History of California, Volume I, Part 16

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852

USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 16
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85 Abbey, Adam, Allsop, Auger, Berry, Ballenstedt, Borthwick, Boucha- court, Bound Home, Brooks, Bryant, Buffum, Cal. (Emig. Guide, Gold Reg., Gids Naar, Its Gold, Its Past, Notes), Californie, Californien (Ant. Nach., Rathgeber, Und sein Golt, sein Min.), Cassell, Colton, Diggers, Edelman, Farnham, Ferry, Foster, Gerstäcker, Gold-finders, Gregory, Hartmann, Helper, Holinski, Hoppe, Johnson, Kelly, King, Kip, Kunzel, Lambertie, Letts, McCollum, Mellvaine, Marryat, Mason, Meyer, Oswald, Palmer, Parkman, Praslow, Robinson, Ryan, Schwartz, Sedgley, Seyd, Seymour, Shaw, Sherwood, Simpson, Solignac, St Amant, Stirling, Taylor, Thompson, Tyson, Walton, Weil, Weston, Williamson, Wilson, and Woods.

8% Such as Aimard, Amelia, Ballou, Bigly, Champagnac, Gerstäcker, Pay- son, and many more.

87 Ahell, Alexander, Bartlett, Beale, Beckwith, California (Amount, Com- mission, Copy, Dent, Establishment, Indians, Land Com., Message, Volun- teers), Cooke, Cram, Derby, Flagg, Fort Point, Frémont, Gibbons, Graham, Gray, Halleck, Homer, Jones, King, Mason, Meredith, Mex. Boundary, Pac. Wagon Roads, Reynolds, Riley, San Francisco, Sherman, Smith, Sutter, Ty- son, U. S. and Mex., Warren, Whipple, and Wool.

88 U. S. Govt Doc. (two series), U. S. Supreme Court Reports, Annals of Congress, Congressional Debates, Cong. Globe, Benton's Abridgment, Smith- sonian Reports, and Pac. R. R. Reports.

89 Atlan. & Pac. R. R., Browne, Cal. Appeal, California, Frémont, Liman- tour, Logan, Ringgold, Pac. M. S. S. Co., S. F. Custom House, S. F. Land Assoc., Stillman, and Thompsou.

MODERN TIMES.

we have more than fifty speechés chiefly delivered in Congress and circulated in pamphlet form, many of them pertaining to the admission of California as a state.90 Besides the books relating wholly or mainly to California there were some thirty others on west- ern regions with allusions more or less extended to the gold regions;91 and half as many general works with mention of California.92 Both of these classes, and especially the latter, might be greatly extended in numbers; and the same may be said of the period- icals and collections that contained articles on our subject, there being few such publications in the world that gave no attention to the western El Do- rado.93

Of works published in and about California since 1856, I attempt no classification. Within my present limits it would be impossible satisfactorily to classify so bulky and diversified a mass of material, of which, indeed, I have not been able even to present the titles- of more than half in the alphabetical list of authori- ties. The efforts of modern writers to record the his- tory of the Spanish and Mexican periods have already been noticed in this chapter; but I may add that these efforts have been much more successful in their application to events subsequent to the discovery of

90 Averett, Baldwin, Bennett, Benton, Bowie, Breck, Brooks, Caldwell, Cary, Clark, Cleveland, Corwin, Crowell, Douglas, Estell, Foote, Fowler, Gwin, Hall, Hebard, Howard, Howe, Lander, Latham, McDougal, McLean, McQueen, McWillie, Marshall, Mason, Morehead, Olds, Parker, Pearce, Pres- ton, Putnam, Phelps, Seddon, Seward, Smith, Spaulding, Stanley, Thomp- son, Thurman, Thurston, Toombs, Van Voorhie, Weller, Wiley, Winthrop, and Worcester.

91 Ansted, Briefe, Coke, Combier, Findlay, Gerstäcker, Gold-fields, Heap, Hines, Horn, Lauts, Perry, Pfeifer, Plumb, Rednitz, Rovings, Schmidt, Schmölder, Smucker, Stockton, Thornton, Upham, Wells, Western Scenes, Whiting, Wilkes, Wise, Wood.

