USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 53
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 53
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15 Fages, Informe General sobre Misiones, 1787, MS. Owing to peculiartraits of the San Diego Indians they were left more completely under missionary control than at other missions, there being no alcaldes. Id., 77-8.
16 Converts in 1783, 383; in 1790, 741; new baptisms, 569; deaths, 140. Large stock had increased from 473 to 2,473; and small stock from 1,175 to 5,500. Agricultural products for 1790 were over 3,000 bushels.
17 Amurrio was one of the party who with Figuer (see note 12) was wrecked at Manzanillo in attempting to cross from San Blas to Loreto in 1771. He came back to Sinaloa by land, reached Loreto in November, and served at Santa Gertrudis during the brief occupation of the peninsula by the Franciscans. At the cession he came with Palou to San Diego in August 1773. Here he remained until April 1774, when he sailed for Monterey, subsequently serving most of the time as supernumerary at San Luis Obispo until the attempted foundation of San Juan in October 1775. The next year he spent chiefly at San Diego, was present as minister at the successful foundation of San Juan on Nov. 1, 1776; and his last entry in the books of that mission was in September of 1779. I think he sailed in the transport of that year for San Blas, retiring on account of impaired health.
459
ANNALS OF SAN GABRIEL.
Pablo de Mugártegui, the other founder, left Cali- fornia at the end of 1789,18 Fuster having returned in September to serve with Santiago during the last year of the decade.19
At San Gabriel, the third mission of the San Diego military jurisdiction, Antonio Cruzado and Miguel Sanchez served together throughout this decade as in the next and a large part of the preceding, the former having begun his service in 1771 and the latter in 1775, while both died at their posts after 1800. They had José Antonio Calzada as a supernumerary asso- ciate from 1788 to 1790. They baptized on an average a hundred converts each year, half of whom soon died. In neophyte numbers San Gabriel was second only to San Antonio, while in live-stock and farm products this mission had in 1790 far outstripped all the rest.20 The governor alludes to it as having often relieved the necessities of other establishments in both Californias, and as having enabled the government to carry out important undertakings that without such aid would have been impracticable. Prosperity did not however carry in its train much excitement in the way of local events, and the calm of this mission of
18 Pablo de Mugártegui came to California with Serra on that friar's return from Mexico, arriving at San Diego March 13, 1774. Being in poor health he remained for some time unattached to any mission, first serving as super- numerary at San Antonio from January to July 1775. He was minister at San Luis Obispo from August 1775 until November 1776, and at San Juan as we have seen from November 1776 until November 1789. He writes to Lasuen on Jan. 30, 1794, from the college, that he had been very ill but was now out of danger. From Aug. 16, 1786, he held the office of vice-president of the California missions, having charge of the southern district. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, July 24, 1863, says, erroneously I suppose, that he died on March 6, 1805, at San Buenaventura.
19 Much of the information respecting the friars in charge I have obtained from San Juan Capistrano, Lib. de Mision, MS. Among the visiting padres who officiated here during the period and before were Serra, Oct. 1778; Figuer, June 1780; Miguel Sanchez, May 1782; Lasuen, Oct. 1783; Riohoo, Feb. 1784; Mariner, Oct. 1785; José Arroita, Dec. 1786; José Antonio Calzada, April 1788; Torrens, Cct. 17SS; and Cristóbal Orámas, Dec. 1788 to Jan. 1789. Thus we sec that San Juan for some not very clear reason was much less isolated in respect of visitors than San Diego.
20 Neophytes in 1783, 638; in 1790, 1,040. Baptisms during period, 818; deaths, 406. Increase of large stock, 860 to 4,221; small stock, 2,070 to 6,013. Harvest in 1790, 6,150 bushels.
