USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 72
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 72
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" The Lower Californian mission of San Miguel belonged at this period to San Diego, as did Los Angeles as late as 1796, at least so far as the military guard was concerned, though in other respects the pueblo was subject to San- ta Bárbara. San Gabriel had its guard from San Diego throughout the dec-
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648
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
twenty-seven to thirty-three men were constantly detached to form the five or six guards of the juris- diction. After 1796 Lieutenant Font with twenty- five Catalan volunteers of the new reinforcements was stationed here, as were six artillerymen under Sergeant José Roca, increasing the effective force to nearly ninety men.7 The white population of this southern district, consisting of the soldiers and their families, was about three hundred at the end of the decade, or two hundred and fifty exclusive of San Gabriel and Los Angeles, more conveniently classed with the Santa Barbara district.8 About one hun- dred and sixty lived at the presidio; and the rest were scattered in the missions, or lived as pensioners at the pueblo. Eight foundling children from Mexico were sent to San Diego to live in 1800.º The native neophyte population, excluding that of San Gabriel and San Miguel, was not quite three thousand.
There is no record of any agricultural operations whatever at or near the presidio, nor were there any private ranchos in the whole region before 1800. That some of the soldiers came down front Presidio Hill and cultivated small patches of vegetables would seem not unlikely, but the archives contain nothing on the subject. There were kept here, however, from 900 to 1,200 head of live-stock, including the company's horses, from 30 to 50 mules, two or three asses, pos- sibly a few milch cows by the soldiers, and from 300 to 700 horned cattle in a branch of the rancho del rey
ade. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 192. Feb. 1, 1796, Borica ordered escoltas to be as follows: San Miguel, 8; San Diego, 3; San Juan Capistrano. S; San Gabriel, 4; Los Angeles, 4. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 240. San Luis Rey, founded in 1798, probably had 6 men at first. According to orders, Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 8, it was customary to have soldiers serve alternately in escoltas and presidio, though it caused much inconvenience on account of their families.
7 Company rosters and statements of force and distribution scattered in the archives, chiefly in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii .- xxvii., and St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. vi.
8 In the various reports on the population of the southern district in 1799 and later, the escorts and families are credited to the missions instead of the presidio as before and as in other parts of the country. List of rank and file of the presidial company in 1798, in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xvii. 14-16.
3 Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 22.
649
AFFAIRS AT SAN DIEGO.
maintained here during the last half of the decade.10 Each year in Mexico an appropriation was made from the royal treasury for the presidio expenses, varying from $14,000 to $15,000; and invoices of goods, based on the habilitado's estimate of needs, were sent with a small amount of coin by the transports from San Blas, varying in amount from $11,000 to $17,000 per year. San Diego usually had a credit balance of from $1,000 to $3,000 in its favor. The situado, or allow- ance, for the volunteers and artillery was not included in the amounts above mentioned. Supplies to the amount of about $15,000 per year were sent to Cali- fornia for them, and San Diego received not quite one third.11 There are no records of the annual supplies obtained from missions, but during the last three years of the decade the presidio was indebted to the mis- sions about $10,000.
"The Presidio of St Diego," says Vancouver, who visited it in November 1793, "seemed to be the least of the Spanish establishments. It is irregularly built, on very uneven ground, which makes it liable to some inconveniences, without the obvious appearance of any object for selecting such a spot. With little difficulty
10 The records are fragmentary and contradictory. Statistical reports sometimes include the king's cattle and sometimes not. There is no evi- dence that the rancho at this period included any horses; in fact it had been established to avoid driving cattle from the north. In 1797 it contained 681 cattle; increase for the year 137; sales, 30; killed by natives and wild beasts, 27; proceeds of sales, $125; tithes paid, $26; net profit to treasury, $99. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 4. The total amount of tithes in the jurisdic- tion was $34. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 178; and this difference of $8 is the only indication I find of the possible existence of a private rancho. Cattle at end of 1798, 531; proceeds of sales, $539. Id., xvii. 1. 1800, cattle, 690; procecds, $342. Id., xviii. 5.
