USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 15
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 15
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50 Ashley, Documentos, Fitch, Griffin, Grigsby, Hayes, Hittell, Larkin, Janssens, Mckinstry, Monterey, Murray, Pinart, Savage, Sawyer, and Spear. HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 4
50
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
these papers. Larkin besides being United States consul, and at one time a confidential agent of the national administration in California, was also a lead- ing merchant who had an extensive commercial corre- spondenee with prominent residents both foreign and native in all parts of the country, as also with traders and other visitors at the provincial capital. Business letters between him and such men as Stearns at Los Angeles, Fitch at San Diego, and Leidesdorff at San Francisco, from week to week furnish a running record of political, industrial, social, and commercial annals. The most influential natives in different sec- tions corresponded frequently with the merchant consul; he was on terms of intimacy with the masters of vessels, and with leading men in Mexico and at the islands. The collection contains numerous and important letters from Frémont, Sutter, Sloat, and Montgomery. Autograph communications from James Buchanan, secretary of State at Washington, exhibit the national policy respecting California in an entirely new light. Îndeed it is difficult to overestimate the historieal value of these precious papers, or the service rendered to their country by the family representa- tives who have made this material available to the historian. Besides the nine bulky volumes mentioned I have from the same source a large quantity of un- bound commercial documents; the merchant's account books for many years, of great value in supplying pioneer names and dates; and, still more important, his consulate records, containing copies of all his com- munieations to the United States government, only a few of which have ever been made known to the publie. Larkin and Vallejo must ever stand unri -. valled among the names of pioneer and native contrib- utors to the store of original material for Californian history.
My list contains about 550 titles of separate man- uscript documents, the number being pretty equally
51
MANUSCRIPT DIARIES.
divided between those forming each a volume on my shelves and those to be found in the different pri- vate, public, and mission archives. So far as the archive papers are concerned, I might legitimately carry the multiplication of titles much further, since there are thousands of documents, which to a writer with a less abundant store of such material than mine would seem to amply merit separate titles; but here as elsewhere I have preferred to err, if at all, on the side of excessive condensation. Of the whole num- ber three fifths relate to the period preceding, and two fifths to that following, 1824. They may be roughly divided into four general classes.
First there are eighty diaries or journals or log- books, of those who explored the coast in ships, or traversed the interior in quest of mission sites, or marched to attack hostile gentiles, or sought converts in distant rancherías, or came by sea to trade or smuggle, or made official tours of inspection.51 The second class is that composed of what may be called government documents, one hundred and sixty-three in number. Twenty-seven of these were orders, in- structions, reports, and other papers emanating from the viceroy, or other Spanish or Mexican officials. 52 Seventy-five are like official papers written by the governor, comandante general, prefect, or other high officials in California.53 Thirty-four are similar docu- ments from military commandants and other subordi- nate California officers;54 and twenty-seven are Mex-
61 Abella, Albatross, Altimira, Amador, Anza, Arab, Arteaga, Bodega, Breen, Cabot, Cañizares, Castillo, Clyman, Cooper, Cota, Coutts, Danti, Doug- las, Edwards, Font, Gonzalez, Goycoechea, Griffin, Grijalva, Hartnell, Has- well, Heceta, Libro de Bitácora, Lisalde, Log-books, Malaspina, Martin, Mar- tinez, Maurelle, Mellus, Moraga, Muñoz, Nuez, Ordaz, Ortega, Payeras, Peirce, Peña, Peralta, Perez, Piña, Portilla, Portolá, Robbins, Sal, Sanchez, Santa María, Sitjar, Soto, Tapis, Vallejo, Velazquez, Viader, Yates, and Zal- videa. In many cases more than one diary is found under a single name.
52 Alaman, Areche, Azanza, Borbon, Bras ciforte, Bucareli, Cárcaba, Cos- tansó, Croix, Flores, Galvez, Híjar, Montesdeoca, Nava, Revilla Gigedo, and Sanchez.
53 Alvarado, Argüello, Arrillaga, Borica, Castro, Chico, Echeandía, Fages, Figueroa, Flores, Gutierrez, Micheltorena, Neve, Pico, Rivera y Moncada, Romeu, Sola, Vallejo, and Victoria.
