History of California, Volume I, Part 74

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852

USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 74
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 74

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

Though Santa Bárbara seems to have had as yet no branch of the rancho del rey like those at the other presidios, yet it is credited in statistical reports with from 1,000 to 4,000 horses and cattle, and from 200 to 600 sheep. This live-stock is not to be confounded with that of the mission, but it was probably identical to some extent with that of the rancheros within the jurisdiction already referred to. There were also agricultural operations carried on by the soldiers dis- tinct from those of the mission neophytes. Records of results are very meagre, but in 1797 they reached 1,650 bushels of wheat, corn, and beans.51 Of nicchan- ical industries there is nothing to record save that the attempt to obtain white apprentices was more

50 Fages, Papel de Puntos, MS., 166. Aug. 20, 1793, governor to viceroy. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 115; Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 451, 495. Oct. Il, 1794, 15 men at 18 cents per day and 34 fanegas of maize at 13 reals, neces- sary to complete the buildings. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 62. Oct. 24th, build- ing expenses to stop. Id., xii. 98. Dec. 13th, Borica says the church is to be enlarged at cost of the fondo de gratificacion. Id., xii. 58. Expenses from 1784 to 1794, $2,256. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxi. 12. Dec. 16th, viceroy to governor, the 8 ship-boys and other workmen can no longer be paid from treasury of San Blas. St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 57-8. Chapel to be blessed on Guadalupe day. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 87. The $2,256 charged to fondo de gratificacion by order of April 26, 1797. Id., iv. 89.

51 Jan. 15, 1794, governor orders that each soldier be allowed only four cows. These to be branded and the rest slaughtered. Prov. Rec., MS., i. 208. 1794-5, commandant asks for and obtains from governor 200 steers for rations. Id., iv. 16; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 97. Oct. 22, 1795, Borica orders Goycoechea, Ortega, and other officers to fence their gardens; and reads them a lecture for complaining of the poor soldiers' cattle. Why should so many suffer for the convenience of a few ? Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 33-4. In 1796 an effort was made here as elsewhere to promote sheep-raising. Let Peña have some land, says the governor June 9, 1796, if he will take Pico as a partner and raise twice as many sheep as other stock. Rancheros must go to the pueblo to live he says, Dec. 29th, unless they will raise sheep. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 66, 86.

669

SANTA BÁRBARA.

successful here than at San Diego, since six boys were taught by the weaver Enriquez during his south- ern tour in 1798.52

Vancouver's visit in 1793 was first in the slight chain of local events to be recorded in this decade. He anchored here November 10th and sailed the 18th. His reception in comparison with that at Monterey and San Francisco seemed to him agreeable, though the difference was chiefly imaginary. Goycoechea was courteous and hospitable, and Vancouver had learned not to expect too much. Little was done except to obtain wood and water, purchase supplics from private individuals, and take required exercise within sight of the presidio, retiring on board at night. An excellent spring, said to have been unknown to the Spaniards, was found near the old wells. Fathers Miguel and Tapis were particularly affable and anxious to entertain and aid the foreigners, who carried away a flattering opinion of Santa Bárbara and its peo- ple.53 January 10, 1794, there was a public execution. Ignacio Rochin was shot, there being no hangman in the country, for the murder of one Alvarez. The wife of the victim, Rochin's accomplice, was condemned to hard work as a servant, the sentences coming finally from the audiencia of Guadalajara.54

In August 1795 the English merchant ship Phoenix, Captain Moore, touched here for supplies and left a 'Boston boy' who was soon sent to San Blas as already related.55 The same year the inhabitants contributed nearly one thousand dollars toward paying the expenses of the war with France.

52 Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 99. July 21, 1796, Borica to Goycocchea. The sons of soldiers and settlers must be urged to learn weaving, tailoring, and pottery. I.d., iv. 72-3. A bricklayer, a carpenter, and a violinista in the company in 1798. Id., iv. 95. Timber for oars sent to San Diego. Id., iv. SS.

