USA > Massachusetts > Norfolk County > Medfield > Town annual reports of Medfield 1920-1929 > Part 37
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Voted, that the Selectmen be instructed to move the Town Watering Trough to a suitable place, and the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars be granted and appropriated for the purpose.
Article 7. To see if the Town will vote to appropriate and grant the sum of $2,000.00 for the purpose of applying oil or tarvia.
Voted, to grant and appropriate the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000.00) for oil or tarvia.
122
Article 8. To see if the Town will accept the sum of $100.00 as a perpetual Trust Fund for the care of the Giles-Lord Lot No. 8 in Vine Lake Cemetery. The interest thereof, or as much as may be necessary, to be used for said care.
Voted, that the Trust Fund be accepted.
Article 9. To see if the Town will grant and appropriate a sum not exceeding Three Hundred Dollars for the purpose of extending the Main Street Sewer one hundred and ten feet easterly from the head of Pleasant Street, in order that it may serve the new Rectory of St. Edward's Church; the cost to be divided equally between St. Edward's Parish and the Town.
Voted, that the sum of three hundred dollars ($300.00) be granted and appropriated for the purpose of extending Main Street Sewer.
Article 1. To see if the Town will make provision for addi- tional schoolhouse facilities, build and equip a new school or do or act anything relating thereto.
Voted, that a written ballot be taken.
Voted, that the town construct a school for all grades with enough rooms to properly house the pupils and to include the installation of a lunch room and a gymnasium which can be used as an auditorium and to purchase land if necessary upon which to build it, all at a cost not to exceed one hundred and thirty thousand dollars ($130,000.00).
Voted, that Article 4 be taken up at this time.
Article 4. To see if the Town will raise and appropriate a sum of money sufficient for the purpose of the preceding article and in accordance with the provisions of any general or special law which authorizes the town to borrow for such purpose.
Under Article 4, failing to get the necessary two-thirds vote to appropriate the sum of $130,000.00, it was voted to refer back to Article 1.
Voted, to rescind all action taken under Article 1.
Voted, under Article 1, that the Town construct a school for all grades with enough rooms to properly house the pupils upon
123
the Pfaff Field, all at a cost not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars.
Article 2. To see if the Town will authorize the acquisition by purchase or otherwise for school purposes of the parcel of land now or formerly belonging to the Pfaff heirs lying south of Dale Street and between Adams Street and North Street or any other parcel suitable for the purpose, or do or act anything relating thereto.
Voted, that the article be dismissed.
Voted, to take up Article 4.
Voted, that for the purpose of originally constructing a school building on said land, including the cost of originally equiping and furnishing such building, there be raised and appropriated the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00), ten thousand do ars ($10,000.00) of which shal be taken from the tax levy of the current year, and that the Treasurer, with the approval of the Selectmen, be and hereby is authorized to borrow the sum of ninety thousand dollars ($90,000.00) and issue bonds or notes in accordance with the provisions of any general or special law which authorizes the Town to borrow for such purposes except that each issue shall be paid in not more than fifteen years from date of issue, or at such earlier dates as the Treasurer and Selectmen may determine.
Article 3. To see if the Town will appoint a Building Com- mittee to have charge o all matters provided for under preced- ing articles.
Voted, that the Town appoint a Building Committee with full charge of building the new school and other matters in- cidental thereto, said Committee to consist of seven members and to include the members of the School Committee.
Voted, that this Committee be chosen by nominations from the floor, and elected by a rising vote.
The following were elected, namely:
Francis H. Kingsbury
Orion Wight
124
Susan M. Clark Francis M. Parkhurst Michael E. Griffin Alice W. Conway Harrison H. Child
All the articles having been acted upon, the meeting was dissolved.
Attest:
WILLIAM H. EVERETT, Town Clerk.
.
.
.
1
125
SPECIAL MEETING August 9, 1926
Pursuant to a Warrant issued by the Selectmen, the inhabi- tants of the Town of Medfield, duly warned and notified in the manner prescribed by law, met at the Town Hall in said Medfield on the ninth day of August, 1926, at 12 noon, and the following action was taken on the articles in the Warrant:
Article 1. To elect One Collector of Taxes to fill unexpired term.