11 San Diego Company accounts in Prov. St. Pap., MS .. xiv .- xxxiii .; St. Pap. Sac., MS., i, ii. vi. ix. Loss sustaincd on the government forge and carpenter's shop for 1797, $70. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 179. Fondo de gratificacion for 1797: income $3,075, expended $2,641. Prov. St. Pap. Presid., MS., i. 102-3. Fondo de Retencion for 1800: $3,750. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 18. Inventory of effects in warehouse 1798, $13,992. Id., xvii. 4. Papal bulls on hand Nov. 1793, $4,339. Id., xiii. 5, received from Zúñiga with the office by Grajera. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 227. Bulls needed for 1796-7, 100 at 25 cents for vivos; 100 at 25 cents for difuntos; 50, lacticinio; 2 or 3 composicion. Prov. St. Pap., Ben., MS., i. 12. Net revenue of San Diego post-office for 1794, $71; for 1796, $95. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxi. 2; xxiii. S. Accounts of presidio with missions 1797-1800. I.l., xxxiii. 13; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 265; xvii. 195.
050
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
Mision Vieja
S.JUAN CAPISTRANO
S.Jacinto
S.Mateo
Temecula
Las Flores
Margarita
R. Sta.
Sta. Margarita
R. S.Luis
Pála
S.LUIS REY
Pauma
r
La Joya
S.Dieguito
S.Dieguito
S.José del Valle
S. Paseual
Penasquitos
Sta.Isabel
Soledad
Paguay
Pio Falso
MISION
El Cajon
R. S.Diego
PRES1010
Pta
Rancho del Rey
Guijarros Pta Loma
Agua Dulce
Otay
Jamul
R. Tiu Juana
Potrero
Descanso
LA FRONTERA
MAP OF SAN DIEGO DISTRICT, 1800.
Agua Caliente
S.Bernardo
R.
S.Felipe
651
PRESIDIO BUILDINGS.
it might be rendered a place of considerable strength, by establishing a small force at the entrance of the port; where at this time there were neither works, guns, houses, or other habitations nearer than the Presidio, five miles from the port, and where they have only three small pieces of brass cannon."12 In August of the same year Borica had informed the viceroy that three sides of the presidio walls were in a ruinous condition, owing to the bad quality of the timber used in the roofs, though $1,200 had been spent in repairs since the establishment. The ware- house, church, and officers' houses forming the fourth side of the square were in good condition. Workmen were at once set at work to cut timber at Monterey which was shipped by the Princesa in October to be used in repairs and also in the construction of some new defensive works in connection with the old ones. What progress was made in these improvements on Presidio Hill we only know by a vague record that esplanade, powder-magazine, flag, and houses for the volunteers were blessed by the friars and dedicated by a salute of artillery November 8, 1796.13 At the end of 1794 the viceroy expressed a desire to have a fort built similar to the one just completed at San Fran- cisco, but without cost to the king. "Perhaps he wishes me to pay the expenses" writes Borica to a friend. Early the next year Point Guijarros, Cobble- stone point, was selected as the site of the fort whose absence Vancouver had noticed, and preparations were at once begun. Two or three workmen, and the nec- essary timber, were sent down by the transports from Monterey. Santa Bárbara furnished the axle-trees and wheels for ten carts, while bricks and tiles were
12 Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 495, 501.
13 Aug. 20, 1793, governor to viceroy. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 115. August 18th, timber to be cut at Monterey and taken south by the Princesa. Id., xxi. 112; Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 165. Oct. 14th, the vessel has sailed with timber. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 157. Sept. 16, 1794, governor to Argüello, ordering him to send timber in the Aranzazu for esplanade and bastions; but none were sent. Id., xii. 150, 152-3. Nov. 17, 1796, governor to the friars, blessing of the works. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 247b.
G52
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
hauled from the presidio to the beach and taken aeross to the point in a flatboat. In December 1796 the engineer Córdoba arrived to inspect the San Diego defences, in which he found no other merit than that an enemy would perhaps be ignorant of their weak- ness. But the fort had evidently not been built yet, for early in 1797 Borica approved Córdoba's idea that the form should not be circular. Nothing more is known of this fortification till after 1800, save that it was intended to mount ten guns; that on battery, magazine, barrack, and flatboat $9,020 had been ex- pended before March 1797; and that in 1798 there was a project under consideration to open a road round the bay to connect Point Guijarros with the presidio. 14
The natives gave the commandant and people of San Diego but little trouble, the few depredations committed being chiefly directed against the Domini- can establishment in La Frontera. In 1764 three na- tives were held as prisoners, one of whom, a neophyte, had been leader in a proposed attack on San Miguel. Several bands had approached the mission by night, but finding the guard mounted and ready had re- treated.15 In May or June 1795 Alférez Grijalva while returning from San Miguel with three natives arrested on a charge of murder was attacked by some two hundred savages, one of whom was killled and two were wounded in the skirmish, Grijalva having a
14 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 69, 165; xiv. 168; xvii. 9, 10; xxi. 212, 216-17, 248; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 20-1; v. 238, 272, 278; vi. 46, 79. Water had to be carried from the presidio, where a well long abandoned was reopened. One hundred and three planks, 22 feet long, were among the timber shipped from Monterey. A few industrial items are as follows: For a time after May 1793 there was no armorer, the old one having left after a service of 20 years. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 56-8. In 1795 the missions of this distriet were requested to send each four or five Indians to the presidio to learn stone- cutting and brieklaying. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 235-6. Jan. 1796, a weaver was to go to San Diego to teach. Id., v. 78. The comandante tried to induce Spanish youth to learn trades, but without suceess, some of them deeming the request an insult. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 16. The forge and carpenter shop did $93 worth of work for soldiers and missions in 1797; but as expenses, including two apprentices, were $163, the king's exchequer was not perceptibly benefited. Id., xvi. 179.
