USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 56
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 56
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Whatever may have been his abilities in this special direction, he had very slight opportunity to show them; for from the moment of embarking on the Santa Gertrudis his health failed ; indigestion, sleep- less nights, and an oppressive pain in the chest left
8 See references in note 1 of this chapter. Also letter of Arrillaga to Fages March 21, 1791, announcing Romeu's arrival. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 38. " The Informe sobre los ajustes de Pobladores de la Reina de Los Angeles y demas de las Provincias de Californias, MS., a report of the contador mayor dated Mexico, Dec. 30, 1789, and filling above 60 pages, is a specimen of the many wordy communications on the subject which are extant in the archives. I have made no attempt to reach the bottom of this financial puzzle. Vice- roy's orders to Romeu on this subject Sept. 1, 1790. Prov. St. Pap., ix. 313-19.
489
DEATH OF ROMEU.
him but little opportunity of attending to public duties. 10 Yet he did not lose courage, and late in the summer, after communicating his instructions to presidal officers and satisfying himself of Arrillaga's entire competence, he proceeded north, reached San Diego in August,11 and arrived at Monterey October 13th, doubtless before the departure of his prede- cessor.12 Through the winter his ill-health continued, and he was barely able to attend to the routine duties of his office. His official communications in the archives are few, brief, and unimportant. His cor- respondence with President Lasuen both at Loreto and Monterey, though containing little more than the formal expressions required by courtesy, indicate a desire on his part, such as most rulers entertained when they first came to California, to preserve har- monious relations with the missionaries.13 In fact either by natural disposition or by reason of feeble health he was evidently more frailero than Fages or Neve. On December Ist he received the royal con- firmation of his appointment as governor.14
Late in March 1792 Romeu's condition became critical, and after a series of convulsions it became evident that he had but a few days to live. The sur- geon, Pablo Soler, made a written report to this effect on April 5th, and the last rites of religion were ad- ministered by the friars in attendance. He died at Monterey April 9th and was buried at San Carlos
10 Romeu, Carta al Virrey, 21 de Nov. 1791, MS., in St. Pap., Sac., v. 91-2. 11 He was at San Diego from Aug. 20th to 31st if not longer. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 40-3.
12 Nov. 28, 1791, the viceroy acknowledges the receipt of his letter of Oct. 14th, announcing his arrival on the 13th. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 134.
13 Romeu, Cortas al Presidente Lasuen, 1791, MS. On July 16th from Ro- sario he writes: 'Aunque mi caudal de mérito no es otro que el tener unos buenos y constantes deseos de llenar el cumplimiento de mi obligacion, y ser útil y sin embargo de carecer de aquellas apreciables circunstancias condu- centes á su logro de que la bondad de V. R. me supone acompañado, espero merecerlo de la piedad del Altísimo al verme auxiliado de las fervientes oraci- ones de V. R. y de esos RR. PP. misioneros á los que de nuevo me en- comiendo correspondiendo con iguales á las expresiones finas conque me honran.'
14 St. Pap., Sae., MS. v. 92. The confirmation was dated Feb. 15th,
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RULE OF ROMEU.
the day following. By his will the widow was made executrix of his estate and guardian of their daugh- ters. Doña Josefa embarked for San Blas in Octo- ber. Alférez Sal in a letter says that California was not worthy of a governor like Romeu. At his funeral all who knew him displayed deep grief.15
Local annals as well as certain general topics of commercial, industrial, and mission development, I shall treat collectively for the decade from 1791 to 1800, in subsequent chapters. Besides such topics the visit of a scientific exploring expedition and the founding of two new missions are to be noted during Romeu's short rule. The expedition referred to was that of Alejandro Malaspina in command of the royal corvettes Descubierta and Atrevida,16 the latter being under the immediate command of José de Bustamante y Guerra, and the scientific corps including Bauzá and Espinosa.17 Malaspina sailed from Cádiz in July 1789, for a tour round the world, and after making explorations on both coasts of South America, and from Panamá to Acapulco, left the latter port in May 1791 for the Northwest Coast, which he struck a little above 60° and carefully explored southward, sighting
15 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxii. 7-9, 14; x. 139; xxi. 71, 89; St. Pap., Sac., MS., vi., 76; Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 152; San Carlos, Lib. de Mision, MS .; Tay- lor's Discov. and Founders, ii. 179; Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 96-7.