34 Alberni, Amador, Argüello, Bandini, Carrillo, Córdoba, Estudillo, Gra-
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
ican and Californian reglamentos provincial and muni- cipal, emanating from different authorities.55 The third class consists of one hundred and four mission documents, of which fifteen are orders, regulations, and reports from guardians of the college of San Fer- nando, and other high missionary and ecclesiastic authorities in Mexico or Spain.56 Fifty-two are in- structions or reports of the mission presidents and pre- fects, or from the bishop;57 while the rest, forty-seven in number, are reports, letters, and miscellaneous writings of the missionary padres.58 The fifth and last class is that to which may be applied the con- venient term 'miscellaneous,' consisting of nearly two hundred titles, and which may be subdivided as fol- lows: Twenty-six items of political correspondence, speeches, and narratives;50 a dozen or more docu- ments of local record and regulation;60 twenty-two collections from private sources, equivalent to public or mission archives;61 twenty-two other collections of material;62 thirty expedientes, or topic collections of documents, including many legal and criminal cases;63
jera, Grijalva, Goycoechea, Guerra, Moraga, Ortega, Padrés, Perez Fernan- dez, Rodriguez, Sal, Soler, and Vallejo.
55 Alvarado, Arancel, Californias, Colonizacion, Constitucion, Decreto, Echeandía, Galvez, Indios, Instrucciones, Mexico, Micheltoreua, Ordenanzas, Pico, Pitic, Plan, Reglamento, and Secularizacion.
56 Bestard, Branciforte, Calleja, Gasol, Garijo, Lopez, Lull, Pio VI., Pan- gua, and Sancho.
67 Duran, García Diego, Indios, Lasuen, Misiones, Payeras, Sanchez, Sarría, Señan, Serra, and Tapis.
58 Abella, Autobiografía, Catalá, Catecismo, Colegio, Escandon, Expe- diente, Facultad, Ferrandez, Fondo Piadoso, Fuster, Hayes, Horra, Inform ', Lasuen, Lopez, Marquinez, Mission, Monterey, Mugártegui, Munguía, Oibés, Palou, Paterna, Peña, Protesta, Purísima, Ripoll, Salazar, San Buenaven- tura, San José, Santa Bárbara, Serra, Tapis, and Zalvidea.
69 Alvarado, Argüello, Bandini, Carrillo, Castillo Negrete, Castro, Gomez, Guerra, Osio, and Vallejo.
60 Estab. Rusos, Los Angeles, Monterey, Ross, Rotschef, and San Fran- cisco.
61 See notes 44 and 48 of this chapter.
62 Bear Flag Papers, Boston, California Pioneers, Cerruti, Hayes, Linares, Miscel. Hist. Papers, Nueva España, Pinart, Pioneer Sketches, Douglas Papers, Mayer MSS., Russian America, Sutter-Suñol, Taylor, Viages al Norte. 63 Ábrego, Albatross, Apalátegui, Asia and Consiante, Atanasio, Berreyesa, Bouchard, Carrillo, Castañares, Duarte, Elliot de Castro, Expediente, Fitch, Graham, Guerra, Herrera, Mercado, Mercury, Peña, Rae, Rodriguez, Romero, Rubio, San José, Santa Bárbara, Santa Cruz, Solis, Sonoma, and Stearns.
53
MISCELLANEOUS MANUSCRIPTS.
half a dozen old sets of commercial and other account books, some of them of great historical value;64 fifteen lists of inhabitants, vessels, pioneers, soldiers, etc .; 65 and a like number of old narratives, some being sim- ilar to my dictations to be mentioned presently, except that they were not written expressly for my use, and others being old diaries and records;66 also eight per- sonal records, hojas de servicio, and wills;67 fifteen battles, treaties, juntas, or plans;68 three very impor- tant documents on relations with the United States ; 69 four on the Ross Colony;70 five items of correspond- ence of visitors or Nootka men;71 and a dozen, too hopelessly miscellaneous to be classified, that need not be named here.