92 Benton, Cevallos, De Bow, Diccionario, Dunlop, Garden, March y La- bores, Mayer, Shea, Weichardt, Wilson, Young, Zamacois.

93 Album Mex., Amer. and For. Christ. Union, Annual of Scientific Dis- cov., Bankers' Mag., De Bow's Review, Edinburgh Review, Hansard, Harper, Home Missionary, Hunt's Merch. Mag., Ilustracion Mex., Mining Mag., Millennial Star, Niles' Register, North Amer. Review, Nouvelles Annales, Panamá Star, Quarterly Rev., Revue Deux Mondes, Silliman's Amer. Jour., etc., etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIAN HISTORY.

gold, because material has been much more abundant and accessible. This applies particularly to the many works on local and county annals printed in late years, several of which have a standard value.º4

It is to be noted that the pioneer reminiscences of my collection contain, and are supplemented by, the statements of prominent men on various practical topics connected with the industrial development of California in recent times; that several classes of printed matter already mentioned, such as municipal, state, and national documents, continue to throw light on events of the last thirty years; that travellers have never ceased to print their experiences in, and their views respecting, this western land; that resident and even native writers have contributed largely to our store of books on industrial, literary, educational, re- ligious, legal, political, and historical subjects; that numerous associations and institutions have helped to swell the mass of current pamphlets; and that news- papers-an invaluable source of material for local and personal history-have greatly multiplied. Indeed, California has not only by reason of her peculiar past received more attention at the hands of writers from abroad than any other part of our nation, but in re- spect of internal literary development she is not behind other provinces of like tender years. In con- clusion, I append a short list of works published since 1856, which have somewhat exceptional historic value in comparison with others of the mass.96 Most of

94 See in the list, besides the names of counties and towns: Banfield, Bar- ton, Bledsoe, Butler, Cooper, Cox, Dwinelle, Frazee, Gift, Hall, Halley, Hare, Hawley, Hittell, Huse, Lloyd, McPherson, Menefee, Meyrick, Orr, Owen, Perkins, Sargent, Soulé, Thompson, Tinkham, Western Shore, and Willey. 93 See Alric, Ames, Barry, Bartlett, Bates, Beers, Bell, Blake, Bonner, Brooks, Browne, Bryant, Burnett, Bushnell, California (Arrival, Biog., Hardy, Leyes, Med. Soc.), Carvalho, Chandless, Clark, Contemp. Biog., Cooke, Cornwallis, Cronise, Coyner, Dixon, Gleeson, Fields, First Steamship, Fisher, King, Gray, Grey, Hittell, Hoffman, Hughes, Labatt, McCue, McGar- rahan, McGlashan, Möllhausen, Morgan, Moulder, New Almaden, Norman, O'Meara, Palmer, Parsons, Patterson, Peabody, Peirce, Peters, Phelps, Player-Frowd, Randolph, Raymond, Redding, Rossi, Saxon, Schlagintweit, Sherman, Shuck, Simpson, Stillman, Tuthill, Tyler, Upham, Vallejo, Vis- cher, Wetmore, Willey, and Williams,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

them but for the date of their publication might be added to the different classes before named, as per- taining to the period of 1848-56. For further biblio- graphic information, including full or slightly abridged title, summary of contents, circumstances attending the production, criticism of historic value, and bio- graphic notes on the writer of each work mentioned in the different classes and subdivisions of this chapter, I refer the reader not only to the list at the beginning of this volume but to the foot-notes of all the seven volumes, which may be traced through the alpha- betical index at the end of the work.