460
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
the great archangel on the river of earthquakes was disturbed only by one or two slight troubles, or rumors of trouble, with the natives. In October 1785 the neophytes and gentiles were tempted by a woman, so at least said the men, into a plan to attack the mis- sion and kill the friars. The corporal in command prevented the success of the scheme without blood- shed, and captured some twenty of the conspirators. Fages hurried south from the capital, put the four ringleaders in prison to await the decision of the commandant general, and released the rest with fifteen or twenty lashes each. Two years later came General Ugarte's order condemning one native, Nicolás, to six years of work at the presidio followed by exile to â distant mission. The woman was sent into perpetual exile, and the other two were dismissed with the two years' imprisonment already suffered.21 Again in July 1786 a gentile chieftain was arrested on a charge pre- sented by the chief of another ranchería that he had threatened hostilities, but the accusation proved to have little or no foundation.22
The annals of the adjoining pueblo, Our Lady, Queen, or Saint Mary, of the Angels on the Rio de Porciúncula have already been brought down in a general way to the distribution of lands in the autumn of 1786.23 By the end of the decade the number of settlers had been recruited, chiefly from soldiers who had served out their time, from nine to twenty-eight, who with their families made up a total population of one hundred and thirty-nine.24 All of the original pobladores who received a formal grant of their lands in 1786 remained except Rosas.25 Sebastian Alvitre
21 Fages to Gen. Ugarte Dec. 5, 30, 1785, in Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 131-2; Ugarte to Fages, Dec. 14, 1787, in Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., vi. 116-17. 22 Zúñiga to Fages, Aug. 15, 1786, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., vi. 35-6.
23 Sce chapter xvi., this volume.
2ª An estado of August 17, 1790, makes the total 141. Males, 73; females, 66. Unmarried, 91; married, 44; widowed, 6. Under 7 years, 47; 7 to 16 years, 33; 16 to 29 years, 12; 29 to 40 years, 27; 40 to 90 years, 13; over 90 years, 9. Europeans, I; Spaniards, 72; Indians, 7; mulattoes, 22; mestizos, 39. Prov. St. Pap., MS., ix. 152.
25 The 20 new settlers were: Domingo Aruz, Juan Alvarez, Joaquin Ar-
461
HAPPENINGS AT LOS ANGELES.
had proved unmanageable at San José and after four or five years of convict life at the presidio had been sent to Angeles for reform. The settlers were not a very orderly community, but they seem to have given some attention to their fields, since the pueblo pro- duced in 1790 more grain than any of the missions except San Gabriel, its neighbor. Their dwellings, twenty-nine in number, were of adobes, like the public town hall, barrack, guard-house, and granaries; and all were enclosed within an adobe wall, there being also a few buildings outside the wall.26
Vicente Félix was at first corporal of the pueblo guard furnished by the San Diego presidio; but he soon developed special ability and interest in general management and was made a kind of director before 1784. Though some complaints were made against him by the settlers, and Zúñiga at one time favored his removal, the governor's confidence was not shaken, and he finally made him comisionado, intrusting to him the management not only of the pueblo but of its alcalde and regidores,27 he being responsible to the governor through the commandant of Santa Bárbara for any failure of those officials to attend properly to their duties. Fages' instructions to Félix were dated Jan. 13, 1787, and required the latter to see that the
menta, Juan Ramirez Arellano, Sebastian Alvitre, Roque Cota, Faustino José Cruz, Juan José Dominguez, Manuel Figueroa, Felipe Santiago García, Joaquin Higuera, Juan José Lobo, José Ontiveros, Santiago de la Cruz Pico, Francisco Reyes, Martin Reyes, Pedro José Romero, Efigenio Ruiz, Mariano Verdugo, José Villa, besides Vicente Félix, corporal and comisionado. In 1789 there had been 5 additional names: José Silvas, Rejis Soto, Francisco Lugo, Melecio Valdés, and Rafael Sepúlveda, or at least lands were ordered to be granted to these men. Nine only drew pay and rations in 1789. Prov. St. Pap., MS., v. 29-36; ix. 120, 159-63; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., x. 2-6; St. Pap., Miss., i. 66-72. Large stock had increased from 340 to 2,980 head; small stock from 210 to 438; and the crops of 1790 amounted to 4,500 bushels.
