USA > Massachusetts > Franklin County > Deerfield > History of Deerfield, Massachusetts: the times when the people by whom it was settled, unsettled and resettled, vol 2 > Part 6
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The American troops had been driven from Canada and the lakes by Gen. Carleton. Burgoyne had forced them from Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Forts Anne and Edward, and he had reached the Hudson, intent on opening a communication with Gen. Howe, then holding New York, and thus cutting New England from the other colonies. The alarm was gen- eral, and the militia were hurried to the theater of war as fast as they could be raised and equipped. Near the last of February, Capt. Timothy Childs led a company of 72 men to Ticonderoga. They served 47 days.
As Burgoyne advanced, fear of the Tories increased, and one company at least, refused to march until a little arrange- ment had been made with this dangerous element. It was at Montague, and the details are worth preserving as a pic- ture of those times :-
Montague, Aug. 19, 1777 :- Whereas there is a No. of persons in this Tr who are suspected to be inimical to the United States of America, respecting ye present bloody, distressing war with Great Britian. The persons named are as follows:
Bildad Billings, Moses Smead,
Moses Root,
Ebenezer Billings,
Nims Smead,
Elisha Rool,
Ephraim Marsh,
Moses Severance,
Joseph Roof, Oliver Root,
Ephraim Marsh, Jr., Daniel Lawrence,
Ira Scott,
Reuben Scott,
Jonathan Rool.
Eleazer Marsh, Ezra Smead,
Capt. Joseph Root, Philip Roof,
These men seem to have been scooped together by the soldiers and held under guard at Gunn's tavern while further arrangements were being made for their disposal.
There being this day assembled at ye house of Lieut. N. Gunn a No. of people from Sunderland, Leverett, Ervingshire and Monta- gue, being Previously assembled to March for ye relief of our Army, but being greatly Apprehensive of danger ensuing if these persons (who refuse to go) are left at home armed, therefore it is unanimous- ly determined yt this body of people will not leave this town til ye above-named persons will consent to ye following Requitions, viz: , First, each one shall deliver up to a Committee appointed for that purpose all weapons & ammunitions & every other warlike instru- ment yt may be of Quick and dangerous use.
'That they shall be confined absolutely within the bounds of his own farm, excepting the privilege of attending public worship & funerals within this district, except the owners of the grist mill, who
723
BATTLE AT WALLOOMSACK.
may pass and repass Directly to and from ye mill & serve ye public undisturbed as usual.
That Capt. Root, Reuben Scott, Moses Severance, Ephraim Marsh, senior, Samuel Smead, Ebenezer Billings shall be confined to the boundary of their home lots. | If any go beyond these fixed limits ] they shall be Closely Confined upon their own Cost. The reason for ye above-mentioned Confinement is, their Inimical Con- duct heretofore and their present declaration, viz., that they do not choose to be Independent of Great Britian as Declared by Congress, July 4, 1776. [It was also declared ] dangerous to the United States that any of the above-named persons should keep a tavern or enter- tain people as such, which, if they do for ye future, may depend up- on it, to incur ye displeasure of this body of people. [They also in- clude in the above directions] Seth Taylor, Eleazer Scott and Mar- tin Root, who are not present, suspected to be of the same senti- inents.
Three days before this episode, another affair, similar in some of its features, had occurred in the valley of Walloom- sack. Burgoyne's little side trip over Green Mountain had there come to an end. His General, Baum, had been killed. The Hessians who were known " to be inimical to the United States of America " had also been required to "deliver up all weapons & amunition & every other warlike instrument," and as a further precaution to " be confined absolutely within bounds." They were not even allowed to attend funerals, or go to mill or to meeting, as were their friends in Montague.
Had the news of the battle at Walloomsack-better known as the Battle of Bennington-reached "this body of the peo- ple" at Montague, and had they been assured that the in- vaders whom they were marching to meet were then safe in the clutches of Gen. Stark at Bennington, it is not unlikely that their Whig prescription would have been administered to the Tories all the same.