15 Arrillaga, Papel de Puntos, 195, MS.
653
FOREIGN VISITS.
horse killed under him. This affair caused some foar and precautions at San Diego, redoubled a few days later on rumors of new hostilities; but Grijalva went south and found all quiet. Raids on the cattle of San Miguel again required the attention of a sergeant and eight men in April 1797.16
San Diego did not come much into contact with the outside world. The first foreign vessels that ever entered this fine harbor were those of the English navigator Vancouver, which remained at anchor some three miles and a half from the presidio from Novem- ber 27th to December 9th 1793. Vancouver was courteously received by Grajera and Zúñiga, who, however, on account of Arrillaga's " severe and inhos- pitable injunctions" were not able to allow the for- eigners such privileges as were desired. The English- man, though he visited the presidio, spent most of his time on board in preparing journals and despatches to be sent to England by way of Mexico, having little opportunity for observations.17 In the early part of 1797 an English invasion was supposed to be immi- nent, and all possible preparations were made by Gra- jera. Great reliance was placed on the battery at Point Guijarros; but Grajera was also careful to obtain instructions respecting what was to be done should the enemy succeed in entering the bay, or should it be necessary to abandon the presidio. In case of such disasters it was decided to spike the guns and burn the powder and provisions, but to leave the buildings intact. A reserve of ammunition was stored at San Juan, whither the sacred vessels, archives, and other valuables were to be carried if necessary. The English did not appear; the armed frigate Princesa lay in port from June to October; and San Diego escaped destruction.18 At the end of 1798 the port was a second time visited by foreigners, this time by four
16 Prov. Rec., MS., v. 227-8; iv. 88; vi. 50; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 215-16; xvi. 249.
17 Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 469-76.
18 Prov. Rec., MS., v. 254-5; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 197, 211-12, 267-9.
654
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
Boston sailors who had been left on the lower coast and were put to work in the presidio to earn their living until a vessel came to carry them to San Blas.19 Yet once more was the port visited by the Americans during this decade, when in August 1800 the Betsy, Captain Charles Winship, obtained wood and water here, remaining ten days in the bay. Later, on No- vember 22d, there came an earthquake which in six minutes did more damage to the adobe buildings than had been done by either the British or Yankees.20
At San Diego mission Juan Mariner and Hilario Torrens served as associate ministers until the last years of the decade. The latter left California at the end of 1798, dying early in the next year; while the former died at San Diego on January 29, 1800.21 Their sucessors were padres José Panella and José Barona, both recent arrivals who had lived at San Diego, the former since June 1797, and the latter
19 Prov. Rec., MS., v. 283, 285; vi. 111; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 197- 202. Their names were Wm. Katt, Barnaby Jan, John Stephens, and Ga- bricl Boisse. The captors of a Spanish vessel in 1799 claimed that some of their men, being on the coast in 1797, as part of the crew of two (English) ships had entered San Diego and made soundings by moonlight. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 20.
20 Prov. Rec., MS., viii. 132; xii. 6; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 44, 54; xviii. 67; St. Pap., Sac., MS., ix. 12, 13. The carthquake occurred at 1:30 P. M., and the soldiers' houses, warehouse, and the new dwelling of the vol- unteers were considerably cracked. The drought of 1795 and an epidemic diarrlica in 1798 are the only other natural afflictions noted. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 4; xvii. 69.