26 Prov. St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 68, 71. Aug. 10, 1785, 35 pounds powder and 800 bullets sent to Angeles as reserve ammunition for settlers. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 7. Nov. 9, 1786, Goycoechea to Fages, will take steps to stop ex- cesses. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vi. 57. May 8, 1787, commandant general con- gratulates Fages on progress reported. Id., vii. 41. Pueblo called Santa María de los Angeles. St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., i. 125.
27 Prov. Rec., MS., i. 163-4; Prov. St. Pap., v. 180; ix. 105, 119-20, 225-6. José Vanegas was the first alcalde in 1788; José Sinova the second in 1789, with Felipe Garcia and Manuel Camero as regidores; and Mariano Verdugo the third in 1790.
452
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
settlers performed all the duties, complied with all the conditions, and enjoyed all the privileges enjoined by the regulation; to watch and instruct and cooperate with the alcalde in his efforts to insure good order and justice and morality; and to attend to the carrying- out of some very judicious regulations which are included in the document respecting the treatment of the natives and their employment as laborers.28
At the Channel presidio of Santa Bárbara the force maintained was from fifty to fifty-four privates, two corporals, two or three sergeants, an alférez, and a lieutenant. Of this force fifteen men at first and later ten were stationed at San Buenaventura, fifteen at Purísima, and from three to six at Santa Bárbara after those missions were founded, and two generally at Los Angeles. The so-called white population of this presidial district was about two hundred and twenty, or three hundred and sixty with Los Angeles.29
Lieutenant José Francisco Ortega, the original commandant, retained his position together with that of habilitado, until January 1784, when he was sent to the peninsula frontier and Lieutenant Felipe de Goycoechea came up to take his place, which he held until 1804. Ortega was removed by the general at the request of Soler, who alone found fault with the lieutenant, and who as we know was a chronic fault- finder. Soler subsequently complained of the new commandant's lack of application, and wished to put in the place Zúñiga with a stupid habilitado or Ortega
28 Fages, Instruccion para el cabo de la Escolta del pueblo de Los Angeles como Comisionado por el gobierno para dirigir al alcalde y a los regidores, 1787, MS. 29 The Santa Bárbara situado by the reglamento was $14,472; average pay- roll, $13,500; average memorias of supplies, $12,500; average total of habili- tado's accounts, $26,000, of which about $6,000 was a balance of goods on hand; fondo de gratificacion, $2,000. and fondo de retencion, $1,000 in 1784; fondo de inválidos and Montepio, 8427 in 1782. Company accounts in Prov. St. Pap., Presidios, MS., i. 2, 90; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., ii. 1, 8, 20-2, 38-9; iii. IS; iv. 22; vi. 3; viii. 13; ix. 3, 4; xiv. 6, 7. Inventories of arma- ment in Prov. St. Pap., MS., v. 96-9; vii. 86; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 6, 7. A list of inhabitants with families, age, etc., showing 67 male heads of fami- lies, dated Dec. 31, 1785, in St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 4-9.
463
SANTA BÁRBARA PRESIDIO.
with an able one, but Fages could not spare Zúñiga from San Diego. In 1786, however, in consequence of the vacancy caused by the death of Moraga at San Francisco, the governor offered Ortega his choice of the presidios, and he at first chose Santa Bárbara, but finally took command of Monterey. José Argüello was company alférez from the beginning down to April 1787, when he was promoted to the command of San Francisco, leaving a vacancy not filled until after 1790. The sergeants were Pablo Antonio Cota and Ignacio Olivera, with Raimundo Carrillo after 1781,30 perhaps from 1783.