53 Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 451-6, 493, 497, 500. The English navigator was surprised at the failure of the Spaniards to fortify so strong and important a position. He mentions two brass nine-pounders before the presidio entrance. 5+ Sta Bárbara, Lib. de Mision, MS., 29; Prov. Rer., MIS., iv. 5, 7; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 92; xiii. 176; Id., Ben. Mil., xxi. 8; Garcia, IIcchos, MS., 1, 2.

55 See p. 536, this volume. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxi. 9.

670

LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.

The year 1796 was marked by the discovery of what was thought to be a quicksilver mine in the black mire at the Punta del Cerro de la Laguna. A load of the metal-bearing mud was taken to the presi- dio for examination by Borica's orders, but nothing further is heard of it.56 In February 1797 a soldier named Gonzalez is said to have been poisoned by the natives, who thus revenged themselves for what they regarded as cruel treatment.57 In March and April came the alarm of war with England. Couriers were despatched, sentinels posted, guns made ready, the natives exhorted, and abundant reasons given for not

doing more.58 In May the Princesa arrived off the mouth of the Rio Purísima and landed thirty of her hundred and sixty men, who were suffering from scurvy, but who rapidly recovered.59 In December there arrived the Magallanes, a full-rigged ship of war, which had come over from Manila to make observa- tions and if necessary convoy the San Blas vessels southward.60 On February 3, 1798, occurred the death of the old pioneer of 1769, Brevet Captain José Francisco Ortega, former commandant of Santa Bár- bara and for several years living as a retired pensioner in this vicinity. He left many sons and daughters, and many of his grandchildren still live in California.61

56 Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 57.

57 The death of Rafael Gerardo Gonzalez on Feb. 14th is recorded in Sta Bárbara, Lib. de Mision, MS., 30. The fact that he was poisoned rests on the statement of his son Rafael Gonzalez, still living at Santa Barbara. Gon- zalez. Experiencias, MS., 1, 2, who was born a few days after his father's death. He flogged some boys who allowed the crows to eat his corn, and the natives soon invited him to a feast of poisoned fish.

58 Goycoechea to Borica, March 28, April 10, 1797, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 43-5, 188-9.

59 Id., xv. 52; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 90-1.

60 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 113-14; xvi. 185; xvii. 1, 6.

61 José Francisco Ortega was a native of the town of Zelaya in what is now the State of Guanajuato, where in his early youth he was employed as a ware- honse clerk. Enlisting Oct. 1, 1755, he served in the cuera company of Loreto ten monthis as private, two years and a half as corporal, and fourteen and a half as sergeant. Some time after he was first made sergeant he ob- tained his discharge and gave his attention to mining in Baja California, where he was for a time a kind of alcalde of all the mining-camps of the peninsula. When Portolá came as governor, Ortega was readmitted as sergeant and for a year or more attended to the accounts of the royal warehouse. Hc accom- panied the second land expedition northward in 1769 under Portola and with

671

CAPTAIN ORTEGA.

At Santa Bárbara mission adjoining the presidio, Padre Antonio Paterna, the founder, and an old