Thousands of times in my foot-notes I have occa- sion to accredit certain information in this manner: ' Padre Lasuen's letter of -, in Arch. Sta Bar., tom. - , p. - '; 'Bandini's Speech, in Carrillo, Doc. Hist. Cal., tom. - , p. - '; 'Gov. Fages to P. Serra (date), in Prov. St. Pap.'; 'Larkin to Leidesdorff, June -, 1826, in Id., Doc. Hist. Cal., iv.,' etc., etc. Now one of these communications is not worth a separate place in my list; but a hundred from one man form a collection which richly merits a title. That the items are scattered in different manuscript volumes on my shelves, when they might by a mere mechanical operation have been bound in a separate volume, makes no difference that I can appreciate. Therefore from this scattered correspondence of some two hundred of the most prominent men whose writings as used by me are most voluminous, I have
64 Cooper, Larkin, Russian American Company, and Vallejo.
65 Dana, Españoles, Estrada, Hayes, Los Angeles, Monterey, Padron, Mor- mon Battalion, Relacion, Richardson. Rowland, Salidas, Spence, Stuart, and Taylor.
66 Compañía Extrangera, Ford, Hartnell, Ide, Leese, Marsh, Morris, Mur- ray, New Helvetia, Ortega, Prudon, and Vigilantes.
67 Amador, Arguello, Arrillaga, Carrillo, Castro, and Ortega.
68 Cahuenga, Carrillo, Conferencia, Consejo, Instrucciones, Junta, Plan, Pronunciamiento, Solis, Tratado, and Zamorano.
69 Buchanan and Larkin.
70 Baránof, Etholin, Potechin, and Zavalisehin.
71 Douglas, Kendrick, Malaspina, Saavedra, Wilcox.
54
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
made a like number of titles. The author's name is followed in each title by cartas, correspondencia, escri- tos, or some similar general term. Seventy belong to men who wrote chiefly before 1824; one hundred and thirty to those who flourished, later. Of the whole number, twenty were Spanish or Mexican offi- cials who wrote beyond the limits of California; twenty were Franciscan friars of the California mis- sions; forty-eight were foreign pioneer residents in California; and one hundred and eleven were native, Mexican, or Spanish citizens and officials of Califor- nia. Several of these collections in each class would form singly a large volume.72
One more class of manuscripts remains to be no- ticed. The memory of men as a source of historical information, while not to be compared with original documentary records, is yet of very great importance. The memory of men yet living when I began my re- searches, as aided by that of their fathers, covers in a sense the whole history of California since its settle-
72 Spanish and Mexican officials, all before 1824: Apodaca, Azanza, Barry, Branciforte, Bucareli, Calleja, Cárcaba, Croix, Galvez, Garibay, Haro y Peralta, Iturigaray, Marquina, Nava, Rengel, Revilla Gigedo, Ugarte y Loyola, Venadito, and Venegas.
Padres or ecclesiastics, 8 before and 12 after 1824: Abella, Arroyo, Boscana, Cabot, Catalá, Dumetz, Duran, Esténega, García Diego, Jimeno, Lasuen, Martin, Martinez, Ordaz, Palou, Payeras, Peyri, Quijas, Rouset, Señan, Tapis, and Viader.
Foreign residents and visitors: Belden, Bolcof, Burton, Colton, Cooper, Dana, Davis, Den, Douglas, Fitch, Flügge, Forbes, Foster, Frémont, Garner, Gillespie, Green, Hartnell, Hastings, Hinckley, Howard, Jones, Larkin, Leese, Leidesdorff, Livermore, Marsh, Mason, Mellus, Mofras, Morenhaut, Murphy, Parrott, Paty, Prudon, Reid, Richardson, Semple, Spence, Stearns, Stevenson, Stockton, Sloat, Sutter, Temple, Thompson, Vignes, and Vioget.
Californian officials and citizens, 36 before and 75 after 1824: Ábrego, Alberni, Alvarado, Amador, Amesti, Archuleta, Argüello, Arrillaga, Ban- dini, Bonilla, Borica, Botello, Buelna, Carrillo, Castañares, Castillero, Cas- tillo Negrete, Castro, Chico, Córdoba, Coronel, Cota, Covarrubias, Echeandía, Escobar, Estrada, Estudillo, Fages, Fernandez, Figueroa, Flores, Font, Gomez, Gonzalez, Goycoechea, Grajera, Grijalva, Guerra, Gutierrez, Haro, Herrera, Híjar, Ibarra, Lasso, Lugo, Machado, Malarin, Maitorena, Marti- nez, Micheltorena, Moraga, Muñoz, Neve, Olvera, Ortega, Osio, Osuna, Pacheco, Padrés, Peña, Peralta, Perez Fernandez, Pico, Portilla, Ramirez, Requena, Rivera y Moncada, Rodriguez, Romeu, Ruiz, Sal, Sanchez, Ser- rano, Sola, Soler, Suñol, Tapia, Torre, Valle, Vallejo, Victoria, Villavicencio, Zamorano, and Zúñiga.