16 The vessels had, like nearly all in the Spanish navy, each a double name, being called respectively Santa Justa and Santa Rufina. St. Pap., Sac., MS., v. 96.
17 A full list of officers made at Monterey, is as follows: Captains Alejan- dro Malaspina and José de Bustamante y Guerra; lieutenants Dionisio Gali- ano,* José Espinosa, Cayetano Valdés, Manuel Novales,* Fernando Quintano, Juan Bernaci, Secundino Salamanca, Antonio de Tova, Juan Concha, José Robredo, Areaco Zeballos, Francisco Viana, and Arcadio Lineda ;* alféreces Martin Olavide, * Felipe Bauzá, Flavio Aleponzoni, and Jacobo Murphy; con- tadores Rafael Rodriguez de Arias and Manuel Esquerra; chaplains José de Mesa and Francisco de Paula Añino; surgeons Francisco Flores and Pedro Gonzalez; pilotos Juan Diaz Maqueda, José Sanchez, Gerónimo Delgado, Juan Inciarte y Portu, and Joaquin Hurtado; apothecary Luis Nee* and Tadeo Haenek; pintor de perspectiva Tomás Suria; disecador y dibujante de plantas José de Guio .* The names marked with a star remained behind in Mexico. Malaspina, Nota de Oficiales de Guerra y Mayores, Naturalistas, Botánicos, Dibujantes, y Disecadores, que tienen destino en las corbetas de S. M. nombra- das Descubierta y Atrevida, que dan vuelta al Globo .. . que salieron de Cádiz en 30 de Julio de 1789, MS.
491
MALASPINA'S EXPEDITION.
Cape Mendocino September 6th, being off San Fran- cisco the 10th,18 and anchoring the 13th at Monterey, where his vessels remained till the 25th, thence con- tinuing the survey down to Cape San Lucas, San Blas, Acapulco, and returning to Spain by the Phil- ippines and Cape Good Hope.19
Of the stay at Monterey, of scientific observations there, of Malaspina's impressions of California and its people we know little. The archives contain only the merest mention of the arrival and of courtesies exchanged between the visitors and Lasuen, who aided in gathering specimens, 20 Malaspina seems entitled to the honor of having brought to Cali- fornia the first American who ever visited the country, and he came to remain, his burial being recorded on the mission register under date of Sep- tember 13th, and name of John Groem, probably Graham, son of John and Catherine Groem, Presby- terians, of Boston. He had shipped as gunner at Cádiz.21 The reports of this expedition were never published. The commander was imprisoned for cer- tain crimes or irregularities, and it is only through Navarrete's brief résumé, and an abridged narrative by one of the officers, that anything is known of results. 22
As early as 1789 it was determined to found two new missions, in honor of 'our lady of solitude' and
18 At least 4 or 5 shots were heard from a fog-hidden vessel on that date. Bustamante, in Caro, Tres Siglos, iii. 106-7, says he left Nootka August 25th, and anchored at Monterey September 11th.
19 For account of Malaspina's explorations in the north, see Hist. N. W. Coast, i. 249; and IFist. Alaska, this series.
20 Sept. 21, 1791, Malaspina and Bustamante to Lasuen thanking him for aid. Lasuen in reply gives thanks for presents. The letters are full of flat- tering expressions, and the voyagers promise to make the king and the world acquainted with their favorable impressions of California and with the suc- cess and zeal of the padres. Malaspina and Bustamante-Carta al P. Lasuen y respuesta de dicho Padre, Sept. 1791, MS. March 27, 1792, Gen. Nava has learned of Malaspina's visit. Arch. Arzobispado, MS., i. 19.
21 Taylor, in Pacific Monthly, xi. 649-50, from San Carlos, Lib. de Mision.
22 Navarrete, Viages Apócrifos, 94-8, 268-70, 313-20; Id., in Sutil y Mexi- cana, Viaye, Introd., cxxii .- iii. Taylor, in Pacific Monthly, xi. 649, and L. Cal.,
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RULE OF ROMEU.