This matter of shutting up Tories was by no means all talk. Ephraim Wright writes from Northampton, Aug. 30th, that a lot of Highlander prisoners sent there, " had lately re- fused to labor, and conducted in such a manner that we found it necessary to put them in goal, and more than twenty To- ries had been sent there for confinement, for whose reception the goal must be almost cleared." The Highlanders were scat- tered among the towns about there. Aug. 22d, one hundred and fifty Hessians, taken at Walloomsack, arrived there. Wright says they are contented and have gone to work, and he would like them to remain there.
724
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
When the news reached here of these Hessians marching towards New England and their fate, a company under Capt. Joseph Stebbins and Lieut. John Bardwell marched directly to Bennington. They were too late for the battle, the cap- tured Hessians being already on exhibition in the meeting- house. From Bennington, Capt. Stebbins marched to Batten Kill and joined the regiment of Col. David Wells of Shel- burne, in which was Maj. David Dickinson of our town. From thence they marched to Fort Edward to cut off the re- treat of Burgoyne's army. While at Fort Edward, Capt. Stebbins called for volunteers, to follow him across the Hud- son to surprise an outpost of Burgoyne near Fort Miller. Jer- emiah Newton was one of the volunteers. He says they were successful, capturing "2 British prisoners with consid- erable entrenching tools, blankets, arms, &c., which were divided up among the volunteers." Later Capt. Stebbins joined Gates and was under the direct command of Benedict Arnold, and was in the battles of Stillwater and Bemis Heights.
Burgoyne on his attempted retreat lost his personal bag- gage, which was distributed amongst the captors. Part of this spoil is now in Memorial Hall-a linen towel, brought home by Capt. Stebbins, and a brass candlestick, brought home by Capt. Maxwell of Charlemont. Stebbins also brought back part of a book belonging to the commissary department of Burgoyne, which was probably captured at Fishkill on the 11th of October. The last entry made in it was Oct. 8th. This book contained a detailed account of rations given out to the Tory volunteers and camp assistants ; six hundred and seventy-five names appearing on the pages preserved.
To Capt. McAlpine's corps of vol's, 128 men.
To Capt. Mckay's corps of vol's, 206
To Lieut. Col. Jessup's corps of vol's, 159
To Lieut. Col. Peter's corps of vol's, I21
Under Capt. Wilcox, 29
Under Gen. Frazer, 2
A dozen other officers were charged from one to four ra- tions each. This interesting document is also in Memorial Hall. An examination shows that it was utilized by the Continentals as an orderly book at " Head Quarters Fort Ed- ward," Oct. 13th, 14th, 15th. On the 14th, Col. David Wells was field officer of the day, with 47 of his men on guard du- ty. On one of the blank pages Capt. Stebbins made up a
725
DEERFIELD SEES BURGOYNE SURRENDER.
pay roll of his company Oet. 18. A copy is given below, ex- cept that the names of the privates are given alphabetically ; one hundred and fifteen miles' travel was allowed to each man.
The Deerfield company was dismissed Oet. 18th, the day after the surrender of Burgoyne. There was no longer any fear of the Tories, and those on parole at Montague might now be safety released.
August 14th, Capt. Timothy Childs, Lieut. Samuel Wells with fifty-three men, left Greenfield, marched thirty-four miles toward Bennington, then marched back again.
Col. Williams and son were still in close confinement, and in November, William, son of the Colonel, petitioned the Council for a review of their case. By a resolve of December 13th, 1777, they were released on condition they give a bond of £3000 each, that the Colonel would not leave his home lot, except to go to meeting Sunday, and the son not to go out of the town, and neither to correspond with, or in any way to aid the enemy. Soon after his enlargement, Col. Williams sent a petition to the General Court, asking for the right of citizenship for himself and son, and that if they might not be allowed freedom here, they might have freedom to leave the State. This petition was dismissed-prisoners at home, they would not be enemies abroad.
