USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 70
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 70
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629
PROVINCIAL FINANCE.
The matters of provincial finance, presidial supplies, and habilitado's accounts are closely allied to that of commerce, since the distribution of supplies consti- tuted for the most part the traffic of the country. There were no radical changes in the system of finan- cial management during this decade. Each year an appropriation from the royal treasury was made in Mexico to cover all Californian expenses, according to the pay-roll of officers, soldiers, artisans, and settlers. Before 1796 it was about $64,000; subsequently by reason of the reinforcements of Catalan volunteers and artillerymen, of artisan instructors, and of the settlers of Branciforte, the amount was raised to about $81,000.10 Each year in March or April a list was sent from California of all the articles which would be needed for the following year and which could not be purchased in the province. From the appropria- tion was deducted the amount of drafts on Mexico with which supplies obtained in California had been paid for, and also the amount of various royal revenues retained in California and represented by drafts. Then there was added the amount of supplies furnished in California to vessels or by due authority to native laborers, or otherwise properly disposed of. Finally, the memorias of needed articles were purchased at Mexico and San Blas and shipped regularly to the north. The accounts of each presidial company and of the volunteers and artillery were kept separate, and there was usually a balance of a few hundred or a few thousand dollars for or against each company, accord- ing as the memorias were less or greater than the net appropriation. The habilitados were not allowed to include in their lists articles of luxury. Some coin was sent with each invoice, enough to pay the salaries
1º For separate presidial accounts see chapters xxx .- xxxii. The following references are somewhat general in their nature, embracing accounts and frag- ments relating to all the presidios: St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 47-8; ii. 33, 38; vi. 115; ix. 48, 58-60, 74-6; xv. 10-12; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiv. 8; xix. 5, 7-9; xxvi. 5; xxvii. 5, 6; xxviii. 21-2; Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 160; v. 6, 7, 10; vi. 120-1; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 35-43; Prov. St. Pap., Presidios, MS., ii. 76-SS.
630
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
of the governor and one or two other officers, with a small amount for the soldiers. There was at one time an order that all balances due the companies be sent in coin, but I find no evidence that anything of the kind was ever done.11
Until 1791 the purchase of supplies and general management of California business in Mexico was in the hands of a factor, Pedro Ignacio Aríztegui being the last to hold that position, preceded by Ramon Manuel de Goya from 1776, and his place taken by José Avila from 1785 for several years. Francisco Hijosa as commissary attended to the business at
11 From the voluminous correspondence on the topics treated in this and the next paragraph I present the following items: 1790, full details on forms of accounts. Prov. St. Pap., MS., ix. 289-99, 305. Viceroy's orders for reports, etc., to aid Romeu in his investigation of presidial accounts. Id., ix. 313-19. Sept. 26, 1790, Revilla Gigedo's letter to court recommending the appointment of Carcaba as habilitado general, and explaining the desirabil- ity of the new office. Estudillo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., i. 8, 9. May 14, 1791, royal order creating the office. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 2. Oct. 3, 1791, viceroy communicates royal approval of Cárcaba's appointment to governor. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 136-7. Sept. 20th, habilitado's deficits to be charged to the company pro rata, and he is to live on 25 cts per day under arrest, his property also being sold. Id., x. 76. Some clerical fees had to be paid from California on statements of account. Id., xii. 105. Damaged effects charged to the factor; expenses to company. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 158, Jan. 4, 1793. Sending of supplies suspended until accounts are cleared up. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xx. 4. Jan. 23, 1794, habilitado general, his appoint- ment, accounts, etc. Nueva España, Acuerdos, MS., 40-3. May 12th, gov. complains to V. R. of lack of system in the accounts. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 138-40. 1794, Col. Alberni was refused 50 arrobas of flour, because it could be bought in California. St. Pap., Sac., MS., ix. 41-2. Articles of lux- ury not to be included in memorias. Balances in coin, one fourth in small change. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 124-5; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 182-3. Dec. 1795, 10 per cent advance to be charged on goods distributed to Indians. Id. The habilitados had to send with their memorias an account of the condition of arms, dress, and other kinds of property. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 91. Jan. 1, 1795, Borica to Carcaba, complaining of the inefficiency of his officers especially as habilitados. Grajera is named as an exception. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 213-14. April, $6,000 in silver coin sent to California. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxi. 10. Report of Feb. 19, 1795, on the accounts of the expedition of 1769-74. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 5-9. Habilitado gen- eral considered as agent and apoderado of the California Indians. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 2. Company accounts must bear the signature of commandant and alférez besides that of the habilitado. St. Pap. Sac., MS., vii. 40. 1797, precautions against counterfeit money, with indicatious that some of it was in circulation in California. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 154; vi. 78; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 243. March 19, 1797, Borica asks for a release of habilitados from some duties, and the appointment of administrators. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. S3-4. Gov. still at work on the accounts of 1781-92. Id. Carcaba succeeded by Columna. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 168-9: Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 209, 322-3; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 112; viii. 224. Arrears of pay at San Diego. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 34, 60-3.