of the holy cross. The necessary preliminaries were arranged by correspondence between president, guar- dian, and viceroy, and four new friars were selected to take charge, or enable others to do so, of the new establishments.23 The information reached California at the end of July 1790 together with the friars, Dantí, Miguel, Rubí, and Tapis; and all the necessary effects except the church vestments and utensils. This omission caused delay, for the priests were not disposed to take anything on trust in dealing with the government, and it was not until July 1791 that a positive assurance came from the viceroy that the sacred utensils would be sent, together with an order to proceed at once, borrowing the needed articles from the other establishments.24 Subsequent preliminary work is best described in the words of Lasuen, who writes the 29th of September: "In view of the superior order of his excellency I at once named the missionaries. I asked and obtained from the com- mandant of this presidio the necessary aid for explor- ing anew the region of Soledad, and there was chosen a site having some advantages over the two previously considered. I applied to the missions for vestments and sacred vessels; and as soon as the commander of the Aranzazu furnished the sirvientes allowed for the new establishments I proceeded to Santa Clara in order to examine anew in person the site of Santa Cruz. I crossed the sierra by a long and rough way,
41, says that Malaspina, through the jealousy of Godoy, was imprisoned for 14 years and finally liberated when Marshal Soult took Coruña in 1809.
25 Guardian Noriega to viceroy, Sept. 22, 1789; viceroy to guardian, Oct. 31; guardian to Lasuen, Dec. 10, in Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., vi. 280-2. Two thousand eight hundred dollars was to be paid to the síndico, $1,000 for cach mission, and $200 for travelling expenses of cach friar. April 1, 1790, the síndico, Fr. Gerónimo de Sampelayo, sends provisions and tools for Santa Cruz to value of $1,021. Sta. Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 3.
24 Aug. 3, 1790, Lasuen to Fages, announces arrival of padres; nothing lacking but for the government to deliver the sacred vessels; he is ready. Arch. Arzobispado, MS., i. 10; Jan. 20, 1791. Viceroy to Lasuen and to gov- ernor, ornamentos, etc., will be sent; let the old missions lend. July 15th, Lasuen replies: all right. Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., xi. 8-10; Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 138. July 22, 1791, Lasuen issues a circular to the padres making known viceroy's orders; let each padre mark on the margin the articles that he can lend. Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., ix. 316-17.
493
PREPARATIONS FOR MISSIONS.
and I found in the site the same excellent fitness that had been reported to me. I found, besides, a stream of water very near, copious, and important. On the day of San Agustin, August 28th, I said mass, and a cross was raised in the spot where the establishment is to be. Many gentiles came, large and small, of both sexes, and showed that they would gladly enlist under that sacred standard, thank God! I returned to Santa Clara by another way, rougher but shorter and more direct. I had the Indians improve the road and was perfectly successful, because for this as for everything else the commandant of San Francisco, Don Hermenegildo Sal, has furnished with the greatest activity and promptness all the aid I have asked for. I ordered some little huts made, and I suppose that by this time the missionaries are there. I found here in Monterey the two corvettes of the Spanish expedi- tion, and the commander's power of pleasing obliged me to await their departure. I endeavored to induce them to transport the Santa Cruz supplies by water, but it could not be accomplished. Day before yester- day, however, some were sent there by land, and with them a man from the schooner which came from Nootka under Don Juan Carrasco.25 The plan is to see if there is any shelter for a vessel on the coast near Santa Cruz, and there to transport what is left. To-morrow a report is expected. This means is sought because we lack animals. To-day eleven Ind- ians have departed from here with tools to construct a shelter at Soledad for the padres and the supplies. I and the other padres are making preparations, and my departure thither will be, by the favor of God, the day after San Francisco, October 8th, at latest."26
The preliminaries having been thus arranged Alférez Sal started from San Francisco September 22d with
25 This schooner was the Horcasitas, which under Narvaez had taken part in Elisa's northern explorations. See Ilist. N. W. Coast, i. 244-250. The Aranzazu had also made a trip to the north, under Matute.
26 Lasuen, Carta al Sr. Gobernador Romeu, sobre fundacion de Misiones, 29 de Sept. 1791, MS.
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RULE OF ROMEU.