The ballot box was examined and found in good working order and at close of voting agreed with the check lists in the number of ballots cast.
The following named persons appointed by the Selectmen and sworn by the Town Clerk were assigned to duty as follows: Charles L. Bullard and Alida S. Pear to distribute ballots; William J. Kelly and Mary A. Weiker to check at ballot box; Alex. Allan, Arthur W. Hobbs, Michael J. English, and Albert L. Clark, Tellers. Fred C. Chick in charge of ballot box.
Cards of Instruction and Specimen Ballots were posted as required by law. The polls were opened at 12 o'clock noon and closed at 7.30 in the evening.
The ballots were counted in open meeting and the total vote cast was 362.
Amos C. Kingsbury receiving the largest number of votes was declared elected, and qualified by the Town Clerk.
Article 2. To see if the Town will grant and appropriate Six Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($650.00) for replacing the present wrought iron pipe in Mitchell Street with 348 feet of 4-inch cast iron pipe which would be planned as part of the final layout for the whole town.
126
Voted, that the sum of six hundred and fifty dollars ($650.00) be granted and appropriated.
Article 3. To see if the Town will grant and appropriate two hundred and sixty dollars ($260.00) for extending the present main pipe, 275 feet in Green Street, with 1}-inch gal- vanized Pipe in order to supply the houses of F. L. Travers, Jr., and James Tubridy.
Voted, that the sum of two hundred and sixty dollars ($260.00) be granted and appropriated.
Article 4. To see if the Town will vote to appoint the First National Bank of Boston in place of the International Trust Company as trustee of the Medfield Library Trust Funds.
Voted, that the Town of Medfield appoint the First National Bank of Boston in place of the International Trust Company as Trustee of the Medfield Library Trust Fund held under the terms of an agreement of trust between Stillman J. Spear, Treasurer of the Town of Medfield, Massachusetts, and Inter- national Trust Company, dated April 27, 1910, and that the Town Treasurer be authorized in behalf of the Town to execute the attached agreement, covering the appointment of the new Trustee.
Article 5. To see if the Town will accept the following named sums as perpetual trust funds for the care of lots in Vine Lake Cemetery, the interest thereof, or so much as may be necessary, to be used for said care:
Margaret T. Bearse Lot. $100.00
William Conrick Lot. $100.00
Voted, that the sums be accepted in the usual form.
All the articles having been acted upon, the meeting was dissolved.
Attest:
WILLIAM H. EVERETT,
Town Clerk.
127
NOVEMBER ELECTION, 1926
At the State Election held in Medfield, November 2, 1926, for the purpose of choosing State and County Officers, and to vote on questions presented on the ballot.
Total vote case was 641 divided among the several candidates as follows:
For Governor
Alvin T. Fuller of Malden. 450
William A. Gaston of Boston.
173
Walter S. Hutchins of Greenfield
Samuel Leger of Boston
Lewis Marks of Boston
Blanks . 18
641
For Lieutenant-Governor
Frank G. Allen of Norwood.
468
Daniel T. Blessington of Somerville.
Albert Oddie of Brockton .
2
Edmond P. Talbot of Fall River
136
Blanks 34
641
For Secretary
Harry J. Canter of Boston . 7
Frank W. Cavanaugh of Newton. 142
Frederic W. Cook of Somerville 400
Stephen S. Surridge of Lynn .
Edith M. Williams of Brookline
5
Blanks . 87
641
Dennis F. Reagan of Brockton 1
128
For Treasurer
Albert Sprague Collidge of Pittsfield. 5
Winfield A. Dwyer of Boston 4
Daniel England of Pittsfield
126 1
Henry Hess of Boston .
William S. Youngman of Brookline.
402
Blanks . 103
641
For Auditor
Leon Arkin of Boston. 3
Strabo V. Claggett of Newton 186
Alonzo B. Cook of Boston. 327
Emma P. Hutchins of Boston
3
John R. MacKinnon of Lowell 2
Blanks.