631
HABILITADOS.
San Blas until 1795 and perhaps throughout the decade. In 1791 Manuel Cárcaba, at the recommen- dation of Revilla Gigedo, was put in possession of the newly created office of habilitado general with the rank of captain and the pay of $1,200 a year. He was to devote his whole attention to California busi- ness as the factor had not done. The office was to be elective; and in 1799, Cárcaba obtaining leave of absence, Eucario Antonio Columna was appointed to succeed him ad interim in May, and the choice was duly ratified by the presidial companies in August and September. It is not certain that Columna ever took possession of the office, there being some indica- tions that Cárcaba held it again in 1802. Through want of skill on the part of the habilitados the ac- counts were always in confusion. Deficits during this decade are noticed in local chapters. In 1793 the forwarding of supplies was once suspended till the accounts could be adjusted. In 1795 the final orders were issued for settling the old accounts of the first expeditions of 1769-74. Many of the soldiers were now dead and their descendants scattered. Whenever the sum due was large, the heirs were to be sought; otherwise the money was to be spent in masses for the souls of the dead pioneers. In 1797 Borica in the north and Arrillaga at Loreto were still at work on the accounts of the past decade. There had been $12,000 due the presidio of Santa Bárbara in 1792, and in 1801 the governor expressed doubts whether a settlement would ever be reached. Truly there was little inducement to the soldiers to live economically and to leave large balances in the hands of the gov- ernment. The procuradores at San Fernando college, charged with the transaction of business for the Cali- fornia missions, were José Murguía and Tomás de la Peña, whose duties were simply to collect the friars' stipends and drafts sent from California, and with the proceeds to purchase supplies for shipment accord- ing to the orders received. Of the pious fund, source
632
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
of the stipends, nothing in particular is known pertain- ing directly to this epoch; but Revilla Gigedo in his re- port of 1793 represents the fund as rapidly running to decay, and predicts that the royal treasury will have to make new sacrifices in behalf of the missions.12
The Californians were free from alcabalas, or excise tax, on articles bought and sold for five years from 1787 to 1792, and again for ten years from 1794. From 1792 to 1794 one half the regular tax of six per cent was paid, but statistics are insufficient to show the revenue from this source, which was very small. There was also a tribute of one fanega of corn per year paid by the settlers, which yielded to the king something over $100.13 From $100 to $200 a year resulted from the sale of papal indulgences, an ecclesiastical revenue, but managed by the treasury officials.14 Another ecclesiastical revenue belonging to the bishop of Sonora, but by him sold to the royal treasury, was that of diezmos, or tithes. This tax of ten per cent on all products must be paid by settlers after five years and by the rancho del rey, only the missions being exempt. The treasury gained five per cent by the purchase from the bishop, the habilitados received ten per cent of gross receipts for collection, and it was customary to sell the tithes for a year in advance at auction whenever a purchaser could be found, the price being the probable proceeds, and the purchaser making his profit by a more careful collection than the officials would enforce. This tax was collected in kind for grain and even for live-stock when the animals could be used at the presidios. The net proceeds, paid by drafts into the branch treasury at Rosario, or at Guadalajara after 1795, were over $1,200.15
12 Rerilla Gigedo, Carta de 1793, MS., 18, 19.
13 Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 178; xi. 8, 9; Id., Ben. Mil., xviii. 6, 7; xxv. 6, 7; S. José Arch., MS., iii. 21. Tributes paid at Monterey in 1793, were $12, and in 1794, $22. In 1797, 24 men paid $97. Alcabalas at Monterey in 1793-4, 8236.
14 See chapter xxvii .; also local items in chapters xxx .- xxxii. this volume. 15 1794, tithes paid into real caja de Rosario. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii.
633
REVENUES.
