hartford and New Haven, ..
335
10,678
1
1,100
1
21
1
208
229
2 00;
New York,
1,918,608| Albany,
376 24,209
2
: 4,000
4
32
128
160
3 00
New Jersey,
320.823 Trenton,
166
3,925
2,000
1
14
1
50
64
3 00
Pennsylvania,
1,313,233 Harrisburg,
110
4,311
3
4,000
4
33
1
100
133
3 00
Delaware,
76.748 Dover,
114
1,200
3
1,333}
3
9
1
21
30
2 50
Maryland,
417,010 Annapolis,
37 2,623
1
3,500
5
15
I
80
95
4 00
Virginia,
1.211.405 Richmond, 737,057 Raleigh,
286| 1,700
1 2,000
1
64
1
134
198
3 00-
South Carolina,
531.185 Columbia,
5001 3,310
2 3,900
4
45
2
124
169
4 00
Georgia,
516.823 Milledgeville,
642 1,599
2
3,000
1
78
142
220
4 00
Alabama,
309.527|Tuscaloosa,
858|1,600
2
2,000
3
22
72
94
4 00
Mississippi,
136.621 Jackson,
1,035| 1,000
2
2,500
3
11
36
47
3 00
Louisiana,
215,839 New Orleans,
1,203 46,310
4
7,500
4
17
2
50
67
4 00.
Tennessee,
651,904 Nashville,
714| 5,566
2
2,000
2
20
2
60
80
4 00
Kentucky,
687,917 Frankfort,
551
1,680
4
2,000
4
38
1
100
138
2 00;
Ohio,
935.834 Columbus,
396
2.487
2
1,200
2
36
1
72
108
62
85
2 00
Illinois,
157.445 Vandalia,
781
600
4
1,000
4
2
Missouri,
140,455 Jefferson City,
980
6001.
41 1,500)
4) 18
2
49;
66]
3 00
.
Population in1830.
.
.
.
Indiana,
343.031 |Indianapolis,
573
1,200
3. 1,000
3
23
1
134
166
4 00
122 16,060
3
3,333}
4
32
North Carolina,
Providence and
394 16,832
Newport,
9,789
.
3 00
3 00
8
A TABLE, exhibiting the Time of Election of State Oficers, the Time of the meeting of the Legislatures, the mode of choosing Electors of Presi- dent and Vice-President, and the Number of Representatives in Congress, of the several States.
STATES.
Time of holding Electione.
Time of the meeting of the Legislature.
Electors of Pres. and V. Pres. chosen by
No.of Repre-
sentatives In Congress,
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
2nd Tuesday in March.
5
Ist Tuesday in September.
12
Massachusetts,
2nd Monday in November.
Ist Wednesday in May and June.
2
Rhode Island,
Rep. in April and August.
Ist Wednesday in May.
do.
Connecticut,
Ist Monday in April.
40
New York,
In October or November.
Ist Tuesday in January.
do.
6
New Jersey,
2nd Tuesday in October. do. do. do.
28 1
Delaware.
Ist Tuesday in October.
Ist do. in January.
Legislature.
6
Maryland,
Ist Monday in October.
21
Virginia,
In the month of April.
Ist do.
do. do.
General Ticket. do.
13
North Carolina,
Commonly in August.
2nd do. in November.
Legislature.
9 9
Georgia,
Ist Monday in October.
1st
do. do. do.
General Ticket.
Alabama.
Ist Monday in August.
4th
do. do. October.
do.
Mississippi,
do. do. do.
Ist do. do. November.
do.
3
Louisiana,
'Ist Monday in July.
13
Tennessee,
Ist Thursday in August. '
3rd
do. do. September,-bienn.
do.
13
Kentucky,
Ist Monday in August.
19
Obio,
2nd Tuesday in October.
Ist
do. do. December.
do.
7
Indiana,
Ist Monday in August.
1st do. do.
do.
do.
do.
1st
do. do.
do .- bienn.
do.
3 2
Missouri. .
do.
do. do.
do.