120
641
For Attorney-General
Isadore Harris of Boston. 5
Max Lerner of Worcester
Arthur K. Reading of Cambridge 393
John Weaver Sherman of Boston 2
John E. Swift of Milford. 143
Blanks . 98
641
For Senator in Congress
John J. Ballam of Boston . 2
William M. Butler of Boston 374
Washington Cook of Sharon. 1
Alfred Baker Lewis of Cambridge 1
David I. Walsh of Fitchburg
248
Blanks . 15
641
129
For Congressman 13th District
Robert Luce of Waltham. 404
John P. Tierney of Newton 130
Blanks . 107
641
For Councillor 2nd District
Chester I. Campbell of Quincy . 398
Augustus W. Perry of Boston 107
Blanks .
136
641
For Senator Norfolk and Middlesex District
Edward R. Goodwin of Natick. 127
Samuel H. Wragg of Needham 398
Blanks .
116
641
For Representative 12th Norfolk District
George L. L. Allen of Medfield. 459
Wilfrid N. Dufresne of Bellingham. 121
Blanks .
61
641
For County Commissioner Norfolk County
Frederick A. Leavitt of Brookline.
401
Blanks 240
641
For Associate Commissioners Norfolk County Walter E. Piper of Quincy . 364
Blanks 818
1282
130
For District Attorney Southeastern District Winfield M. Wilbar of Brockton
390
Blanks. 251
641
For Sheriff Norfolk County
Samuel H. Capen of Dedham.
383
Blanks . 258
641
Question No. 1 Town Government Act
Yes. 175
No.
89
Blanks 377
641
Question No. 2 Civil Service Preference Act
Yes 177
No.
243
Blanks . 221
641
A true copy.
Attest :
WILLIAM H. EVERETT,
Town Clerk.
1
131
SPECIAL MEETING November 8, 1926
Pursuant to a Warrant issued by the Selectmen, the inhabi- tants of the Town of Medfield, duly warned and notified in the manner prescribed by law, met at the Town Hall in said Medfield on the eighth day of November 1926, at 7.30 p. m. and the following action was taken on the articles contained in the Warrant:
The meeting was called to order by the Moderator at 7.30 p. m.
Article 1. To see if the Town will raise and appropriate an additional sum of money to be expended by the School House Building Committee for the purpose of erecting the new school. (Petition.)
Voted, that a written ballot be taken.
Under Article 1, the necessary two-thirds vote to appro- priate an additional sum of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00) was lost, 118 voting in the affirmative and 117 in the negative.
Article 2. To see if the Town will vote to rescind its vote of June 14, 1926, voted under Article 1, that the Town construct a school for all grades with enough rooms to properly house the pupils, upon the Pfaff Field, all at a cost not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars. (Petition.)
Voted, not to rescind.
Voted, to refer back to Article 1.
Voted, to reconsider the action taken under Article 1.
Voted, that a written ballot be taken.
Under Article 1 the necessary two-thirds vote was again ost, 128 voting in the affirmative and 101 in the negative.
132
Article 3. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appro- priate a sum of money for the purchase of a Combination Full Crawler Fordson Tractor with Snow Plow and Wehr Grades with attachments.
Voted, that the Article be dismissed.
Voted, to reconsider Article 3, but no action was taken.
Article 4. To see if the Town will accept the following named sum as a Perpetual Trust Fund for the care of a lot in Vine Lake Cemetery, the interest thereof, or as much as may be necessary, to be used for said care.
Bennett Wilson Lot $200.00
Voted, to accept in the usual form.
All the articles having been acted upon, the meeting was dissolved.
Attest:
WILLIAM H. EVERETT,
Town Clerk.
133
SPECIAL MEETING November 16, 1926
Pursuant to a Warrant issued by the Selectmen, the inhabi- tants of the Town of Medfield, duly warned and notified in the manner prescribed by law, met at the Town Hall in said Medfield on the sixteenth day of November 1926, at 7.30 p. m. and the following action was taken on the articles contained in the Warrant:
The meeting was called to order by the Moderator at 7.30 p. m.
Article 1. To see if the Town will vote to raise and appro- priate a sum of money for the purchase of a Tractor and Snow Plow, not to exceed four thousand dollars ($4,000.00) and to do or act anything relating thereto. (Petition.)
Voted, that where apropriations are to be made, the vote be taken by ballot.