The largest item of royal revenue in California, as in all other Spanish provinces where no rich mines were worked, was that produced by the sale of tobac- co, always monopolized by the government. The net product of cigars, cigaritos, and snuff, little or no tobacco being used for chewing or smoked in pipes, was not less than $6,000 a year on an average.16 Postal revenue amounted to about $700 a year, the habilitados serving as post-masters at their respective presidios, and receiving eight per cent of gross re- ceipts as a compensation for their services.17
The management of all branches of the revenue was
135. Sta Bárbara tithes for 1794 were $328. The governor authorizes the commandant to sell them for two years at $400. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 9, 10, 20. Capt. Ortega bid §200 (per year) on condition that the presidio purchase grain and cattle at tariff prices. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 173-4. Oct. 1795, tithes and quicksilver revenue of California transferred to Guadalajara. Id., xiii. 44-5; xiv. 5; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 143; St. Pap., Sac., MS., xvii. 2. 1796, items showing that the tithes on live-stock, when paid in money or grain, were from 10 to 25 cents per head, or for mules 50 cents. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 178, 244; Id., Presidios, i. S; S. José Arch., MS., v. 29. Habilitados allowed 10 per cent. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 178. No offers to rent the tithes of Sta Bárbara in 1799. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 109. Jan. 22, 1800, Sal to comisionado of San José, urging him in no gentle terms to hasten the branding. Excommunication is the penalty for failure to pay titles. S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 57. Twenty-five ewes claimed out of every thousand killed. St. Pap. Mis. and Colon, MS., i. 38. Tithe cattle sold at $1.25 each. S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 66.
16 Product in 1789, $6,019. Consumption in 1790, 7,751 pckgs. cigars, 71,323 pekgs. cigaritos, and 13 lbs. of snuff. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iii. 3, 5, 7. Revenue in 1793, $4,018. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 183; xxi. 136. In 1796, $7,918. Prov. St. Pap., Presidios, MS., ii. 89-90. In 1800, $7,981. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 8. The habilitados received 5 per cent on gross sales, and the habilitado of Monterey as administrator got $345 a year. Id., xxvii. 8.
17 In the numerous communications in the archives respecting the manage- ment of the mails during this decade there is very little matter of interest or valuc. 1790, $250 paid for a special express from Nootka. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xix. 10. 1792, couriers to leave San Francisco on Ist of each month. Prov. Rec., MS., ii, 152. 1793, a courier sent from Monterey Nov. 16th, arrived at San Diego Nov. 23d, and at Loreto Dec. 7thi. The day and hour of arrival and departure at each mission are given. The stay at cach station was generally an hour. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 77-SO. In 1794 a change was made in route, mails going via Chihuahua and Buenavista instead of Álamos and Guadalajara. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 25; viii. 143-6; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 194. English letters taken from the bags and sent to Mexico in 1794-5. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 9, 121; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 134; xiii. 175. 1795, mails leave Monterey on 3d of each month for south1. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 304. Net proceeds in 1796-7 were $758. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 14. New mail-bags in 1797. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 193. Administrators of P. O. got 8 per cent. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 14. Vessel carrying the mail across the gulf lost in 1800. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 86.
634
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
in the hands of the habilitados for their respective jurisdictions, the accounts being sent to Monterey for transmission to Mexico; until in 1799 Hermene- gildo Sal, as habilitado of Monterey, was formally appointed administrator general of royal exchequer revennes for New California.18
The military force maintained in California during this decade was 280 men of the presidial companies, besides governor and surgeon, and 90 Catalan volun- teers and artillerymen after 1796. There were 12 commissioned officers, 35 non-commissioned officers, 260 private soldiers, 60 pensioners, and four or five mechanics. Grades and salaries I append in a note.19 In 1799 an effort was made by the officers, supported by the governor, to obtain an increase of pay to the extent of $150 per year. It was claimed that the sum received was insufficient to supply food and cloth- ing to the officer's family, his children going barefoot and in rags, while his wife had to take in washing and sewing. No immediate result is recorded. With their pay the cavalry soldiers must buy food, clothing, arms, and horses; but the latter were taken back and
18 Nov. 7, 1799, Sal declared administrator. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 176; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 285, 315. 1795, tobacco accounts sent to habili- tado of Monterey, as also cattle accounts; tithes to Rosario; mail accounts to administrator general at Mexico; bulas to the respective branch of the treas- ury. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 26; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 133.