55
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES.
ment. I have therefore taken dictations of personal reminiscences from 160 old residents. Half of them were natives, or of Spanish blood; the other half foreign pioneers who came to the country before 1848. Of the former class twenty-four were men who occu- pied prominent public positions, equally divided be- tween the north and the south.73
The time spent with each by my reporters was from a few days to twelve months, according to the prominence, memory, and readiness to talk of the person interviewed; and the result varied in bulk from a few pages to five volumes of manuscript. A few spoke of special events; most gave their general recollections of the past; and several supplemented their reminiscences by documentary or verbal testi- mony obtained from others. They include men of all classes and in the aggregate fairly represent the Cali- fornian people. Eleven of the number were women, and the dictation of one of these, Mrs Ord-Doña Angustias de la Guerra-compares favorably in accu- racy, interest, and completeness, with the best in my collection. General Vallejo's narrative, expanded into a formal Historia de California, is the most extensive and in some respects the most valuable of all; that of Governor Alvarado is second in size, and in many parts of inferior quality. The works of Bandini and Osio differ from the others in not having been written expressly for my use. The authors were intelligent and prominent men, and though their narratives are much less extensive and complete than those of Va- llejo and Alvarado, they are of great importance. Those of such men as Botello, Coronel, Pio and Jesus Pico, Arce, Amador, and Castro merit special men-
73 Ábrego, Alvarado, Alviso, Amador, Arce, Arnaz, Ávila, Bandini, Bernal, Berreyesa, Bojorges, Boronda, Botello, Buelna, Burton, Carrillo, Castro, Coro- nel, Escobar, Espinosa, Estudillo, Ezquer, Fitch, Fernandez, Flores, Galindo, García, Garnica, German, Gomez, Gonzalez, Hartnell, Híjar, Julio César, Juarez, Larios, Leese, Lorenzana, Lugo, Machado, Marron, Moreno, Ord, Osio, Palomares, Perez, Pico, Pinto, Rico, Robles, Rodriguez, Romero, San- chez, Sepúlveda, Serrano, Torre, Torres, Valle, Valdés, Vallejo, Vega, and. Véjar.
56
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
tion, and there are many of the briefer dictations which in comparison with the longer ones cited have a value far beyond their bulk.
Of the pioneers whose testimony was taken," twelve wrote on special topics, such as the Bear Flag, Don- ner Party, or Graham Affair. Twenty of them came to California before 1840. Thirty-five came over- land, twenty in immigrant parties, three or four as hunters, and the rest as soldiers or explorers in 1845-8; while twenty came by sea, chiefly as traders or seamen who left their vessels secretly. William H. Davis has furnished one of the most detailed and accurate records of early events and men; and others meriting particular mention are Baldridge, Belden, Bidwell, Bigler, Chiles, Forster, Murray, Nidever, Sutter, Warner, and Wilson. As a whole the testimony of the pioneers is hardly equal in value to that of the native Californians, partly because they have in many cases taken less interest and devoted less time to the matter; also because the testimony of some of the most competent has been given more or less fully in print.
While the personal reminiscences of both natives and pioneers, as used in connection with and tested by contemporaneous documentary evidence, have been in the aggregate of great value to me in the prepara- tion of this work, yet I cannot give them unlimited praise as authorities. A writer, however intelligent and competent, attempting to base the annals of Cali- fornia wholly or mainly on this kind of evidence, would produce a very peculiar and inaccurate work. Hardly one of these narratives if put in print could
74 Anthony, Baldridge, Barton, Bce, Belden, Bell, Bidwell, Bigler, Birnie, Boggs, Bowen, Brackett, Bray, Breen, Brown, Burton, Carriger, Chamber- lain, Chiles, Crosby, Dally, Davis, Dittman, Dunne, Dye, Eaton, Findla, Forster, Foster, Fowler, Gary, Greyson, Gillespie, Grimshaw, Hargrave, Hopper, Hyde, Janssens, Knight, Marshall, Martin, Maxwell, MeChristian, McDaniels, McKay, Meadows, Monc, Nidever, Ord, Osborn, Parrish, Peirce, Rhodes, Richardson, Roberts, Robinson, Ross, Russ, Smith, Spence, Streeter, Sutter, Swan, Swasey, Taylor, Temple, Tustin, Walker, Warner, Weeks, Wheeler, White, Wiggins, Wilson, and Wise.