Voted, that the Town buy Snow Equipment for a sum not exceeding four thousand dollars ($4,000.00), one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) to be taken out of the unexpended balance in the treasury, the balance of three thousand dollars ($3,000.00) to be borrowed by the Treasurer with the consent of the Select- men, one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) to be paid back each year in 1927, 1928 and 1929.
Article 2. To see if the Town will raise and appropriate a sum of money in addition to a sum already appropriated to construct a new School, to rescind any action or portion thereof previously taken, or to do or act anything relating thereto. (Petition.)
Under Article 2 the necessary two-thirds vote to appropriate an additional sum of fourteen thousand dollars ($14,000.00) was lost, 136 voting in the affirmative and 72 in the negative.
134
Article 3. To see if the Town will accept the following named sums as perpetual trust funds for the care of lots in Vine Lake Cemetery, the interest thereof, or so much as may be necessary, to be used for said care.
Tyler Thayer Lot. $300.00
Nathan Fisher Lot $100.00
Voted, to accept in the usual form.
Voted, to reconsider action taken under Article 2.
Voted, that the vote be taken tomorrow night and the meeting be adjourned to 7.30 p. m.
Adjourned Meeting, November 17, 1926
The meeting was called to order by the Moderator at 7.30 p. m.
Under Article 2 the necessary two-thirds vote to appropriate fourteen thousand dollars ($14,000.00) was again lost, 212 voting in the affirmative and 120 in the negative.
Voted, that the meeting be dissolved.
Attest:
WILLIAM H. EVERETT,
Town Clerk .
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
AND THE
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
TOWN OF MEDFIELD
FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1926
137
ANNUAL REPORT OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
Town of Medfield for the Year Ending December 31, 1926
Members and Organization
FRANCIS H. KINGSBURY, Chairman ... Term expires 1929 ORION WIGHT Term expires 1927
SUSAN M. CLARK, Secretary Term expires 1928
REPORT OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE
I. Superintendent of Schools
Mr. Theodore W. King of Taunton, Mass., has continued as Superintendent of Schools for the Norfolk, Westwood, Millis and Medfield Union and his report is appended hereto.
II. School Health
Dr. Frank H. Clough has been retained in the capacity of school physician and has been assisted in his work by Mrs. Emma C. Newcomb, school nurse, and during the first of the year by Mr. Wesley G. Spencer as physical instructor. During the fall months it was found very difficult to fill the place left vacant by the resignation of Mr. Spencer. Just before the end of the year, however, it was possible to obtain the part time services of Mr. B. A. Black as physical instructor.
During the fall term an epidemic of scarlet fever broke out in town and as a precaution against the further spread of the disease the school was ordered closed for one week. This ap- parently was a fortunate measure of defense since the spread of infection ceased. It is undoubtedly true that crowded school- rooms are a factor in the rapid spread of disease.
138
III. Summer School
Last summer Mr. Umberto Palumbo conducted a summer school for the benefit of any pupils who cared to make up work lost during the previous term and to take up advance work. The day school was free to the pupils and at no expense to the town. Mr. Palumbo also carried on an evening school for such pupils as cared to attend and was allowed to charge a tuition fee for the evening pupils and to use the school books inasmuch as the day school instruction was rendered free. The attend- ance at the summer school was entirely voluntary and especially good results were obtained.
IV. Admittance to Schools of Higher Education
To those who may be interested to know the facts in reference to the number of pupils who have graduated from the Medfield schools and successfully attended schools of higher education a careful reading of the report of Mr. Hartford will be worth while. Every business man knows that the unit costs are smaller in a large manufacturing plant than in a small one. It is not to be expected that Medfield with its comparatively small school can give as much for the money as a large town like Needham or Dedham. It is to be expected that some of the pupils will need to attend a preparatory school before gaining admission to the larger colleges with their increasingly difficult entrance requirements.
At this point it may be of interest to note that the pupil who begins to realize that study and careful work in school are necessary every day, not just once in a while, is well on the way to success. The tax-paying parent should see that he gets his money's worth by making sure through conference with the teachers that his children are studying and not fooling away their time and that of others. It has been remarked that children do not appreciate what is done for them nowadays, and while this statement is perhaps subject to contradiction, children in this age as well as in any previous period are on the defensive to prove to the older generations that they are capable of hard work and dilligent study. No one was ever condemned for failure if he had tried hard, but only for failure to try.