Junipero Serra. On the way he received a letter from Don José de Galvez promising him the place of lieutenant at Loreto on his return. On this march he distinguished himself by his tireless activity, always going ahead to explore the way and traversing the route three times before he reached San Diego. Theu he went on with the first expedition to Monterey, and was perhaps the first to discover San Francisco Bay, probably the first to visit the site of the present city, and certainly the one who explored the bay region most exten- sively on this trip. Back at San Diego he was for a tinte in command of the guard, but soon returned to Loreto where the governor kept him busy in con- staut journeys to Sinaloa and to San Diego, and in explorations. By his zeal in these early expeditions, Ortega made himself a great favorite with the mis- sionaries and especially with Junipero Serra, who in 1773 urged his appoint- ment as commandant in California to succeed Fages. Serra, Representacion de 13 de Mayo 1773, MS. It is from this document that we obtain many of the facts about his earlier life and services. Much is also gathered from his own later narratives, Ortega, Memorial al Comandante General sobre méritos y ser- vicios militares, 8 de Junio 1786, MS., and Ortega, Fragmento, MS., both of which are very important documents on early history. Serra's efforts could not make him commandant, bat he was made lieutenant and commanded at San Diego for over eight years. His services in the exciting times which fol- lowed the massacre of 1775 have been already recorded. In 1781 he founded Santa Bárbara, planning the buildings, fortifications, and irrigating works in a manner which gained him great credit, and serving as commandant and habili- tado until 1784, when he was transferred to the frontier. Here in 1786 he petitioned for pecuniary relief and for retirement, being unfitted for duty by 30 years of active service and by increasing obesity. His petition was not granted, but he was transferred back to California and was in command at Monterey from September 1787 to March 1791. A year later he went down to Loreto and was commandant there during Arrillaga's absence until 1795, when he was retired as brevet captain on half lieutenant's pay, attached to the Santa Barbara company. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxii. 4; xxiii. 2. Like most other officers who served as habilitados Ortega was in some trouble with his accounts during this last term at Loreto, and was oppressed by debt in the last years of his life. The deficit was $2,597. St. Pap., Sac., MS., ix. 73. José María Ortega, his son, asked to be discharged from military service or retired as invalid, and to be granted lands that he might pay off the deficit. Borica wrote July 11, 1796, approving the son's desire to clear his father, but disapproving the scheme as not likely to succeed because the missions would have the preference in selling gram. He thought the captain would be allowed to keep a portion of his pay. Oct. 28th, he sent the discharge of the captain's sons, and ordered their grain to be bought to pay the deficit. A strict watch was to be kept on the property to prevent other creditors from being favored. The sons finally paid up the deficit. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 60-72, 81-2, 8G. It is possible, though not certain, that there was provision- ally granted to the family at this time or before 1800, the rancho de Nuestro Señora del Refugio, which remained long in the family and was famous in connection with smuggling operations during the Mexican rule. Capt. Ortega died suddenly on Feb. 3, 1798, at the Casil rancheria while on his way to the presidio, and was buried next day in the mission cemetery by Tapis. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxvi. 3; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 97; Sta Barbara, Lib. de Mision, MS., 31. Ortega's wife was Doua Maria Antonia Victoria Car- rillo, who died very suddenly and was buried in the presidio church on May 8, 1803. Id., 33. In 1802 she received a pension of $0,150. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., xxx. 4. They had several children when they came to San Diego, Ignacio, José Maria, Vicente, Francisco, Jaan, Maria Luisa, and Maria, ac- cording to Taylor, and there were born at San Diego, José Francisco Maria,

672

LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.

pioneer of 1771, died in 179362 and was succeeded by Estévan Tapis. José de Miguel had served since 1790, and was succeeded in 1798 by Juan Lope Cortés. By this missionary force 1,237 natives were baptized, 634 were buried, and the number of neophytes was increased from 438 to 864 in the ten years.63 Mean- while horses and cattle had multiplied from 296 to 2,492, and sheep from 503 to 5,615. Crops were 3,000 bushels in 1800; 5,400 in 1797; and only 150 bushels of wheat in 1795.64

Juan Capistrano María Hermógenes, María Antonio de Jesus, and José María Martin. San Diego, Lib. de Mision, MS., 12, 14, 17, 19, 27, 50; Loreto, Lib. Mision, MS., 198; Taylor's Discoverers and Founders, ii. No. 27.

62 Antonio Paterna was a native of Seville, and served 20 years in the Sierra Gorda missions before coming to California. He left his college in October 1770; sailed from San Blas in the San Antonio Jan. 21, 1771; arrived at San Diego March 12th, at Monterey May 21st, and back at San Diego July 14th. He was supernumerary at San Gabriel until May 1772, and min- ister until September 1777. During this time he was acting president in 1772-3 until Palou's arrival. He was minister at San Luis Obispo from 1777 to 1786; and at Santa Bárbara from its foundation, Dec. 4, 1786, until his death on Feb. 13, 1793. Sta Bárbara, Lib. de Mision, MS., 44-5; Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., vii. 5, 6; xi. 221. He bad been a zealous and faithful worker. His body was buried in the mission church on Feb. 14th. Whether it was subsequently transferred to the new church does not appear from the records.