#
57
VALUE OF PIONEER TESTIMONY.
escape severe and merited criticism. It is no part of my duty to point out defects in individual narratives written for my use, but rather to extract from each all that it contains of value, passing the rest in si- lence. And in criticising this material in bulk, I do not allude to the few clumsy attempts in certain dictations and parts of others to deceive me, or to the falsehoods told with a view to exaggerate the im- portance or otherwise promote the interests of the narrator, but to the general mass of statements from honest and intelligent men. In the statements of past events made by the best of men from memory- and I do not find witnesses of Anglo-Saxon blood in any degree superior in this respect to those of Span- ish race -- will be found a strange and often inexplicable mixture of truth and falsehood. Side by side in the best narratives I find accounts of one event which are models of faithful accuracy and accounts of another event not even remotely founded in fact. There are nota- ble instances where prominent witnesses have in their statements done gross injustice to their own reputa- tion or that of their friends. There seems to exist a general inability to distinguish between the memory of real occurrences that have been seen and known, and that of idle tales that have been heard in years long past. If in my work I have been somewhat over cautious in the use of such testimony, it is a fault on which the reader will, I hope, look leniently.
The history, and with it the bibliography, of Califor- nia after the discovery of gold may be conveniently divided into two periods, the first extending from 1848 to 1856 over the 'flush times,' and the second from 1857 to date. For the first period a larger part of the authorities are in manuscript than would at first glance appear, though with the advent of newspapers and printed government records the necessity of searching the archives for the most part disappears; for it is to be noted that most of the documentary
58
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
collections, public and private, already noticed, contain papers of value of later date than 1849; and, still more important, the reminiscences of natives and the earliest pioneers cited in preceding pages, extend in most instances past the gold discovery. For this period I have also collected in manuscript form the testimony of about one hundred pioneers who came after 1848,75 the number including a few narratives relating in part to Oregon, and a few miscellaneous manuscripts not quite properly classified with pioneer recollections; there are besides some twenty-five men, 'forty-niners' for the most part, who have devoted their testimony chiefly to the vigilance committees of San Francisco, most being prominent members of those organizations.76 What has been said of similar narratives on earlier events as authorities for history may be applied to these. In the aggregate they are of immense value, being the statements of men who had been actors in the scenes described. For impor- tant additions to this class of material, received too late for special mention here, the reader is referred to the supplementary list of authorities.
Material printed in California during this period, including a few items of 1848 and of 1857-8, is repre- sented by about one hundred titles in my list; to which should be added the legislative journals and the numerous state documents printed from year to year,
75 See Allsop, Anderson, Armstrong, Ashley, Ayers, Bacon, Ball, Ballou, Barnes, Barstow, Bartlett, Bauer, Bigler, Boynton, Brackett, Bristow, Brock, Brodie, Brown, Burnett, Burris, Cassin, Cerruti, Chamberlain, Chapin, Clark, Colvin, Connor, Conway, Coon, Crosby, Davidson, Dean, Doolittle, Dowell, Duncan, Earll, Fairchild, Fay, Fitzgerald, Garniss, Gwin, Hancock, Hart- nell, Hawley, Hayes, Hearn, Henshaw, Herrick, Hinckley, Hitchcock, Hud- son, Keyser, Kirkpatrick, Kohler, Kraszewski, Lamotte, Lane, Lawson, Limantour, Little, Low, Mans, Massett, Matthewson, Merrill, Montgomery, Moore, Morris, Palmer, Patterson, Peckham, Powers, Rabbison, Randolph, Richardson, Roder, Ross, Rush, Ryckman, Safford, Sawtelle, Sayward, Schmiedell, Shaw, Shearer, Stuart, Sutton, Tarbell, Taylor, Thomes, Van Dyke, Vowell, Watson, Wheaton, Widber, Willey, Williams, and Winans. 76 Bluxome, Burns, Cole, Coleman, Comstock, Crary, Dempster, Dows, Durkee, Farwell, Frink, Gillespie, McAllister, Manrow, Neall, Olney, Rogers, Schenck, Smiley, Staples, Stillman, Truett, Wadsworth, Watkins, and Woodbridge.