'1st
do. do. November,-bienn.
do.
2nd Monday in September.
Ist Wednesday in January.
General Ticket.
8
do.
5
Ist do. in June. 2nd Thursday in October.
do.
Ist Wednesday in January.
do.
Gov and Sen. in April.
Last Wednesday in Oct. and Jan.
do.
6
4th Tuesday in October,
do.
Ist Tuesday in December.
do.
Pennsylvania,
Last Monday in December.
-District.
South Carolina,
2nd Monday in October. 4th - do. do. do.
5
67
.
Ist do. do. January.
do.
1st do. do. November.
do.
do.
Ilinois,
$3.
1
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
-
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION, PROGRESS OF COMMERCE, ROANOKE SETTLEMENTS,
Merit of discovering America, -Advancement of Commerce by the cru- sades-in the Italian cities-in Spain, in Portugal,-Discovery of Ame- rica,-England,-Want of Commerce in early times,- Voyages of the Cabots,-Progress of English discovery-Frobisher-Gilbert-Ra- leigh,-Failure of the Roanoke settlements.
-
THE claims of the Icelanders, the Welsh, and even the Norwegians* to the discovery of America, seem in modern times to be universally set aside in favor of a native of a milder clime. Indeed the evidence by which their respective claims were sought to be established was so vague, contradicto -. ry and unsatisfactory;t and their discoveries if proven, so entirely acciden- tal, and useless to mankind, that it is not at all astonishing that all the me- rit should be given to that individual whose brilliant genius first demon- strated a priori the existence of a continent in the western waters, and whose adventurous daringt led him to risque his life in the search of a world, of the existence of which he was only informed by his science, with little aid of any human experience; or that posterity should give to COLUM- BUS the undivided glory of an exploit for which he received only the igno- miny of his contemporaries, and to Italy the honor due the birth place of so distinguished a son, from whose brilliant atchievements she has received little else.
The spirit of commerce and navigation had been spreading extensively' in Europe, for some time prior to the discovery. of America. The mari- time towns of Italy early perceived and enjoyed the advantages of trade, and Venice, Genoa and Pisa sprung under the magic of its influence, from insignificant towns to the wealth and splendor of populous and magnificent cities. This favorable result was much promoted by the crusades. In the Holy wars the Italian cities furnished the transports necessary for the con- veyance of the immense hordes of northern and western warriors, with their accoutrements and attendants, which a love of military adventure, and reli- gious fanaticism, were pouring upon the plains of Asia. The vast sums received for these services, and for the supply of provisions to the christian
* Winterbotham's America, vol. I. p. 1 and 2., and Hinton's United States.
t Bancroft's Hist. U. States, vol. I. p. 6, and notes.
# " L'Italie reparut, avec les divins tresors que les Grees fugitifs rapporterent dans sou sein; la ciel lui revela ses lois; l'audace de ses enfants decouvrit un nouvel hemis- phere."-De Stael-Corinne.
in
الـ
Y
ok 532
HISTORY VIRGINIA.
host, together with the privileges granted them in many of the conquered places,-the discovery of new subjects of commerce, and opening new ave- nues of trade,-the extension of the knowledge of the countries of the east and the people who inhabited them,-conspiring with the freedom of com- 'merce and boldness of enterprize of the Italian towns themselves, and the taste spread through Europe by the returning soldiers of the cross for those eastern luxuries and refinements to which they had become accustomed,- expanded the commerce of the world immensely beyond all former bounds, and threw that commerce almost exclusively into the hands of the towns of Italy .*
The spirit of discovery and commercial adventure so happily aroused and extended by the wild and visionary schemes of religious bigots for the emancipation of the holy land was destined to be yet further extended by religious zeal mingled with ignorant superstition. Benjamin, a Jew, tra- velled from Constantinople through the countries of the Euxine and Cas- pian Seas to Chinese Tartary, in the vain hope of discovering his own sect ruling in opulence and power, some country of which Europe was igno- rant. Innocent IV. sent two monks to Zengis Khan in the midst of his victories, and equally ignorant of the Pope as of the christian doctrines with orders to embrace the christian religion, and to cease desolating the earth. St. Louis of France being made to believe that a Tartar Chan hac embraced the christian faith, and perceiving the advantages which the christians could have by the exertions of such an ally, in their future wars with the Saracens, immediately despatched two monks to him as ambassa- dors'; and one of these made a more extensive circuit through the interior of Asia than any Europea@ had done before him.