Work on the presidio buildings was pushed for- ward, in the Hispano-Californian sense, throughout the period, and the commandant's communications to Fages on plans and progress, on delays and accidents, on the making of adobes and tiles or the receipt of beams, on laborers and their wages, and on other matters connected with the structure were very nu- merous.31 The building material was chiefly adobe, though mortar, or cement, was used in some build- ings, and the outer or main wall stood on a founda- tion of stone. Roofs were for the most part of tiles, supported by timbers which were brought down by the transports from the north. The laborers were
30 Ortega appointed commandant of Sta. Bárbara Sept. 8, 1781. Prov. St. Pap., Presidios, MS., i. 1, 2. Ortega removed for incompetency, not under- standing his own accounts. Soler, June 7, 1787, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 115. Ortega and Goycoechea ordered to change places. Soler to Fages, May 14, 1783, in Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 120-1, 132. Goycoechea's commission sent to him Jan. 17, 1783. Id., iii. 55. Goycoechea arrived at San Diego en route north Aug. 24, 1783. Prov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 78. Ortega gave up command Jan. 25, 1784. Prov. Rec., MS., i. 162; ii. 4. Ortega thanks Fages for offer of any presidio, and selects Santa Barbara Jan. 3, 1787. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 175. Soler's complaints against Goycoechea and suggestion of changes March and June, 1787. Id., 114-15, 135. Argüello left for San Francisco in April, 1787. There was some correspondence about Goycoechea giving up the habilitacion. Id., 59, 67. Ugarte to Fages Oct. 25, 1787. The viceroy will fill the vacant place of alférez. Id., 31. Hermenegildo Sal wa's one of the sergeants at the foundation but left the company very soon. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS. It would serve.no useful purpose to refer here to the lun- dreds of company rosters and similar documents scattered through different archives and which have afforded me much information.
31 Prov. St. Pap., MS., iv. 143-44; v. 155, 167; vi. 48, 50, 55, 59, 62-3, 68, 72; vii. 6, 7; viii. 90, 114; ix. 108, 168, 173; xii. 60-1.
464
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
the soldiers themselves, some thirty sailors obtained at different times from the San Blas vessels, and na- tives who were paid for their work in wheat. The soldiers and officers contributed about $1,200 for the work from 1786 to 1790, an amount which seems however to have been returned to them later as a
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PLAN OF SANTA BÁRBARA PRESIDIO, 17SS.
gratuity. The best description of the result is the annexed plan which was sent by Goycoechea to Fages in September 1788. At that time the western line of houses were not roofed and the outer walls were not yet begun; but before the end of 1790 at least three sides of the main wall had been built.32 The natives
32 1, chief entrance, 12 ft .; 2, storehouses, 16 x 61 ft .; 3, 1S family houses, 15 x 24 ft .; 4, false door, roofed, 9 ft .; 5, church 24 x 60 ft .; 6, sacristy, 12 x
PLAZA 330 Fect Square
L3
465
EVENTS AT SANTA BÁRBARA.
as hired laborers worked well, and the grain raised at the presidio to be dealt out in wages was so abundant that in 1785 orders came from the general not to sow any that year.33
The discovery of a so-called volcano in 1784 was the source of some local excitement, and was duly reported to Mexico and Arizpe. The volcano was a league and a half west of the presidio at a bend or break in the shore line, and about a thousand varas in circumference. The ground was so hot that the centre could not be approached; fire issued from thirty different places with a strong fume of sulphur; and the heat of the rocks caused the water to boil when the spot was covered at high tide. There was no crater proper, or rather it was covered up with frag- ments of rock and with ashes. Fages went in person to examine the sulphurous phenomenon and learned from the natives that the volcano had been long in operation.34
The aborigines in this district gave the Spaniards very little trouble beyond the occasional theft of a cow or sheep from the mission herds, engaging in hostilities among themselves, or rarely committing outrages on neophytes which called for Spanish inter- ference. In August 1790 Sergeant Olivera with eight men went in search of an Indian deserter, and were instructed also to prospect for mines. While the force was scattered somewhat in the search for minerals, they were attacked by a large number of Indians of the Tenoqui rancheria and driven away with the loss of two soldiers killed, Espinosa and Car- lon. Goycoechea was blamed by Fages for having
15 ft .; 7, alférez' suite, 3 rooms; 8, commandant's suite, 4 rooms; 9, 15 family houses, 15 x 27 ft .; 10 chaplain's 2 rooms; 11, sergeant's house, 16 x 45 ft .; 12, quarters and guard-room; 13, corrals, kitchen, and dispensa of alférez; 14, corrals, kitchen, and dispensa of commandant; 15, chaplain's corral; 16, western bastion; 17, eastern bastion; 18, corrals.