Here follows the roll of Capt. Stebbins's company, spoken of above. William Chamberlain of Deerfield, killed at the battle of Stillwater, was probably under Capt. Stebbins :-
Capt. Joseph Stebbins,
Sergt. Daniel Slate,
Corp. Samuel Gladding,
Lt. John Bardwell,
Sergt. Samuel Turner,
Corp. Jason Parmenter,
Sergt. Geo. Herbert,
Corp. David Hoyt,
Sergt. Abel Parker,
Corp. Zibah Phillips,
Drummer, James Warren, Fifer, Justin Hitchcock.
Privates.
Allen, Joseph
Frary, Nathan
Parker, Samuel
Andrews, Nehemiah
Galt, John
Sanderson, Joseph
Beaman, John
Gray, David
Sheldon, Amasa
Billings, Thomas
Gray, Robert
Sheldon, Cephas
Bliss, David
Harding. Abiel
Stone, Elias
Burt, Ithamar Burt, Simeon,
Joiner, Edward
Taylor, Eliphalet
Catlin, Timothy
Maxwell, Philip
Tute, Moses
Childs, Lemuel
Miller, Tilotson
Webster, Stephen
Connable, John
Newton, Jeremiah
Wells, Thomas
Dickinson, Eliphalet
Newton, Levi
Wheat, Samuel
Faxon, Thomas
Orvis, William
Joiner, William
Taylor, John
[Other Deerfield men who served this year for longer or shorter periods. Those marked with a * enlisted for three years: ]-
726
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
Allen, Moses
Goodnough, Abner
Read, Jesse *
Anderson, John
Graves, Matthew
Rice, Benjamin
Bates, Moses
Ilarding, Abijah
Rider, Daniel
Belding, John
Holmes, Philip *
Rose, Thomas
Childs, Reuben
Locke, Moses
Sanderson, James
Coats, Simeon
Newton, John
Smith, Elisha
Cooley, Azariah
Newton, Moses
Smith, Preserved
Cooley, Joel
Nims, Amasa
Warren, Neverson*
Darby, Daniel
Nims, Ilull
Davidson, Barnabas
Paine, Charles *
Wise, Daniel
Frary, Julius
Pratt, Aaron
June 3d, 1777, Deerfield received of the General Court £42, Is, 3d, as allowance for the mileage of fifteen men to Fair- field, and ten men to Albany, for transporting baggage and canteens. In October, £9, 15s for transporting rations and baggage to Manchester.
1778. February 14th, Col. David Field, then sixty-two years old, tendered his resignation as colonel of the regiment, rep- resenting that the " frequent calls for the militia to turn out, and I not able to head the regiment under my command," makes it expedient, and he hopes the command may devolve upon some one in the " Bloom of Life." His resignation was accepted by the government.
The Committee of Safety, &c., chosen at the March meet- ing were Ensign "Joseph Barnard, Jeremiah Nims, David Saxton, Eldad Bardwell, Capt. Joseph Stebbins, Isaac Parker, Lt. Thomas Bardwell, Mr. John Sheldon and Capt. Nathan Frary." David Saxton was elected chairman and Isaac Par- ker, clerk. The only business of the Committtee recorded this year was looking towards the care of the confiscated es- tate of Nathaniel Dickinson.
"Lt. Adonijah Taylor and others" petitioned to be set off to Whately, but their petition was dismissed. Taylor lived at Sanderson's Glen and owned a mill there.
April 23d, a town meeting was called to act upon a form of government which had been framed and submitted to the people, the original source of all power, and they assembled accordingly to exercise the highest prerogative of freemen. The new constitution was read by the town clerk, "Paragraph by Paragraph." After due time spent in discussion, the meeting was adjourned for ten days, "that the Inhabitants of this Town might have time to consider it Maturely," and after another adjournment for sixteen days, the meeting dis-
Wells, Thomas
Dickinson, Thos. W.
Peck, Nathan
727
BOUNTIES AND FINES.
solved. This evidence of careful consideration is all that is found relating to the affair.
"May 20, voted that ye Selectmen be empowered to hire £210 for ye purpose of procuring those men to go into ye ser- vice of ye United States, called for from this Town agreeable to an Act of ye Great and Gen. Court of this State ye 20th of April last."