CHAPTER III. THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA. 1542-1768.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME-CONJECTURES-SERGAS OF ESPLANDIAN-MR HALE'S DISCOVERY-LATER VARIATIONS OF THE NAME-WHO FIRST SAW ALTA CALIFORNIA ?- ULLOA, ALARCON, DIAZ-FIVE EXPEDITIONS-VOYAGE OF JUAN RODRIGUEZ CABRILLO, 1542-3-EXPLORATION FROM SAN DIEGO TO POINT CONCEPCION-FERRELO IN THE NORTH-VOYAGE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1579-NEW ALBION-DRAKE DID NOT DISCOVER SAN FRANCISCO BAY-MAPS-THE PHILIPPINE SHIPS-GALI'S VOYAGE, 1584-CAPE MEN. DOCINO-VOYAGE OF SEBASTIAN RODRIGUEZ DE CERMENON, 1595-THE OLD SAN FRANCISCO-EXPLORATIONS OF SEBASTIAN VIZCAINO, 1602-3- MAP-DISCOVERY OF MONTEREY-AGUILAR'S NORTHERN LIMIT-CA- BRERA BUENO'S WORK, 1734-SPANISH CHART, 1742-THE NORTHERN MYSTERY AND EARLY MAPS.

THOUGH the California which is the subject of this work inherited its name from an older country whose annals have been already recorded by me, yet a state- ment respecting the origin and application of the name seems appropriate here. When Jimenez discovered the peninsula, supposed to be an island, in 1533, he applied no name so far as can be known. Cortés, landing at the same place with a colony on the 3d of May 1535, named the port and the country adjoining Santa Cruz, from the day. There is no evidence that he ever gave, or even used, any other name, the name California not occurring in any of his writings.1 Ulloa

1 At least I have not found it. The 'puerto y bahía de Santa Cruz' is named in the original document of 1535. Cortés, Auto de Posesion, in Col. Doc. Inéd., iv. 192. After his return to Spain in 1540 in a memorial to the king he testi- fied 'I arrived at the land of Santa Cruz and was in it. . . and being in the said land of Santa Cruz I had complete knowledge of the said land.' Cortés, Memo- rial, in Col. Doc. Inéd., iv. 211. Other witnesses who had accompanied Cortés testified in Spain about the same time; one, that the country was called Tar- sis; another, that the country had no name, but that the hay was called Santa Cruz; several, that they remembered no name. Probanza, in Pacheco and Cár- denas, Col. Doc., xvi. 12, 22, 27.

(64 )

ORIGIN OF THE NAME.

sailed down the coast in 1539, and the name Cali- fornia first appears in Preciado's diary of that voyage. It was applied, not to the whole country, but to a locality-probably but not certainly identical with Santa Cruz, or La Paz.2

Bernal Diaz, writing before 1568, speaks of the island of Santa Cruz, and says that Cortés after many troubles there "went to discover other lands, and came to California, which is a bay."" This testimony is not of great weight, but it increases the uncertainty. The difference is not, however, essential. The name was applied between 1535 and 1539 to a locality. It was soon extended to the whole adjoining region; and as the region was supposed to be a group of islands, the name was often given a plural form, Las Californias.

Whence came the name thus applied, or applied by Cortés as has been erroneously believed, was a ques- tion that gave rise to much conjecture before the truth was known. The Jesuit missionaries as repre- sented by Venegas and Clavigero suggested that it might have been deliberately made up from Latin or Greek roots; but favored the much more reasonable theory that the discoverers had founded the name on some misunderstood words of the natives.4 These

2 Printed in 1565, in Ramusio, Viaggi, iii. 343. Having left Santa Cruz Oct. 29th, on 10th of Nov. 'we found ourselves 54 leagues distant from California, a little more or less, always in the south-west seeing in the night three or four fires.' (Sempre dalla parte di Garbino vedendo la notte, etc.) Hakluyt's trans- lation of 1600, Voyages, iii. 406-7, is 'always toward the south-west, seeing in the night,' etc. From the 9th to the 15th they made 10 leagues; from the 16th to the 24th, 12 or 15 leagues; and were then, having sighted the Isle of Pearls, 70 leagues from Santa Cruz. The author only uses the name California once; Hakluyt's 'point of California' is an interpolation. The definite distance of 54 leagues indicates that California was a place they had passed; it could not be 54 leagues either south-west or north-east of their position, and I suppose the direction refers to the coast generally or the fires. The dis- tances are not out of the way if we allow 6 or 9 leagues for the progress made on Nov. 9th. There is some obscurity of meaning; but apparently California was at or near Santa Cruz. Throughout his voyage up and down the gulf Preciado uses the name Santa Cruz frequently to locate the lands in the west.

$ Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Hist. Verdadera, 233, printed in 1632. This has often been called the first mention of the name. Some have blunderingly talked of Diaz as the discoverer and namer of California.

+ Venegas, Not. Cal., i. 2-5; Clavigero, Storia della Cal., 29-30. The Latin calida for .. ax, or 'hot furnace,' is the most common of the conjectural deriva- tions, the reference being supposably either to the hot climate, though it was HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 5

THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.

theories have been often repeated by later writers, with additions rivalling each other in absurdity. At last in 1862 Edward E. Hale was so fortunate as to discover the source whence the discoverers obtained the name. An old romance, the Sergas of Esplandian, by Ordoñez de Montalvo, translator of Amadis of Gaul, printed perhaps in 1510, and cer- tainly in editions of 1519, 1521, 1525, and 1526 in Spanish, mentioned an island of California "on the right hand of the Indies, very near the Terrestrial Paradise," peopled with black women, griffins, and other creatures of the author's imagination.5 There is no direct historical evidence of the application of this name; nor is any needed. No intelligent man will ever question the accuracy of Hale's theory. The number of Spanish editions would indicate that the book was popular at the time of the discovery; indeed Bernal Diaz often mentions the Amadis of Gaul, to which the Esplandian was attached.

Cortés, as we know, was bent on following the coast round to India, and confident of finding rich and wonderful isles on the way. It would have been most natural for him to apply the old fabulous name, if it had met his eye, to the supposed island when first discovered; but it appears he did not do it; and I

not hot compared with others to which the discoverers were accustomed, or to the hot baths, or temescales, of the natives. Calidus fornus, Caliente for- nalla, Californo, and Caliente horno are other expressions of the same root, Archibald noting of the last that it would be rather horno caliente, making the name 'Fornicalia' instead of California. Another derivation is from cala y fornix, Spanish and Latinfor ' cove and vault' or 'vaulted cove,' from a peculiar natural formation near Cape San Lucas. From the Greek we have kala phor nea, kala phora nea, kala phor neia, kala phorneia, kala chora nea, or kalos phornia-variously rendered 'beautiful woman,' 'moonshine,' or 'adultery;' 'fertile land;' or 'new country.' Colofon or colofonia, the Spanish for resin, has also been suggested. In Upper California the idea was a favorite one that the name was of Indian origin; but there was little agreement respect- ing details. According to the Vallejos, Alvarado, and others, all agreed that it came from kali forno, the information coming from Baja California natives; but there were two factions, one interpreting the words 'high hill' or 'moun- tain' and the other 'native land.' E. D. Guilbert, resident of Copala, Sinaloa, told me in 1878 that an old Indian of his locality called the peninsula Tchali- falni-al, 'the sandy land beyond the water.'

" Hale's discovery was first published in the Amer. Antiq. Soc., Proceed., Apr. 30, 1862, 45-53; also in Atlantic Monthly, xiii. 265; Hale's His Level Best,. etc., 234.

APPLICATION OF THE NAME.

strongly suspect the name was applied in derision by his disgusted colonists on their return in 1536. At any rate there can be no doubt the name was adopted from the novel between 1535 and 1539. The etymol- ogy of the name and the source whence Montalvo ob- tained it still remain a field for ingenious guesswork. Indeed most of the old conjectures may still be applied to the subject in its new phase. But this is not an historical subject, nor one of the slightest importance. In such matters the probable is but rarely the true. What brilliant etymological theories might be drawn out by the name Calistoga, if it were not known how Samuel Brannan built the word from California and Saratoga.6

The name California, once applied to the island or peninsula, was also naturally used to designate the country extending indefinitely northward to the strait of Anian, or to Asia, except as interrupted in the view of some foreign geographers by Drake's New Albion. Kino at the mouth of the Colorado in 1700 spoke of Alta California; but he meant simply the 'upper' part of the peninsula. After 1769 the north- ern country was for a time known as the New Estab- lishments, or Los Establecimientos de San Diego y Monterey, or the Northern Missions. In a few