33 Prov. St. Pap., MS., v. 244; Prov. Rec., MS., i. 171, 185. In 1787, however, the wheat crop was destroyed by rain and snow, which caused the seed to rot. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 65.
34 Prov. Rec., MS., i. 181; ii. 119-20; St. Pap., Sac., MS., xv. 19.
HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 30
466
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
engaged in mining operations at the risk of his sol- diers' lives. 35
At San Buenaventura, the southernmost of the Channel missions, Dumetz and Santa María, the first regular ministers, served with much zeal and success throughout the decade, increasing the list of neophytes from 22 to 388, baptizing 498, and losing 115 by death. Large stock increased from 103 to 961; small stock from 44 to 1,503; and the crops of 1790 were over 3,000 bushels. The surrounding gentiles were always friendly, but on account of their large numbers a larger guard was stationed there than at other mis- sions, 15 men at first, and later only 10. Sergeant Pablo Antonio Cota commanded until the end of 1788, when on complaint of the padres Sergeant Raimundo Carillo was put in his place.33
The missions of Santa Bárbara and Purísima, be- longing to this military district, as new establishments have been disposed of in the preceding chapter.
The regulation called for a presidial force at Monterey of fifty-two nien under a lieutenant and
35 Goycoechea to Fages, Sept. 2, 1790, in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., ix. 6-8; Fages to Romeu, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 148. Sept. 17, 1783, Attack on Conejo and Escorpion rancherias, who have stolen cattle, to be deferred. Prov. Rec., MS., iii. 130. Indian Captain Chico killed by captain of Najalayegui rancheria and others May 27, 1785. Prov. St. Pap., MS., v. 157. July 1787, Four neophytes fled and with pagans attacked a rancheria, killing 5 in retaliation for the killing of 13 of their kinsmen. Id., vii. 92. July 26th, Playanos have killed some cattle at Angeles, but sickness in the company prevents chastisement at present. Id., 68. Oct. 30th, When Lieut. Gonzalez passed through Espada ranchcría a woman was cut in pieces -- or perhaps in several places-for refusing to yield to the wishes of a soldier. Id., 70-1, 91. In August 1787 there was an expedition to punish pagans for out- rages on neophytes. Several arrests were made and some fugitives brought in. The Calahuasat rancheria was the principal one involved. Id., 76-7. Jan. 1788, Sergt. Cota went to the Tachicos rancheria in the mountains to catch a neophyte thief, but was attacked and had to kill 3 and wound 8. Id., viii. 123.
36 Fages in his report of 1787 refers to San Buenaventura as having made very satisfactory progress in all respects except that the church is a very poor affair. St. Pap., Miss, and Colon., MS., i. 133-5. Seven houses for families completed by May 12, 1788. Prov. St. Pap., MS., viii., 109. Olivera replaced by Carillo, Oct. 1788. Id. 118, 122. See S. Buenaventura, Lib. de Mision, MS., for names of soldiers, children, etc.