63 The discrepancy of about 200 may result from the baptismn of certain natives who were allowed to remain in their rancherías and not included on the mission registers. There was some correspondence in 1796 about the ran- cherías of the channel, and their willingness to become Christians if not com- pelled to leave their lands and fisheries and live at the missions. Borica favored allowing them to remain and adding an extra friar to Santa Bárbara and Purísima to attend to their instruction, houses or stations being established at suitable points. St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 92-8; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 55-6. In August 1797, 300 natives near the presidio were given over to Lasuen for baptism on condition of not leaving their rancheria. Id., iv. 92; vi. 54-5. According to a report of Goycoechea, March 12, 1796, the rancherías from San Buenaventura to Purísima were as follows: Sisolopo at San Buenaventura; El Rincon, 5 leagues; La Carpintería, 11 .; El Paredon, 1} 1 .; Montecito, 1} 1 .; Yuctn, at presidio, 131 .; Sacpili, 2} 1 .; Alcas; Gelijec; Geloo; Miguigui, 3 l., Casil, 3 1. ; Quemada, 11 .; Gaviota, 31 .; El Bulito Estait. 21 .; Sta Texas (?), 21 .; El Cojo Sisilopo, 1}1 .; Espada, 1} 1 .; Pedernales, 1} ]. Total number of gentiles, 1783. St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 94. Najalayegua, Matita, and Somes are also named.

6+ Weather reports at Santa Bárbara. Much complaint in 1793, 1797, and 1800. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 65; x. 117: Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., xii. 62; St. Pap., Sac., MS., vi. 100-1; St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 103-6; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Ml., MS., xvii. 22; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 136. According to accounts in Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., ii. 133-9; ix. 476-83, 494-6, the mission had in 1800 a credit balance in Mexico of $528; a draft from the habilitado for $1,267; $309 in money at the mission; $1,061 due from presidio; and $416 due from private individuals; total, $3,581 in addition to buildings, etc. Supplies furnished to presidio from 1793 to 1800, $5,179. Otter-skins sent to Mexico, $1,624. A full account of mission supplies purchased in Mexico is given in Santa Bárbara, Memorias de los Efectos remitidos á la Mision para los años

673

SANTA BÁRBARA MISSION.

Much progress was made in mission buildings dur- ing this decade. In 1791 a guard-house and three tool-houses were added; in 1792 two large stone corrals. In 1793-4 a new church of adobes, tiled and plastered, 28 x 135 feet, with a sacristy 15 x 28 feet, and a brick portico in front, was erected; and in 1794 the improvements were a granary and spinnery on stone foundations, a cemetery enclosure 48 x 135 feet, and a sheep-corral. In 1795 a corridor with tile roof and brick pillars was added on the side of the square next the presidio, and another to the spinnery; four new rooms for the friars were completed; and beams of alder and poplar were replaced with pine wherever they had been used. In 1797 several rooms for granaries, store-rooms, and offices were completed. In 1799 there were built nineteen adobe houses for natives, each 12 x 19 feet, plastered, whitewashed, and roofed with tiles; and an adobe wall nine feet high was extended for 1,200 yards round the garden and vineyard. In 1799 was added a warehouse, and in 1800 thirty-one more dwellings in a row, and cor- ridors on brick pillars round the three remaining sides of the square were completed; while preparations were made for the construction of a reservoir for drinking-water, to be made of stone, brick, and mor- tar.65 In 1800 sixty neophytes were engaged in weaving and other work connected with that branch of industry. The carpenter of the presidio was en- gaged at one dollar per day to teach the natives his trade; and a corporal taught tanning at $150 per year. Of the two soldiers that constituted the guard one was employed by the friars as majordomo. 66

1786 hasta 1810, MS. These supplies were purchased by the padres with their salaries and with the products of sales of produce. They consist of imple- ments, groceries, church vestments, and vessels, clothing, etc. The total amount for this decade was $10,500, of which $8,000 was paid by the sinodos, and the rest by drafts from the habilitado. In 1800, as I have said, the mis- sion was $528 ahead; but before it owed from $100 to $2,000.