19 Salaries paid were as follows: governor (lieut .- col.), $4,000; captain Cat. vol., $840; alférez or sub. - lient., $400; alférez Cat. vol., $384; sergeant, $262.50; sergeant artillery, $240; sergeant Cat. vol., $192; soldiers, $217.50; soldiers Cat. vol., $132; soldiers artillery, ȘI80; invalid alférez, $200; invalid corporal, $96; surgeon, $840; lieutenant, $350; lientenant Cat. vol., $480; blecder, $360; corporal, $225; corporal artillery, $204; corporal Cat. vol., $156; mechanics, $180; drummer Cat. vol., $141; armorer, $217; invalid sergeant, $120; invalid soldier, $96. Nov. 5, 1792, Arrillaga to viceroy, urging a provision for send- ing the soldiers' pay in advance, as was done in some other presidios, though contrary to the reglamento. The delays, especially in fitting out new re- cruits and in paying off soldiers whose term had expired, caused great hard- ship. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 80-4. Oct. 2, 1793, viceroy orders two pay- ments in advance to lientenants Grajera and Parrilla for travelling expenses. St. Pap., Sac., MS., ix. 71. 1797, sailors employed in defensive duty get 25 cents per day. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 256. 1799, correspondence be- tween commandants, governor, and viceroy respecting an increase of pay for the presidial officers. St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 123-4; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 113; vi. 120-1.
635
MILITARY FORCE.
credited at the expiration of the term. The Catalan volunteers received less pay, and had no horses to buy. For them and for the artillerymen separate in- voices of effects were sent from Mexico, to the amount of about $15,000 per year. This infantry company was not deemed a very useful addition to the forces of the country, and it was hoped that most of the members at the expiration of their term might be induced either to reënlist in the euera companies or remain in the country as settlers. 20
I explain elsewhere the military and presidio sys- tem. Here it is my purpose to note briefly the con- dition of military affairs and the slight modifications that occurred during the decade. The regular term of enlistment was ten years,21 but at least eighteen years' service was required for retirement as an in- valid on half-pay pension, and the pensioners were often retained a long time in the service for want of recruits to fill their places. From the pay of each
20 The compañía de voluntarios de Cataluña was also called the compañía de fusileros de montaña. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 18G. Dec. 1795, the peti- tion of the volunteers for travelling expenses denied. Prov. Rec., MS., viii. 158; St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., i. 363. June 1797, volunteers may enlist in the companies on expiration of their term, but not before, and enjoy the advantages of their previous services. They were encouraged to marry christianized natives as a means of retaining them in the country. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 252-3; Prov. Rec., MS., viii. 175. July 1, 1796, Alberni argues that the volunteers desiring to become settlers should receive double allowances, on account of their 15 or 20 years of service and because it is hard for an old soldier to bend his body to the axe, hoe, and plow. St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., i. 368-9, 379. March 1799, Borica favors an increase of cavalry in place of infantry. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 121-2. Aug. 1799, B. says the artillery-men live at the batteries and alternate with the infantrymen in their duties. When free they promenade about the presidios. No com- plaints of injustice heard. Id., vi. 128.
21 There are no records that any recruits were obtained from abroad dur- ing this decade-certainly there were but very few; neither do the archives show how many recruits were obtained in California to keep the companies full ; but many of the young men chose a military earecr. There was no bounty paid. Prov. St. Pap., MS., ix. 192-3; Vallejo, Doc. Ilist. C'al. MS., xv. 3-66, 09, 72, 85, 92. Jan. 15, 1794, governor says he found many useless men at the presidios and tried to promote recruiting so as to fill the vaeancics with good men. Prov. St. Pup., MS., xxi. 132. March, 1795, Gov. orders commandant of Fronteras to enlist 15 or 20 young men. Prov. I.vc., MS., v. 310. Dec. 1797, corporal sent to Angeles to recruit 6 youths so that as many invalids may be released. Id., v. 261; Prov. St. Pop., MS., xvi. 184. June 1799, Sal wants a healthy robust man from San José to fill a vacancy, Not a widow's son. S. José, Arch., MS., vi. 47.