This act provided that towns might pay a bounty of £30, to be repaid by the State. By this vote it appears that our quota under this call was seven men. But another call fol- lowed closely. June 8th, Joseph Stebbins, Sen., sixty years old, was drafted to serve nine months in the Continental army, "or pay a fine of twenty pounds within twenty-four hours." The receipt of Capt. Thomas Dickinson of June 9th, shows that the fine was paid. June 17th, the town was called upon to furnish for the army thirty-four pairs of shoes and stockings and thirty-four shirts.
December 7th, the attempt to repress the irrepressible minister was continuied by a vote not to raise his salary or to furnish him firewood.
On the petition of Paul Hawks a road was laid "from ye road from Wapping to ye Town, across New Field to ye road leading to Hatfield." This is the south Wapping road across South Meadows.
The following list contains the names of those known to have served in the army during this year. Some were gnard- ing stores, some guarding prisoners, and others went out on the alarm at New London. Those marked thus, *, enlisted for three years, those thus, t, for the war :-
Anderson, John
Foster, Ezekiel
*Babcock, John
Foster, Ezekiel, Jr.
Bardwell, Thomas
Frary, Julius
Munn, Joel
Barnard, Joseph
Frary, Nathan
Newcomb, Daniel
Batchelder, Jona.
Frary, Timothy
Newton, Alpheus
*Gault, John
*Newton, Jeremiah
Bates, Moses Billings, Samuel Bull, William
Harding, Abijah
Newton, Solomon Nims, Amasa
*Burnham, Obadiah
Hastings, Samuel
Nims, Daniel
*Campbell, Phineas Childs, Reuben *Davis, John Dickinson, Eliphalet Dickinson, T. W.
+Henry, John Hitchcock, Gaius Joiner, William
Nims, Seth +Olent, Stephen
*Farley, Solomon
*Kendall, David
Parker, Israel
*Faxon, Thomas
*Kip, Abraham
Pratt, Aaron
*Larcum, John
Pratt, Samuel
*Fethergill, Joseph Field, Elihu
*Leach, Joseph
*Read, Jesse
*Hawley, John
*Henderson, David
Nims, Ebenezer
Nims, Israel
*Graves, Zadock
Newton, Moses
*Loveland, Edward +Martin, Peter
728
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
Rider, David
*Staples, William
+Williams, James
*Sanderson, Elathan
Stone, Elias
+ Williams, Oliver
Saxton, David
Taylor, Adonijah
Williams, Zebedialı
*Scott, Jonathan
Taylor, Henry
Wise, Daniel
Shattuck, Reuben
Taylor, James
Woods, Thomas
Sheldon, Cephas
*Townsend, Robert
Wright, Carmi
Sheldon, Jonathan
*Wakefield, Daniel
Wright, Reuben
Smead, Samuel
+Warren, Neverson
*Young, William
Smith, Amasa
*Watkins, Zacheus
*Sprague, Edward Wells, Asa
Men who were drafted and refused to serve. They probably paid the fine for non-service :--
Alexander, Amos
Dickinson, Samuel
Hinkley, Elijah
Arms, Eliphaz
Dwelley, Samuel
Readfield, Ebenezer
Catlin, Seth
Elmer, Gamaliel
Simons, Abel
Chandler, Moses
Graves, Joel
Webster, Ezekiel
Childs, James
Hawks, Samuel
Williams, John
1779. This was a dark year for the Revolutionists. The impetus given by the actual outbreak against tyrannical tax- ation had spent its force. Now it was steady pulling with a heavy load, and it required the utmost courage and wisdom in the Patriot leaders to sustain the cause. The operations of agriculture had been seriously interrupted by the heavy draft of able-bodied men for the war. The burden of taxa- tion was heavy and increasing. The depreciation of the currency had unsettled all business transactions. The weak- hearted Whigs were growing faint, the indifferent weary of the war, and both were tending towards a "peace at any price " party. In this condition of affairs the Tories rallied and came again to the front. Town meetings were frequent and stormy. The Committee of Safety, on which so much depended, was made up of Capt. Joseph Stebbins, Eldad Bardwell, Simeon Harvey, Abner Mitchell and Elihu Field.