To these succeeded the long commercial and exploring expeditions of the celebrated Venetian adventurer, Marco Polo, who in the course of his rambling perigrinations of 26 years duration, penetrated to Cambalu or Pekin the capital of the great empire of Cathay or China, and increased immensely the information of Europe as to the situation and condition of countries, from which they had long drawn luxuries, through circuitous commerce, without knowing even the position of the country whence they came.
Half a century after the Venetian had astonished the yet ignorant and A. D. 1322. almost semi-barbarous inhabitants of Europe, with his ac- count of the vast extent, wealth, population, variety of manu- factures and extent of trade of the east, his account was confirmed in the most essential particulars by Sir John Mandeville an English gentleman, who excited by his example visited most of the countries of the east which he had described.
Whilst this spirit of enterprise was developing itself, and Europe, be- coming more settled and civilized, was looking with eager anxiety towards the vast fields for commerce opening to the east,-another son of Italy, so obscure or so neglected, that we know not his history, habits or profession, was about to produce a new era in the history of commerce, and to advance the world a great step in the progress of knowledge and civilization .- FLAVIO GIOIA, a citizen of Amalfi, discovered the properties of the magnet, and applied it to that indispensable instrument of modern navigation, the mariner's compass This discovery rendered it no longer necessary for
* Robertson's Ch. V. and History of America,
-
m
V
KTÍ
OF D
u
一
-
533
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
the cautious mariner to hug the coast for his safety, but he might boldly venture upon the broad bosom of the deep, and though the sun went down, and the stars shone not, he feared nothing, for the humble citizen of Amalfi had provided him with a guide safer than the coast, and an unerring pilot, whose knowledge darkness and storms could not obscure or obliterate.
'The first dawning of this bolder spirit seems to have been exhibited by the Spaniards in the discovery of the Canary and Fortunate Islands, which lie near five hundred miles from the coast of Spain, and more than a hun- dred and fifty from the African coast. But although Spain was destined to surpass all other nations in the magnitude of her maritime discoveries, by the discovery of America, yet she was not the immediate agent of extending that spirit of maritime adventure, and nautical information which contribut- ed so materially in bringing about that event. Her discoveries of the For- tunate and the Canary Isles seem rather to have been the result of accident than a permanent course of well directed experiments. It is to one of the smallest and least powerful kingdoms of Europe that we are indebted for that boldness of conception and persevering enthusiasm of execution, in voyages of discovery, from which only grandeur of results in any under- taking can ever be expected to spring.
The final expulsion of the Moors from Portugal, left many ardent and adventurous spirits without occupation, and Portugal being a small mari- time state, too weak to cope with the powerful kingdoms in its neighbor- hood, whose prowess was equal to its own, naturally looked upon the sea as the field of its future exploits, and source of its future great- A. D. 1411. ness. John I. surnamed the Bastard, having fixed his own ti- tle to the crown by a peace with Castile, determined to find employment for the restless spirits of his kingdom by an expedition against the Moors on the neighboring coast of Africa, but whilst it was fitting out he des- patched a few vessels along the coast of Africa in search of undiscovered countries. This expedition succeeded in doubling Cape Non, which had hitherto been the Ultima Thule of modern navigation.