139
V. School Lunch
The school lunch is now being conducted by the Visiting Nurse Association since the Parent-Teacher Association has not found it possible to continue the work. The lunch will be conducted much as before by Mrs. John Dyer who has always shown such an interest in the children.
VI. School Calendar, 1927
Winter term, 7 weeks, opens Jan. 3, closes Feb. 18
Spring term, 7 weeks, opens Feb. 28, closes A.pr. 15 Summer term, 9 weeks, opens Apr. 25, closes June 30 Fall term, 16 weeks, opens Sept. 7, closes Dec. 23
If possible and the requirements of the State Board of Educa- tion will permit, the summer term will be cut short if the weather is unduly hot during the last week in June. The week lost due to the scarlet fever causes the extension of the summer term.
In the fall the teachers will be at the schoolhouse on Tuesday, September 6, and any parents who wish to consult them may do so on that day. The pupils will be enrolled and start their school year on Wednesday, September 7.
VII. Summary of Cost
The net cost of operating the schools of the Town for the year 1926, after crediting rebates from the state, interest from the Town School Fund, and certain receipts from miscellaneous sources shown in the financial statement, was $26,078.46. The committee requests an appropriation of $29,000.00 for the year 1927, the same as last year, but in case the town votes to build only a grammar school or high school, which will cost nothing on the tax levy of the current year, then the com- mittee shall request a substantial amount for repairs to the present buildings.
Respectfully submitted by the Committee,
FRANCIS H. KINGSBURY, SUSAN M. CLARK, ORION WIGHT.
140
FINANCIAL REPORT OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE
Town Appropriation . $29,000.00
From Town Treasurer, Interest on School Fund. . . 190.04
$29,190.04
Expense of General Control School Committee
Francis H. Kingsbury $ 35.00
Orion Wight. . 35.00
Susan M. Clark. 35.00
Susan M. Clark, Clerk .
50.00
Theodore W. King, Supt. of Schools ...
625.00
Theodore W. King, travelling expense.
121.83
Ambrose Press . 10.00
Wright and Potter, printing.
2.00
Car, Newell's Stable, for meetings of Union Committee in Millis . 4.00
$ 917.83
Expense of Instruction Salaries of Teachers High
Alton H. Hartford .
$2,500.00
Theresa E. MacMurray
1,500.00
Ida M. Johnson .
1,400.00
Marion A. Bagley
1,240.00
Alice V. Donahue.
1,240.00
Mary E. Rush .
1,240.00
$ 9,120.00
Elementary
Janet W. Macdonald . $ 840.00
Umberto Palumbo
560.00
Christine M. McLeod
720.00
Helen M. McLaughlin
440.00
Elizabeth S. Buck.
1,200.00
141
E. A. Maude Craig $1,200.00
Dorothy F. Jones .
1,240.00
Helen A. Macdonald
1,100.00
Grace E. Whelan
1,040.00
Mildred A .. Kingsbury
27.00
Clara Place 9.00
$ 8,376.00
Special
Evelyn A. Judd .
$ 350.00
Nettie F. Hamant.
304.00
Wesley G. Spencer
199.80
-
$ 853.80
Text Books
High
Elementary
American Book Co.
$ 26.44
$ 10.80
Houghton Mifflin Co.
4.36
1.42
Charles A. Merrill
56.58
D. Appleton & Co
7.72
The Century Co ..
9.16
D. C. Heath & Co.
90.30
The Macmillan Co.
56.28
Gregg Pub. Co.
23.67
World Book Co.
1.86
Kenney Bros. & Wolkins. . .
2.24
Ginn and Co. .
17.87
Edw. E. Babb and Co.
62.72
Benj. H. Sanborn .
70.70
Silver Burdett & Co ..
141.52
$359.20
$224.44
$
583.64
Supplies
Elementary
Edw. E. Babb & Co ..
High $235.87
$243.43
Kenney Bros & Wolkins. . .
82.24
48.81
E. F. Mahady
27.00
54.00
Oliver Ditson
13.49
1.60
Geo. T. Johnson .