59
AFTER THE GOLD DISCOVERY.
and preserved as appendices to those journals, as also the series of California Reports and California Statutes. There are twenty-one books and pamphlets descrip- tive of the country, with life and events therein during the flush times, most of them having also an admix- ture of past annals and future prospects."7 Fifteen pamphlets are records of Californian societies, com- panies, or associations, the annual publication extend- ing often beyond this period.78 A like number are municipal records of different towns, besides a dozen di- rectories;79 and as many more legal, judicial, and other official publications, not including a very large number of briefs and court records which are not named in the list;80 besides nine speeches delivered in Califor- nia and published in pamphlet form;81 and as many miscellaneous publications, including one periodical.82 Many newspapers might be enumerated besides the Alta, Herald, Bulletin, and Evening News of San Francisco, the Placer Times and Union of Sacramento, and the Gazette of Santa Bárbara; there are some fif- teen articles on early Californian subjects,83 and a like number of scrap-books in my collection, notably those made by Judge Hayes, contain more or less material on the times under consideration.84
77 Benton, California, Carrol, Carson, Crane, Delano, King of Wm., McGowan, Miners, Morse, San Francisco, Taylor, Terry, Wadsworth, Werth, and Wierzbicki.
78 Cal. Bible Soc., Cal. Dry Dock Co., First Cal. Guard, Marysville & Ben. R. R., Mechanics' Inst., Mercantile Lib., Mex. Ocean Mail, Overland Mail, Sac. Valley R. R., Sta Clara Col., Univ. Cal., Univ. Pacific, Young Men's Christ. Ass.
19 Los Angeles, Parkitt, San Diego, San Francisco Act, S. F. Fire Dept., S. F. Memorial, S. F. Minutes, S. F. City Charter, S. F. Ordinances, S. F. Proceedings, S. F. Pub. Schools, S. F. Remonstrance, S. F. Rept., S. F. Town Council, and Wheeler. Directories-Marysville, Sacramento, San Fran- cisco, Stockton, and Tuolumne.
80 California (Circuit Court, Comp. Laws, Constit., Dist. Court, Sup. Court), Constit. Convention, Crocker, Hartman, Limantour, Marvin, Mason, Riley, Thornton, Turner.
81 Baker, Bates, Bigler, Billings, Bryan, Freelon, Lockwood, Shaw, Speer. 82 Cal. Text Book, Gongenheim, Democratic, Limantour, Taylor (song book), Willey, Pioneer, and Almanacs.
83 Franklin, Hittell, McCloskey, McDougal, McGowan, Nugent, Peckham, Randolph, Reid, Ryan, Victor, Trask, Weed, Willey, Vallejo.
84 Bancroft Library, Barton, Bigler, Brooks, California, Dye, Hall, Hayes, Knight, Lancey, Levitt, Pac. Mail, Sta Cruz.
60
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.
Works about California printed elsewhere were three times as numerous as those of home manufacture, and in most respects much more important. First there were over eighty books, similar except in place of publication to those of a class already mentioned, which described California, its mines and towns, its people and their customs, the journey by land or sea to the country with personal adventures of the writers or others, books in different languages owing their existence directly to the discovery of gold.85 Many of these were to a considerable extent fictitious, but there were others containing little or nothing but fiction.86 Next among works of real value should be noticed fifty reports on Californian topics, published by the United States government;87 and in this con- nection may receive attention the regular sets of U. S. government documents recording the acts of con- gress from session to session, and containing hundreds of valuable papers, bearing on affairs in the far west, with several other collections of somewhat similar nature.88 There were a dozen or more pamphlets on various Californian topics not directly connected with the gold discovery and its attendant phenomena.89 Then
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