21 Hilario Torrens-thus he signed his name, but by his companions it was more frequently written Torrente or Torrent, to say nothing of several other variations-was a native of Catalonia, where he was for a long time predica- dor, for three years guardian, and also vicar. He came to California in 1786 with the highest recommendations from his college for talent, experience, and circunstancias. Serving at San Diego from November 1786 to November 1798, he had but slight opportunity to distinguish himself save by a faithful per- formance of his missionary duties. His license to retire was signed by the viceroy March 17, 1798. He sailed in the Princesa on Nov. Sth, and May 14, 1799, the guardian wrote that he had died in a convulsion. Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., xi. 281; xii. 26-7; Prov. St. Pap., xvi. 187. Of Juan Mariner still less is known. He came to California in 1785, served at San Diego from November of that year. made a trip with Grijalva in July 1795 to explore for the new mission site of San Luis Rey. He died Jan 29, 1800, and was buried in the presbytery by Padre Faura on Jan. 30th. Finally April 26, 1804, his remains were removed and placed, together with those of Jaume and Figuer, in a sep- ulchre -constructed for the purpose under the small arch between the two altars of the new church. San Diego, Lib. de Mision, MS., 81, 89.
655
SAN DIEGO MISSION.
since May 1798. Another supernumerary was Pedro de San José Estévan, from April 1796 to July 1797. The only one of the missionaries with whose conduct any fault was found, so far as the records show, was Panella, who was accused of cruelty to the neophytes and was reprimanded by President Lasuen, who de- clared that he would not permit one of his subordi- nates to do injustice to the natives.22
During the decade the neophytes of San Diego increased from 856 to 1,523. There had been 1,320 baptisms and 628 deaths. San Diego had thus passed San Gabriel and San Luis Obispo, and now was the most populous mission in California. In the number of baptisms for the ten years it was excelled only by Santa Clara. The baptisms in 1797 were 554, the largest spiritual harvest ever gathered in one year with one exception, that of the year 1803 at Santa Bárbara, when 831 new names were added to the register. The deaths moreover at San Diego were less in pro- portion to baptisms than elsewhere except at Purísima and Santa Barbara, though the rate was frightfully large, over fifty per cent, even here. The greatest mortality was in 1800 when 96 natives died.23 This comparative prosperity was, however, more apparent than real in some respects, since the San Diego con- verts were left more at liberty in their rancherías
22 Sept. 30, 1798, Lasuen to Borica. Arch. Arzobispado, MS., i. 51. July 14, 1799, Lujan instructed to report confidentially on the treatment of the natives. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 247. July 17, 1797, Grajera explains his treatment of the natives. Does not allow them to have much intercourse with those of other missions, to prevent illicit intercourse. Id., xvi. 172. 1796, padres to depose misbehaving alcaldes and appoint others. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 178-9. Jaime Samop and Antonio Pellau were alcaldes in 1799. Arch. Arzobisbado, MS., i. 220. Three neophyte stowaways were found on the C'oncepcion eight days out of port in 1794. They did it, they said, in sport, and were sent back from San Blas. Prov. St. Pop., MS., xiii. 216-17; Prov. Rec., MS., v. 226; xi. 209. Again in 1798 a runaway neophyte was sent back from Tepic. Pro». St. Pap., MS., xxi. 280. In the missiou registers appear the names of fathers Cayetano Pallas, Mariano Apolinario, José Conanse, and Ramon Lopez, Dominicans from the peninsula who officiated here at different times; also presbyters Loesa and Jimenez. chaplains of San Blas vessels, and a dozen Franciscans from different missions. San Diego, Lib. de Mision, MS.
23 Lasnen confirmed 636 persons between 1790 and 1793. S. Diego, Lib. de Mision, 45.
656
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
than in other establishments, Christianity being therefore somewhat less a burden to them. Mean- while the mission herds multiplied from 1,730 to 6,960 head, and its flocks from 2,100 to 6,000. The harvest of agricultural products in 1800 was 2,600 bushels, the largest crops having been 9,450 bushels in 1793 and 1799, surpassed only by those of San Gabriel and San Buenaventura in 1800, and the smallest 600 bushels in 1795, a year of drought: average crops 1,600 bushels.
Respecting material improvements in and about the mission we have but fragmentary data. In 1793 a tile-roofed granary of adobes, ninety-six by twenty- four feet, was built. In 1794, besides some extensive repairs, one side of a wall which was to enclose and protect the mission was constructed, and a vineyard was surrounded by five hundred yards of adobe wall. In 1795 work was begun on a newly discovered source of water-supply for irrigation.24 Whether this was the beginning of the extensive works whose ruins are still to be seen, and which Hayes supposes with some plausibility to have been constructed before 1800, I know not, for there are no further records extant.25 Of manufacturing and other industries during this period nothing is known, nor are there any means of ascertaining if the teachings of the artisan instructors sent by government to California penetrated to this southern establishment. In respect to commerce nothing further appears than that there was due the
24 St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 113; ii. 26, 29. The neophytes' huts at San Diego as late as 1798 were like those of the gentiles of wood and grass, con- sidered by the comandante as sufficient protection against the weather, if not against fire. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 73. Names of rancherías in the Lib. Mision, MS., 3, 4: Cosoy, San Francisco, Soledad, S. Antonio or Las Choyas, Santa Cruz or Coapan in San Luis Valley, Purísima, or Apuoquele, S. Miguel, or Janat, San Jocome de la Marca or Jamocha, San Juan Capis- trano or Matamo, and San Jorge or Meti.