63 Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., v. 26-30, 39, 42-5, 49, 53, 58, 61-2; ii. 99, 138-40; St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 117; ii. 71, 79.

66 Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., ii. 96-7, 129, 137-8. Before October, 165 naguas of home manufacture had been distributed, 800 yds. of cotton and HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 43

674

LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.

San Buenaventura, the southernmost of the channel establishments, remained under the care of its founders, Francisco Dumetz and Vicente de Santa María, until 1797, when the former was succeeded by José Fran- cisco de Paula Señan. Though its population was smaller than that of any other mission except San Francisco and the new establishments, it had more cattle and raised more grain in 1800 than any other place in California.67 Vancouver landed here Novem- ber 20, 1793, having brought Padre Santa María from Santa Bárbara, and spent a few hours very pleasantly at the mission, which he found to be "in a very supe- rior style to any of the new establishments yet seen." "The garden of Buena Ventura far exceeded anything I had before met with in these regions, both in respect of the quantity, quality, and variety of its excellent productions, not only indigenous to the country, but appertaining to the temperate as well as torrid zone; not one species having yet been sown or planted that had not flourished. These have principally con- sisted of apples, pears, plumbs, figs, oranges, grapes, peaches, and pomegranates, together with the plantain, banana, cocoa nut, sugar cane, indigo, and a great variety of the necessary and useful kitchen herbs, plants, and roots. All these were flourishing in the greatest health and perfection, though separated from the sea-side only by two or three fields of corn; that were cultivated within a few yards of the surf."

The buildings were also of a superior class, a pre- vious destruction by fire, noted only by Vancouver, having caused them to be rebuilt.63 The church was

taparabo woven, 700 yds. of blanketing. One thousand and twenty dollars worth of soap furnished to Monterey, perhaps by the presidio, in 1798. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 105.

67 Increase of neophytes, 385 to 715; baptisms, 757; burials, 412; cattle and horses, 961 to 10,013; sheep, 1,503 to 4,622; crops in 1850, 9,400 bushels; 1,500 bushels in 1797 was the smallest crop; average yield, 4,800 bushels; wheat was not largely raised until 1798, when it became the chief crop, over 8,000 bushels per year.

68 Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 457-61, 494, 497. One reason of Santa María for going on board the ship was to remove a prejudice among the natives against foreigners. They begged him for God's sake not to intrust himself

675

SAN BUENAVENTURA.

not yet built, but it was begun about this time and half finished in 1794, all the rest of the square being complete. The new church was of stone, and in 1797 is spoken of as nearly finished. It was not, however, completed before 1800.69 A fight between the neo- phytes and pagans in 1795 seems to have afforded the only excitement of the period. The Christians were victorious, killing two chiefs and taking six or seven captives, but having several wounded. The leaders on both sides were admonished or punished, the neo- phyte Domingo being put to work in chains.70

Purísima is the last mission of this district. Here Father Arroita served until 1796 when he was per- mitted to retire, having completed his term of ten years.71 Orámas remained until 1792; José Antonio Calzada from October 1792 until August 1796, re- turning in May 1798; Juan Martin served in 1796-7; and Gregorio Fernandez from 1796. Baptizing 1,079 and burying 397, the missionaries increased the neo- phyte community from 234 to 959. This was the largest proportional gain and the smallest death-rate in California. Live-stock, large and small, increased to 1,900 and 4,000 head respectively; and crops in 1800

to the stranger's care, and were positive he would never return. On arrival the surf prevented landing at the first attempt, and the padre was not a little frightened as he had not his prayer-book with him. When the natives brought the book his courage returned and he laughed at his former fears as the sailors had laughed before. On landing finally, the natives crowded round their padre to welcome him home and receive his blessing. Vancouver was deeply impressed with the missionary's piety and the earnest devotion of his neo- phytes. He noted that the natives were always addressed in their own lan- guage, and there is other evidence of this. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 71.