6 In Webster's Dictionary, the Spanish califa, Arabic Khalifa, 'successor,' 'caliph,' is adopted, as indeed suggested by Hale, as the possible root of the name. Archbald, Overland Monthly, ii. 440, suggests Calphurnia, Cæsar's wife. Perhaps the coolest exhibition of assurance which this matter bas drawn out in modern times is Prof. Jules Marcou's essay on the 'true origin' of the name. The whole pamphlet, although printed by the United States govern- ment, with the degree of intelligence too often employed in such cases, perhaps because of an old map attached to it, has about as many blunders as the pages can accommodate. I have no space to point them out; but this is what he says of the name: 'Cortes and his companions, struck with the difference be- tween the dry and burning heat they experienced, compared with the moist and much less oppressive heat of the Mexican tierra caliente, first gave to a bay, and afterwards extended to the entire country the name of tierra California, derived from calida fornax, which signifies fiery furnace, or hot as an oven. Hernan Cortés, who was moreover a man of learning, was at once strongly impressed with the singular and striking climatic differences ... to whom is due the appropriate classification of the Mexican regions into tierra fria, tierra templada, tierra caliente, and tierra California'! Marcou's Notes upon the first Discoveries of California and the origin of its name, Washington, 1878. See also U. S. Geog. Survey, Wheeler, Rept., 1878, p. 228.

THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.

years, however, without any uniformity of usage the upper country began to be known as California Sep- tentrional, California del Norte, Nueva California, or California Superior. But gradually Alta California became more common than the others, both in private and official communications, though from the date of the separation of the provinces in 1804 Nueva Cali- fornia became the legal name, as did Alta California after 1824. In these later times Las Californias meant not as at first Las Islas Californias, but the two provinces, old and new, lower and upper. Down to 1846, however, the whole country was often called by Mexicans and Californians even in official documents a peninsula.

It is not impossible that Francisco de Ulloa, at the head of the gulf in 1539, had a distant glimpse of mountains within the territory now called California; it is very probable that Hernando de Alarcon, as- cending the Colorado in boats nearly to the Gila and possibly beyond it, saw Californian soil in Sep- tember 1540; and perhaps Melchor Diaz, who crossed the Colorado later in the same year, had a similar view.

Thus strictly speaking the honor of the first dis- covery may with much plausibility be attributed to one of these explorers, though none of them mentioned the discovery, or could do so, boundary lines being as yet not dreamed of. Subsequently Juan de Oñate and his companions, coming down the Colorado in 1604, certainly gazed across the river on California, and even learned from the natives that the sea was not far distant. After 1699 Kino and his Jesuit asso- ciates not unfrequently looked upon what was to be California from the Gila junction. No European, however, from this direction is known to have trod the soil of the promised land; therefore this phase of the subject may be dismissed without further remark.

CABRILLO'S VOYAGE.

All that was known of California before 1769 was founded on the reports of five expeditions; that of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542-3, that of Francis Drake in 1579, that of Francisco de Gali in 1584, that of Sebastian Rodriguez de Cermeñon in 1595, and that of Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602-3. To describe these expeditions-so far only as they relate to the coast of Alta California, for in a general way each has been presented in the annals of regions farther south- with a glance also at a few other voyages bearing in- directly upon the subject, is my purpose in the present chapter.

On the 28th of September 1542, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, coming from the south in command of two Spanish exploring vessels,7 discovered a "landlocked and very good harbor," which he named San Miguel and located in 34° 20'. The next day he sent a boat "farther into the port which was large;" and while anchored here " a very great gale blew from the west- south-west, and south-south-west; but the port being good they felt nothing."8

" On the fitting-out of the expedition and its achievements south of Cali- fornia, see Hist. North Mex. States, this series.