636
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
soldier was kept back a certain sum constituting the fondo de retencion, to be paid him on his discharge. This was fifty dollars till 1797, when it was raised to one hundred dollars, to be made up in four annual retentions. 22
In military discipline there was nothing notable at this time.23 In 1793 the governor recommended that San Francisco, Santa Bárbara, and San Diego be commanded by captains who should have nothing to do with the presidial accounts,2ª but the suggestion was not followed, though several of the lieutenants were brevetted captains before 1800. In 1794 the presidios were reported to have no flags and no mate- rial with which to make them; accordingly one flag for each establishment was sent from Mexico the next year.25 In the matter of uniform and equip- ments buckskin chupas, or jackets, and breeches were allowed to be worn on active duty, and anqueras, heavy leather coverings for horses' haunches, were prohibited in 1794.26 In 1795 the royal tribunal,
22 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 63, 223; xv. 50. The other military 'funds' were the fondo de gratificacion, an allowance of $10 for each man in the companies per year for miscellaneous company expenses; the fondo de invá- lidos, a small discount on soldiers' wages, 8 maravedís on a dollar, for the payment of pensions; and the fondo de montepio, a discount of officers' pay for similar purposes. Feb. 1795, the king ordered $5 per month as alms paid to the old carpenter Lorenzo Esparza. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxV. 16. This sum was paid to Esparza until his death. April 1795, 70 persous in the four presidios entitled to retirement but no recruits to replace them. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 221-2. Dec. 6, 1796, royal order regulating de- tails of pensions. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 151-2. Oct. 1797, invalids declining to live in the pueblos must stand guard at the presidios. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 86-7, 184; xv. 99-100; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 159-60. Oct. 1798, retired officers who held government positions get no half-pay. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 104.
23 1795, Sergt. Ruiz reports that the soldiers at San Buenaventura have to be treated with severity. Their insubordination has reached such a point that they have to be threatened with kicks. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 45. But Ruiz was arrested for offensive language to private Lugo. Id., xiii. 14. Albino Tobar sent out of the country for had conduot. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 62. Two soldiers given two hours of extra guard duty per day, wearing their cueras, for eight days, having allowed some Indian prisoners to escape. Prov. St. Pap., MS. xvi. 173.
2+ Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 108-9. A captain also proposed for Santa Bárbara in 1799. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 121.
23 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 200; xiv. 58; xxi. 190.
26 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 28, 143; xvii. 98. S. José, Arch., MS., ii. 79; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 8; v. 24.
637
GOVERNMENT.
through Contador Beltran, reported to the viceroy that the California soldiers had too many duties not belonging to their profession, serving as vaqueros, farmers, couriers, artisans, and butchers, so that but little time was left for rest or for their proper duty of protecting and advancing the spiritual conquest.27 The governor also urged the necessity in 1795, and again in 1799, of appointing an adjutant-inspector to relieve him of some of his duties.23 In connection with the apprehensions of attack by foreigners in 1797, a slight attempt was made to organize the militia of California, and a distribution of arms and ammuni- tion was made among the settlers, the employment of the natives as auxiliary forces being also contem- plated.2?
Civil and political government had but a nominal existence at this epoch, consisting mainly in the facts that the comandante de armas was also political gov- ernor of the province and that each pueblo had its alcalde. This is not the place to attempt an analysis of the relations between military and civil authority, in which there was substantially no change from the beginning down to the end of Spanish power in Cali- fornia. The only topic that requires notice in the annals of this decade is the proposed separation of the two Californias hitherto forming a single province under one governor. This separation was recom- mended in March 1796, by Beltran of the court of exchequer in Mexico, who based his argument on the great distance between Loreto and Monterey, and the consequent delays in the transaction of all public business. Arrillaga at Loreto could take no action until he had communicated with Borica at Monterey. Orders from Mexico for Loreto must make the jour-
27 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 185-6.
28 April 3, 1795, March 18, 1799, Borica to viceroy. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 121; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 221. There had been no such officer since the time of Capt. Nicolás Soler.
29 Prov. Ree., MS., iv. 87, 93, 165; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 101-2; xvi. 55, 222.
038
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
ney to Monterey and back, and reports from Loreto made the same circuit on their way to Mexico. The inconvenience of all this was apparent, and the separa- tion in military and political rule was greatly facili- tated by that already existing in mission affairs. Borica made a full report in favor of the change in September, declaring that the interests of both parts of the province could not be properly attended to by a governor at Monterey, favoring in connection with the change a transfer of the capital of the peninsula from Loreto to the frontier, expressing the greatest confidence in Arrillaga's ability, and suggesting an increase of his salary. No one had anything to say in opposition to the separation, which we shall see was accomplished during the next decade.30
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