09 St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 5, 24, 29, 71, 100. In 1791 there were two bells here belonging to Santa Bárbara, which the friars refused to give up. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 171. In San Buenaventura, Memorias de Efectos remitidos a la Mision, 1790-1810, MS., we have the mission accounts of supplies from Mexico, but not so complete nor so clearly stated as in the case of Santa Bárbara. The mission was from $200 to $1,200 in debt during this decade, but cleared itself early iu the next. Due mission from the presidio in 1797, $1,612. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 78-81.

70 Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 33-6.

71 Francisco José de Arroita came from Spain to Mexico in 1785, was appointed to California in April 1786, and came to his post with a reputation from the guardian of being, like his companions, a good man, though some- what lively (vivo) and without much experience. He served at San Luis Obispo from April to December 1787, and at Purísima from its establishment till June 1796, about which time he sailed for San Blas.

676

LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.

were 2,250 bushels, 4,000 in 1799 being the largest, and 1,200 in 1795 the smallest. Wheat and corn were the chief productions. Mission buildings were of adobes and tiles, and the houses had after 1794 corridors of brick. In 1795 the old church was in a bad condi- tion and materials were being collected for a new one, there being no record of further progress.72 Bears and rattlesnakes were a prominent feature in the re- gion of Purísima. Two of the latter bit a neophyte at the same time, writes the minister on June 3, 1799.73

72 St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 22, 71. Due mission from the presidio 1797, $405. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 78-81. List of members of the guard, 1797, 6 married soldiers and 3 bachelors. Id., xv. 93. Antonio Enriquez, the weaver, taught the natives at Purísima in 1797. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 14; Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 185-6.

13 Arch. Arzobispado, MS., i. 59.

CHAPTER XXXI.

LOCAL EVENTS AND PROGRESS-MONTEREY DISTRICT. 1791-1800.

MONTEREY PRESIDIO-MILITARY FORCE AND INHABITANTS-OFFICERS-LEON PARRILLA-HERMENEGILDO SAL-PEREZ FERNANDEZ-PRESIDIO BUILD- INGS-BATTERY-RANCHO DEL REY-PRIVATE RANCHOS-INDUSTRIES -- COMPANY ACCOUNTS-INDIAN AFFAIRS-SAN CARLOS MISSION-MISSION- ARY CHANGES-PASCUAL MARTINEZ DE ARENAZA-STATISTICS OF AGRI- CULTURE, LIVE-STOCK, AND POPULATION-VANCOUVER'S DESCRIPTION-A NEW STONE CHURCH-A WIFE-MURDER-SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA DE Los ROBLES-MIGUEL PIERAS-BENITO CATALAN-SAN LUIS OBISPO- MIGUEL GIRIBET-BARTOLOMÉ GILI-INDIAN TROUBLES.

THE presidial cavalry company of Monterey con- tained from sixty-two to eighty-five men, including two officers, six non-commissioned officers, a surgeon, a phlebotomist, two or three mechanics, fifty privates, and from two to twenty-four pensioners. After 1796 there were also stationed here seven artillerymen and twenty Catalan volunteers of Alberni's company, in- creasing the total force to about one hundred and ten, who with their families constituted a population de razon in the jurisdiction of about four hundred, or four hundred and ninety including Branciforte and Santa Cruz. About thirty of the cavalrymen were stationed at the six missions subject to Monterey-San Carlos, San Miguel, Soledad, San Antonio, San Luis Obispo, and San Juan Bautista, in which the total population of christianized natives was four thousand.1

Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.

History of California, Volume I, Part 74

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 852

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852