8 Cabrillo, Relacion ó diario, de la navegacion que hizo Juan Rodriguez Ca- brillo con dos navios, al descubrimiento del paso del Mar del Sur al norte, etc. Original in Spanish archives of Seville from Simancas, certified by Navarrete, copy in Muñoz Collection, printed in Florida, Col. Doc., 173-89. 'De Juan Paez' is marked on the Muñoz copy. Another printed original from ' Archivo de Indias Patronato, est. 1, caj. i.,' is found in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doe., xiv. 165-91, under the title Relacion del descubrimiento que hizo Juan Rodri- quez, navegando por la contra costa del mar del Sur al norte hecha por Juan Paez. Thus it is probable that Juan Paez was the author. Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. vii. lib. v. cap. iii .- iv., gave in 1600 a condensed account probably from the above original, but with many omissions, and a few additions, which became the foundation of most that was subsequently written on the subject, being followed by Burney and others. In 1802 Navarrete in his introduction to the Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, xxix .- xxxvi., gave a narrative from the orig- inal, with notes in which he located, for the most part accurately, the points named by Cabrillo. Taylor's First Voyage to the Coast of California. . . by Ca- brillo, San Francisco, 1853, was a kind of translation from Navarrete, whose notes the translator attempted to correct without any very brilliant success. Finally in 1879 we have Evans and Henshaw's Translation from the Spanish of the account by the pilot Ferrel of the Voyage of Cabrillo along the west coast of North America in 1542, printed in U. S. Geog. Surv., Wheeler, vii. Archæ- ology, 293-314. Richard S. Evans was the translator; H. W. Henshaw, who made antiquarian researches on the coast, was the author of the notes; and H. C. Taylor, U. S. N., of the Coast Survey, aided the gentlemen named with the results of his acquaintance with the coast.

THE DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.

There is no further description ; the latitude is wrong ; and the port must be identified if at all by its relation to other points visited by Cabrillo. It has usually been identified by those who have followed Navarrete, the earliest investigator, with San Diego; but recently by Henshaw and Taylor with San Pedro further north, San Diego being in that case Cabrillo's San Mateo.9 Here, as in most parts of this narrative, there is little room for positive assertion; but I prefer to regard San Miguel as San Diego. Difficulties arise at every step which no theory can remove. It is the fault of the narrative, respecting the genuineness of which, however, there is no room for doubt. Without attempt- ing to get over obstacles by ignoring them I shall treat them mainly in notes.10

At any rate Cabrillo entered Upper Californian waters, never before disturbed by other craft than Indian canoes, and anchored in San Diego Bay in September 1542. If we suppose this port to have been his San Miguel, he remained six days. The natives

9 San Mateo was also described as a good and landlocked (cerrado) port, with a little lake of fresh water, and with groves of trees like ceibas, except that the wood was hard. There were also many drift-logs washed here by the sea, broad grassy plains, high and rolling land, and animals in droves of 100 or more resembling Peruvian sheep with long wool, small horns, and broad round tails. Latitude given 33° 20.

10 San Augustin Island, the last point on which Navarrete and Henshaw agree, is identified with San Martin in about 30° 30' on the Baja California coast. Three days with little wind brought the ships, no distance given, to Cape San Martin, north of San Augustin, where the coast turns from north to north-west. This trend, and also the time, if we disregard the calm, favors Henshaw's location of Todos Santos rather than Navarrete's of San Quintin. Next they sailed four leagues N. E., or N. N. E .; but this is not possible from Todos Santos either by the best maps or the trend just noted. Next 21 leagues N. w., and N. N. w. to San Mateo; the distance 25 leagues corresponding better with that from San Quintin to Todos Santos, than with that from the latter to San Diego. On the other hand, the next stage, 32 leagues to San Miguel, better fits that from San Diego to San Pedro than from Todos Santos to the former. But they passed a little island close to the shore on arriving at San Mateo, there being none at Todos Santos so far as the maps show; and on the other hand, on sailing to San Miguel, they passed three islas desiertas three leagues from the main, the largest being two leagues long, or possibly in eircumference, which agrees better with the Coronados just below San Diego than with San Clemente and Santa Catalina. Moreover the description of San Mateo with its lake, and especially its groves of trees, does not corre- spond at all to San Diego. The strongest reason why San Miguel must be San Diego and not San Pedro will be noticed presently. The investigator's troubles are not lessened by the non-existence of a perfect chart of the Baja California coast.

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History of California, Volume I, Part 16

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 852

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852