The annual March meeting went off quietly, the Whigs filling the leading offices, and the usual routine business for the year was done. At an adjourned meeting the Tories got control and tried to undo all that was done at the first meet- ing. The first motion was "to see if the Town will Recon- sider the votes passed on the first of March." Not succeeding in this, some of the officers chosen then were "excused," additions were made to other boards, and by one plan or an- other Tories were substituted for Whigs in the principal offices. Some of the Whig incumbents resigned in disgust at their Tory associates. Justin Hitchcock was chosen town clerk. He says of the election, " As I attended public wor-
729
A REMNANT OF THE MINISTERIAL" LOT.
ship, and led the singing, I thought the Tories might have some hope of gaining me to their side by this mark of dis- tinction." This was a true conjecture, and he was retained only so long as this hope continued, when he went out at the " same door he came in at." An attempt was made and de- feated to raise money by selling the "Sequestered Land north of David Saxton's." This is the square in front of the Eph- raim Williams home lot called for many years the town gar- den, and is a remnant of the ministerial lot remaining unsold in 1760. There were three adjournments of this meeting, and the Tories acted the part of obstructionists all through. This line of conduct, as we shall see, eventually came to an abrupt ending. At a meeting, July 5th, the Tories had every- thing their own way, also at another, July 12th, when a com- mittee was chosen to wait upon the captains and lieutenants and desire them,-
Ist, to lay before the Town an account of what each person hath Done or hath Paid for Supporting the War by Drafts fines or Gifts.
2d, To what use they have put the money received in consequence.
3d, the names of those who are subjected by Law to a Draft for Personal service & the names of those who are subjected to a Draft for Real or Personal estate.
This, and all other action at this meeting, was aimed at the Whigs, but the Tories got nothing for their pains. The committee reported at an adjourned meeting that these offi- cers " neglected to comply with the Desire of the Town, Not- withstanding it is yet the opinion of the Town, the aforesaid Desire is reasonable and just, yet voted that this meeting be Dissolved."
August 12th, Col. David Field was chosen a delegate to the Constitutional Convention to be holden Sept. Ist.
A convention held at Concord in July, recommended that county conventions be called to fix prices of the common commodities in reference to the fluctuating currency. The town refused to take the matter into consideration.
September 6th, another town meeting was held and Samuel McCall was chosen a delegate to a convention to be held at Northampton, September 9th. This was the only business of the meeting. The Tories could not prevent a delegate being. chosen, but they could cry out against the doings of the convention. At a meeting, Sept. 20th, "The question
730
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
was put to see if the Town will approve the doings of the late county Convention, held at Northampton for the purpose of regulating the Prices of the several species and Necessa- ries of Life, and it pasd in the Negative." To make this stronger it was then voted to "Disaprove of the said Doings." This was the only business of this meeting.
The following certificate shows something of the supervis- ion over the Tories in their business transactions.
These may certify that Mr. Elisha Harrington of Weston has lib- erty to pass to Deerfield in the County of Hampshire with a Teeme Loaded with one Hogshead and tarse of Salt, and one tarse of oile, it being one of the Loads that Mr. John Williams had Liberty to Proceed to Deerfield by a committee of the General Gourt.
Weston, Oct. 11, 1779.
JOSIAH SMITH, Selectmen of
ISAAC JONES,
JOSEPH ROBERTS, Weston.
At a meeting Dec. 6th, a committee was chosen to procure Mr. Ashley his firewood. "Voted to raise a Sufficient sum of money to defray the Town Debts and £600 for contingen- cies," thus showing pluck enough to shoulder their burdens, heavy as they were, and to pay as they went. The modern curse of loading up with debt was not then so fashionable. " Voted to allow the People at Wapping for Building a school house there, three Pounds, to be augmented at the rate of twenty-four for one & will be Seventy-two Pound." This shows the exact value of the " fiat money" of Congress at this date.