407
ANNALS OF MONTEREY.
alférez, and the number during this decade never fell below fifty, though, including invalids, it was sometimes as high as sixty-two; and there were, besides, a surgeon and two or three mechanics. A guard of six men was kept at each of the three missions of San Carlos, San Antonio, and San Luis Obispo; and four men were furnished for San José pueblo beyond the limits of the district, which had in 1790 a population of gente de razon numbering two hundred. At the same time the presidio herds numbered four thousand head of live-stock great and small.37
Lieutenant Diego Gonzalez, like Zúñiga one of the new officers who came under the regulation of 1781, was commandant until July 1785, when he was sent to San Francisco. The commandant at Monterey played a less prominent part in history, or at least in the records, by reason of the governor's presence, and little is known of Gonzalez' acts here save that he was arrested at the governor's orders for insubordina- tion, gambling, and smuggling; but we shall hear of him again. The alférez of the company, and also habilitado, was Hermenegildo Sal, who had come to California as a private with Anza in 1776. Sal became acting commandant on the departure of Gonzalez, and held that position until 1787. He would probably have kept the command had it not been for his quarrels already alluded to with Captain Soler, whose ill-will he incurred and who claimed to have discovered a serious deficit in his accounts. It was in August 1787 that the charge was made, and Sal was placed under arrest by order of the governor, his property being attached and two thirds of his pay being kept back at first, and later all but two reals per day. Corre- spondence on this matter was quite extensive,58 and
37 Situado allowed by reglamento, $1.7,792; pay-roll, about $13,000; total of habilitado's yearly accounts, $35,000. Company accounts in Arch. Cal., passim.
38 Letters of Sal, Soler, and Fages in Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 60-1, 120, 130, 143, 167-8; viii. 41-2, 54-5; ix. 140-1; x. 162-3; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., x. 10, 11; in. 9; Prov. Rec., MS., i. 33-4.
468
LOCAL EVENTS AND STATISTICS.
shows that though Sal was personally somewhat involved in debt, the charge of defalcation in con- nection with the company accounts was unfounded. Instead of owing the company $3,000, the company owed him about $600. It required three years to set Don Hermenegildo right, and in the mean time Ortega, whom it had been intended to restore to his old pre- sidio of Santa Bárbara, came to take the command and the office of habilitado at Monterey instead, from September 1787.39 The sergeant of the company was Mariano Verdugo until 1787, succeeded by Manuel Vargas. The surgeon was José Dávila.40
Beyond matters connected with the government, with the visit of La Pérouse, and with other events of general interest recorded in preceding chapters there is nothing to be said of this presidio except to note a conflagration that occurred August 11, 1789. In firing a salute to the San Carlos on her arrival in port the wad of the cannon set fire to the tule roofing, and about one half of the buildings within the square were destroyed. Repairs were far advanced by the end of 1790.41
At the three missions of this presidial district, San Cárlos, San Antonio, and San Luis Obispo, there is nothing in the way of local events to be noted during the period covered by this chapter; but the statistics
39 Ortega gave up his command on the frontier to Gonzalez May 3d, left San Miguel in May, was at San Diego on June 5th, arrived at Santa Bárbara June 27th, and started north Aug. 21st. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii. 71, 76, 78, 81, 105-6. After his accounts were settled Sal did not resume the place of habilitado at Monterey, but was sent to San Francisco in April 1791, Argüello coming to the capital.
40 Surgeon Davila came to San Diego in July 1774 and to Monterey in December. As early as 1781 Gov. Neve favored granting his petition for leave to quit the country as being incompetent and captious. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 68. The exact date of his departure does not appear, but it was before Decem- ber 1783. Prov. St. Pap., MS., v. 57-8. Dávila's first wife, Josefa Carbajal, died at San Francisco in November 1780. San Francisco, Lib. de Mision, MS., 12, 64, and in January 1782 he married María Encarnacion Castro, a daughter of Isidoro Castro. Sta. Clara, Lib. de Mision, MS., 40.
41 Prov. St. Pap., MS., ix. 1, 2; x. 166: xiii. 191; xxii. 87; Id., Ben. Mil., i. 9. The old presidio chapel stood in the middle of the square, and April 14, 1789, Fages had ordered adobes made for a new one.
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