A. D. 1417. The success of the king's expedition against the Moors in- · fused into the nation a spirit for new enterprises. Prince Henry, duke of Visco, the fourth son of John by the sister of Henry IV. of England, became the patron and superintendant of the new enterprizes. Under his auspices Porto Santo, and Madeira were discover- A. D. 1418. ed and colonized. Iwas to his care that the latter. island was indebted for a stock of domestic primals, a supply of seeds, and slips of the vine, the cultivation 'of which, produced such a valuable article
A. D. 1420. of commerce for the Portuguese, and of luxury for the world. The discovery of these islands introduced among the Spaniards a bolder system of navigation. They no longer crept along the coast from head land to head land, which was in truth the most difficult and dangerous navigation, but they ventured og keep the open sea, and were thus enabled to pass with ease difficulties which had before seemed insuperable. Cape Bojardor which had been a barrier for twenty years, was passed, and the - whole coast explored from Cape Blanco to Cape de Verd. Prince Henry whose mind seems to have been in advance of the age in which he lived, manifestly contemplated a pastage to India, around the southern coast of Africa. Ile was not deterred By the idea which many had taken up from the writings of the ancients that the regions of the torrid zone were render- ed uninhabitable by their excessive heat, even when this idea seemed to be
A
.
3
L
-
؟
-
١
534
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
confirmed as they advanced south, by finding the inhabitants jet black, their hair short and curled, their noses flat, and their lips thick. Nor was he deterred by the captious objections of the envious little politicians about his father's court But with the double view of silencing objections, enlisting religious zeal in his favor, and acquiring a title to his discoveries, the va- lidity of which no christian prince or country of that day would have dared to dispute,-he obtained a bull from Pope Eugene IV. giving him an ex- clusive right to all countries which he should discover from Cape Non to the continent of India.
'The fame of prince Henry's discoveries spread rapidly through Europe, and attracted to him all of the adventurous spirits of the age, who had ac- A. D. 1449. quired any knowledge of the science of navigation. The Cape de Verd Islands, and the Azores were discovered, and every discovery added new stimulus to naval enterprise, as every voyage added new information to naval seience.
A. D. 1463. In the midst of his successful career he was unfortunately checked by the hand of death, and Alphonso who occupied the throne at the time of his death, being busily engaged in other pursuits, suf -. fered the spirit of enterprize to langmsh during the remainder of his reign.' A. D. 1481. discovery among his subjects, and by his zeal and efficiency Ilis son and successor John 11. speedily revived the spirit of more than compensated for the supineness of his predecessor. He scon found out the advantages of a trade with the natives of the African coast, after he passed the Great Desert, and reached the regions of ivory, gold and precious gums. He had the merit of demonstrating the fallacy of the opinion that the torrid zone was uninhabitable, and found that so far from this, it was populous and fertile. He too conceived the idea of opening an intercourse with India, around the southern point of Africa, and persevered in his favorite objeet with unwavering zeal, until the practicability of accom- plishing his wishes, was fully established by Bartholomew Diaz, who reached the extreme southern point but was unable to pass it, by reason of the violent storms which he there encountered, and the crazy condition of his vessel. This point which Diaz named Cabo Tormentozo, in commemo- ration of the difficulties which he had there encountered, John called the Cape of Good Hope, in manifestation of his delight at the certain prospect of the accomplishment of his wishes. It has retained the latter name.
This near prospect of an easier and more direct route to India, had al- ready began to excite the jealousy of the Venetians, who then nearly mo- nopolized the trade of India, and to elevate the hopes of the Portuguese, who expected to enjoy a portion of the wealth and luxury which the Veni- tians derived from that trade; when the minds of both, and indeed of all Europe were turned in another direction by the occurrence of an event in the history of maritime discovery, compared with which all others sunk into insignificance.
This event was the discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus. Oct. 11, 1492. The education of this daring mariner, his disappointments
and dangers, his difficulties and his brilliant success, or the melancholy story of his sad reverses, and the example afforded in him of the ingratitude of kings it is not the purpose of the writer to narrate. He refrains from recounting so temptingly' interesting n narrative, because it would lead him too far from his purpose, which is only to narrate sne- cinetly the progress of navigation and discovery to the time of the first colo-
.