Men known to have served short terms in the army this year are :-
Amsden, Simeon
Harding, Abijah
Ranney, Frederick
Barnard, Samnel
Kendall, John
Stebbins, Lt. Col. Jos.
Faxon, Allen
Nash, Moses
Stone, Elias
Faxon, Thomas
Newton, John
Taylor, Eliphalet (3 years)
Grandy, Renben
Porter, Asa
Wells, John
Harding, Abiel
Pratt, Joseph
Wise, Daniel.
1780. At the annual meeting, March 6th, Lieut. John Bard- well, Isaac Parker, Thos. W. Dickinson, Elihu Field and Ab- ner Mitchell were chosen Committee of Safety, &c. There was great difficulty in getting anybody to collect the taxes. Finally a bargain was made with John Saxton to collect them for two per cent.
April 22d, the General Court dirceted the Committee of Safety to lease the estate of Nathaniel Dickinson in such a
731
CONSIDERING THE NEW CONSTITUTION.
manner as will be for the best interest of the State. June 3d, they were directed not to lease it, but to keep it fenced, that it may be ready for pasturing cattle bought for the use of the army, "to be used by the purchasing Commissary as he shall think proper."
May 15th, a meeting was held to act on the new Constitu- tion. The Clerk was directed to read the instrument " Para- graph by Paragraph, pausing between them." After this a committee of nine was chosen "to peruse the Constitution or Form of Government now presented to the people of this State for their Approbation or Disapprobation, and make such objections to it, as they think ought to be made, and Lay the same before the Town at an adjourned meeting." Met the 25th, when the paper was again read by the Clerk. June Ist, the operation was repeated, with another adjourn- ment.
June 5th, voted not to have the Clerk read the Constitution again. Doubtless they had it all by heart, at this meeting. Voted, 14 to 9, "not to accept the third article in the Decla- ration of Rights." Voted unanimously that "in the Qualifi- cations of the person eligible to the office of Governor In- stead of his Declaring himself to be of the Christian Relig- ion, it should be that he Declare himself of the Protestant Religion." They also objected that fifteen years was too long a period before the Constitution should be revised, and proposed eight years instead. In other respects it was satis- factory. The freeholders of Deerfield having done their duty with great deliberation the meeting dissolved. It is to be presumed from the small vote that the Tories held them- selves aloof from the meeting."
June 2d, the General Court had ordered the State quota of soldiers to be raised by draft. The quota of Deerfield was thirteen. June 19th, it was " voted to choose a committee to procure the men now required of the Town with full power to procure by hire at the charge of the Town," and the " com- missioned officers of both militia companies" were made the committee.
" Voted to reconsider the two last votes." The business was then divided between two committees and finally left in much the same condition as first voted.
Monday, Sept. 4th, 1780, was the first election under the
732
THIE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
new Constitution. The money qualification for a voter was a freehold estate worth sixty pounds and an annual income of three pounds. The vote for State officers was so small that it may safely be assumed the Tories did not vote. The vote for Governor stood :-
John Ilancock. 10
James Bowdoin, -
Joseph Hawley,
I
For Lient. Governor : Azor Orne, 20
" For Counsellors & Senators," Joseph Hawley and John Bliss each 19; Salah Barnard, 15 ; Caleb Strong, 9; John Hast- ings and Noah Goodman, each 8; Timothy Danielson and Timothy Robinson, each 4; Samuel Mather, 2.
Sept. 4th. Voted to supply the articles of clothing now re- quired for the army by the General Court, and individuals were invited to bring them in.
At a meeting Oct. 16th, "Voted to comply with the Resolve of the Gen Court of Sep" 25, 1780."
"Voted that the Assessors be directed to Assess the Town of Deerfield Immediately upon the Last Valuation list, the Sum of Ten Thousand Pounds for the purpose of enabling the Town to purchase the Beef now required of the Town by the Gen Court." Eliphalet Dickinson, Amzi Childs and Lieut. John Bardwell were made a committee to buy the beef.
Men known to have served in the army this year, on short terms; men marked * were in for the war, those marked + deserted :-
Amsden, Simeon
Fletcher, John*
Newton, Alpheus
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