25 Ilayes' Emigrant Notes, 153, 477, 603. Hayes gives from personal ob- servation a most interesting description of this dam and aqueduct, which I shall notice in a subsequent chapter, as I am inclined to think without having any very strong evidence that the works were built or completed in the next decade. In a report of March 1799 Grajera speaks of an attempt to bring in water, at which the Indians had been overworked, but which was not a suc- cess. Grajera, Respuesta, MS., 193-4.
657
SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO.
mission at the end of each of the later years about $3,500 for supplies to the presidio.26
San Luis Rey, a new establishment of 1798, where Padre Peyri was at work building up one of, the grandest of the Californian missions, has been disposed of for this period in a preceding chapter.27 At San Juan Capistrano, next northward Fuster and San- tiago were the associate ministers until 1800, when the former died,28 and José Faura from San Luis Rey took his place. These missionaries baptized in the decade 940 converts and buried 668, the community being increased from 741 to 1,046. Horses and cattle from 2,500 became 8,500, San Juan being third in the list, while in sheep with 17,000 it was far ahead of any other mission. Crops in 1800 were 6,300 bushels; the average, 5,700; the best crop, in 1792, 7,400, and the smallest, in 1798, 3,700 bushels. In 1797, there was due San Juan for supplies furnished to San Diego and Santa Bárbara presidios over $6,000.29
In 1794 there were built at San Juan two large adobe granaries roofed with tiles, and forty houses for neophytes, some with grass roofs and others tiled. In
26 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 195, 197, 265.
27 See chapter xxvi. of this volume.
28 Vicente Fuster was a native of Aragon, who had originally left Mexico in October 1770, arrived at Loreto in November 1771, served at Velicatá, and came up from the peninsula with Palou, arriving at San Diego August 30, 1773, where he served until 1776. He was with Jaume on the terrible night of November 5, 1775, when the mission was destroyed and his companion was murdered. His pen has graphically described the horrors of that night. After living at San Gabriel and other missions as supernumerary he was minister of San Juan Capistrano from November 1779 until December 1787, when he founded Purísima and remained there till Aug. 1789. Then he returned to San Juan and served until his death on Oct. 21, 1800. He was buried by Estévan, Santiago, and Faura in the mission church. He had received the last sacrament, writes Estévan, 'with the most perfect corformity to the divine will, giving us cven to the last moment of his life the most illus- trious example of the resignation and love to God our Lord and his holy law which he had preached in his life, both by works and words.' Sept. 9, 1806, with all due solemnity Fuster's remains were transferred to their final resting-place in the presbytery of the new church on the epistle side. San Juan Capistrano, Lib. de Mision, MS., 28, 39-40.
29 Due San Juan from Sta Bárbara $1,628. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 80-1. From San Diego in 1797, $4,785; in 1798, $4,553. Id., xvi. 195, 265. Mar. 15, 1797, draft on Mexico in favor of the padres for $3,000. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 184. July 1794, draft drawn by Grajera for $2,000. Prov. St. Pap., . MS., xii. 17.
HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 42
658
LOCAL EVENTS IN THE SOUTH.
February 1797 work was begun on a new stone church which was to be the finest edifice in California. A master mason was obtained from Culiacan and the structure rose slowly but steadily for nine years.30
Mariano Mendoza, a weaver, was sent from Mon- terey in the summer of 1796 to teach the natives. If he neglected his business, he should be chained at night, for he was under contract with the govern- ment at thirty dollars a month. A loom was set up with other necessary apparatus of a rude nature, with which by the aid of natives coarse fabrics and blankets were woven. Early in 1797 the friars were notified that if they wished the services of Mendoza for a longer time they must pay his wages; but they thought his instructions not worth the money, espe- eially now that they had learned all he knew, and the weaving industry had been successfully established. Besides home manufactures San Juan supplied from its large flocks quantities of wool for experiments at other establishments.31
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