2.38
2.37
142
Milton Bradley Co.
$107.52
$186.58
Ginn and Co ..
61.50
American Felt Co.
1.10
M. Hohner, Inc.
6.00
American Book Co.
8.63
McIntosh Pub. Co.
5.38
Flax Manfg. Co.
3.50
Office Appliance Co.
19.55
Irene K. Wight.
9.00
Horace Partridge Co
6.10
Alice V. Donahue
4.68
E. H. Abell .
3.00
Walter L. Coulter.
8.00
Royal Typewriter Co .. 4.50
Underwood Typewriter Co. .
30.00
Iroquois Pub. Co.
19.43
Lorenz Pub. Co .. 6.16
Wright and Potter Co.
4.63
Medfield Pharmacy
1.25
$602.31
$615.39
$ 1,217.70
Expense of Operation
John Dyer, Janitor
$ 1,404.00
Janitor Supplies
Walter D. Gilbert . $ 16.80
Albert A. Dean .
3.00
Masury, Young Co.
79.77
$ 99.57
Fuel
Blood Bros ..
$ 1,501.75
Water
Town of Medfield Water Department . $ 80.00
Expense of Maintenance
Allan A. Kingsbury
$
97.58
Edgar Kingsbury
35.00
143
Henry H. Clark. $ 11.75
Edwin F. Penniman .
13.25
Frank V. Weaver
4.00
Weiker's Express
2.90
C. F. Reed Express
1.63
Edison Elec. Ill. Co. R. W. School .
53.15
N. E. Tel. and Tel. Co. 56.95
Water Dept. Renewing Service
85.42
$ 361.63
Expense of Auxiliary Agencies
Promotion of Health
Dr. Frank H. Clough $ 100.00
Emma C. Newcomb, Nurse
400.00
Supplies for School Nurse
11.71
$ 511.71
Transportation
Amie Newell
$ 2,095.00
Harry Dewar
684.00
Geo. J. Ehnes .
220.00
Medway and Dedham Bus
102.00
L. W. Wheeler, Insurance
52.45
Harry Dewar, Insurance.
22.50
$ 3,175.95
Summary
Expense of General Control.
$ 917.83
Instruction
18,349.80
Books ..
583.64
Supplies
1,217.70
Janitor, salary
1,404.00
Janitor, supplies
99.57
Fuel.
1,501.75
Water
80.00
Expense of Maintenance .
361.63
144
Health
$
511.71
Transportation 3,175.95
Unexpended balance
$28,203.58 986.46
$29,190.04
Respectfully submitted,
SUSAN M. CLARK, Clerk of Committee.
Correct :
W. E. GARDNER, Accountant.
SCHOOL RECEIPTS
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
For Superintendent.
$ 483.34
For High School Tuition 1,250.00
For Tuition. 200.69
For Telephone Calls . 1.05
Interest on Town School Funds 190.04
Net Cost of Operating Schools .
$ 2,125.12 $26,078.46
145
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
To the School Committee of Medfield:
In accordance with the regular custom I have the honor and privilege to submit my third annual report.
Educational Training of Teachers
The education of the teachers and the training for teaching before the teacher takes up the work determines to a great extent the qualifications of the teacher and the standard of teaching in school.
The importance of having teachers with sufficient educational training is more and more fully recognized. The Department of Education has favored the reimbursement toward the salaries of beginning teachers being based on the training for the work.
The preparation of the teachers for their work was one respect in which a decided advance was made this year. The teachers who were secured to fill the two vacancies were teachers espe- cially well qualified by education and training for their respec- tive positions. They were college graduates of the four years' course.
This increased the number of years of preparation and made a higher average in the schools.
Junior-Senior High School
The Junior Senior High School plan of organization has more than justified its adoption through the approval and the ef fective means for the advancement of the pupils. The plan has met the needs and fulfilled the purposes for which it was instituted. The value has been shown increasingly as the use has been continued. The perfecting of this plan is a matter of steady growth and development. The change from grammar school methods to high school methods is made less abrupt and there is early opportunity for the election of subjects. The pupils earlier receive the benefit of instruction by those who have specialized in the different studies. The plan permits of taking recognition of individual differences in capacities, interests and
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