4
16
M
00
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
535.
ny settled in Virginia,-and because the same story has been so well told by Robertson, Irving* and others, that it ought to be familiar to all. .
Not withstanding the advances in navigation which have been enumerat- ed, the art of ship building was still in such a rude and imperfect state, that the vessels in which Columbus embarked on an unknown sea, a modern mariner with all the advantages of modern science would scarcely venture in, to cross the Atlantic. The largest was a vessel of no considerable bur- den,t and the two others scarcely superior in burden to large boats, and the united crews of the three only amounted to ninety men, including officers, and a few gentlemen, adventurers from Isabella's court.
But notwithstanding these inadequate means for the prosecution of mari- time discovery, the ardour of enterprize was so much excited by the brilliant achievements of Columbus, the greedy thirst for gain, and hope of finding some country abounding in gold, together with the eager desire which still prevailed of discovering some passage through the great continent of Ame- rica, which might lead to India, that in twenty six years from the first disco- very of land by Columbus ;- the Spaniards had visited all of the islands of the West Indies, they had sailed on the castern coast of America from the Rio de la Plata to the western extremity of the Mexican Gulf-they had dis- covered the great southern ocean, and had acquired considerable knowledge of the coast of Florida. It is also said that these voyages in search of a nearer passage to the East Indies, had extended much further north, but not however until that country had been discovered by the sea-men of another nation, of whose exploits in the field of maritime adventure we shall presently speak.
The great interior was still unkown, the whole western and the extreme south eastern coast was still undiscovered, and the long line of coast from Florida to Labrador had only been seen, and touched upon in a few places.
England did not at an early period make those advances in navigation, to which the eminent advantages of her insular situation invited, and gave no promise of that maritime distinction, and commercial wealth, to which the wise policy of her subsequent rulers have led her to attain. From the times of the conquest to the discovery of America, England had been en- gaged in perpetual wars, either foreign or domestic, and thus while the southern portion of Europe and the free cities on the Rhine were advancing so rapidly in opulence and power, England was destitute of even the germ of that naval strength to which she is so much indebted for her present . greatness. Every article of foreign growth or fabric which she consumed, was wafted to her shores in the barks of other nations, and the subsequent mistress of the seas scarcely dared to float her flag beyond the limits of her own narrow jurisdiction. Scarcely an English ship traded with Spain or Portugal before the beginning of the fifteenth century, and it required another half century to give the British mariner courage enough to ven? ture to the east of the Pillars of Hercules.
Feeble as the marine of England then was, her reigning monarch Henry VII. did not lack the spirit required for undertaking great enterprises, and accident only deprived him of the glory of being the patron of the discoverer
* This work the writer regrets that by some accident, he has never had an oppor- tunity of looking into until recently, and that very superficially and hurriedly, or it might have been useful to him in this sketch. It seems to be unaccountably scarce, and far too little known for its great merit.
. + Robertson-Hist. America, 49.
# Robertson's Virginia, p. 18-19.
.
me
E
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.
of America. Columbus after the failure of his own native country of Ge- noa, to encourage his great enterprize, and his second rebuff from his adopted country Portugal, * fearing another refusal from the king of Castile to whose court he then directed his steps, despatched his brother Bartholo- mew to England to solicit the aid of Henry VII. who being then at peace was supposed to have leisure to undertake a great enterprize which pro- mised such renown to himself and emolument to England. Bartholomew was captured by pirates on his voyage, and robbed of all his effects, which, with an illness that followed, prevented him from presenting himself at court, after he arrived in England, until he could provide himself with suit- Feb. 13, 1488.1 Ile brought himself to the notice of Henry by presenting able apparel by his skill in drawing maps and sea-charts. him with a map,t and upon his representing to him the proposal of Colum- bus, he accepted it with "a joyful countenance, and bade him fetch his bro- ther." § So much delay had been produced by the circumstances mentioned that Bartholomew, hastening to Castile, learned at Paris, from Charles, king of France, that his brother Christopher's efforts had already been crowned with the most brilliant success. ||
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.