Corporal Luis Peralta and two privates, arriving at Santa Clara in the afternoon.27 Next morning he proceeded to Santa Cruz, his force being increased by fathers Alonso Salazar and Baldomero Lopez, while the rest of the mission guard with six or seven servants were left to bring supplies and cattle. On the 24th some Christian Indians of Santa Clara were set at work cutting timber and building a hut for the friars, who busied themselves seeking a spot for sowing twenty-five fanegas of wheat. A fine plain was found well adapted for the purpose, capable of irrigation from a small stream called by the explorers of 1769 Arroyo de San Pedro Regalado. The mission site was about five hundred yards from the Rio San Lorenzo, also named in 1769. The chief Sugert came in with a few of his followers, and promised to become the first Christian of his tribe, Sal agreeing to be godfather. On Sunday, September 25th, as soon as the soldiers and horses arrived from Santa Clara, Sugert and his people having been fortified by assur- ances against the noise of exploding gunpowder, and the friars having donned their robes, Don Hermene- gildo took formal possession as he says, "in such words as my moderate talent dictated," and at the conclusion the guns were discharged. Five more salutes were fired while the padres said mass and chanted a te
27 Sept. 17, 1791, Sal to Romeu, excusing himself for sending, without having awaited Romeu's arrival or orders, at Lasuen's request, a guard and mule train for the new mission. St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 18-20. The corporal of the mission guard was fully instructed respecting his duties under date of Sept. 17th. Sal, Instruccion al Cabo Luis Peralta al cargo de la Escolta de la Mision de Santa Cruz, 1791, MS. The general purport was, constant pre- cautions, kindness to gentiles, harmony with padres, strict performance of religious duties, and the details of routine. The details were much the same in all missions. It is to be noticed, however, that in the matter of escorting the priests the soldiers were strictly limited, and were not allowed to pass the night away from the mission. If a priest desired to go to a distant mis- sion, word must be sent to San Francisco and a guard obtained from the presidio. On the 29th or 30th of each month a report to Sal must be sent by two soldiers to Santa Clara, where the two must wait till two Santa Clara men carried the despatch to San Francisco and returned. As the rainy season was drawing near, the gentiles might be induced to work on the warehouse and guard-house by presents of food, etc., even against the wishes of the padres.
495
FOUNDING OF SANTA CRUZ.
deum, and thus the mission of Santa Cruz was founded. 28
Local annals of Santa Cruz to 1800 are best pre- sented here and may be briefly recorded. Often there were apprehensions of trouble with the natives, but the fears of the friars rested for the most part on nothing more solid than rumor, the occasional flight of a neophyte, or the loss of an animal. To keep the soldiers of the guard on the alert they were once ordered to hunt bears for target practice.29 The neo- phytes numbered 84 at the end of the year 1791. They had increased to 224 in another year; in 1796 the number was 523, the highest ever reached, and in 1800 they were 492. There had been 949, according to the registers, baptized, 271 couples married, and 477 buried. Large stock increased during the decade from 202 to 2,354 head; small stock from 174 to 2,083. Agricultural products in 1792 were about 650 bushels;
28 Sal, Diario del Reconocimiento de la Mision de Santa Cruz, 1791, MS. Certificate on foundation of the mission, dated Sept. 25th, and signed by Sal, Corp. Peralta, and soldier Salvador Higuera. St. Pap., Sac., MS., ii. 137. Sal returned to Santa Clara Sept. 26th, and San Francisco Sept. 27th. Sept. 25th, the padres announce the foundation to-day in a letter to Romeu; site fine and prospects flattering. Lopez and Salazar, Carta de los Padres de Santa Cruz al Gobernador, 1791, MS. Title-pages of mission registers. Santa Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 28. Santa Clara furnished for Santa Cruz 64 cattle, 22 horses, 76 fanegas of grain, and 26 loaves of bread; San Francisco, 5 yoke of oxen, 70 sheep, and 2 bushels of barley; San Carlos, 7 mules and 8 horses. The guard furnished the padres $42.50 worth of provisions, to be repaid. A list of the church vestments and sacred vessels is also given. Copy from mission records in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 102-3. See also Willey's Centennial Sketch of Santa Cruz, 11, 12. Santa Cruz Sentinel, Aug. 12, 1865. Another record makes the contribution of Santa Clara 151 cattle, 19 horses, 18 fanegas of grain; San Francisco, 6 yoke of oxen, 100 hogs, 12 mules; and other missions 8 beasts of burden. Salazar, Condicion actual de California, 1796, MS.
29 This was in 1797. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 106. Jan. 1794, Mission guard increased to 8 men, but reduced to 5 before May 1795. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 231; xii. 77. April 1798, 90 fugitives gathered in by Corp. Mesa. Id., xxii. 101. Road from Monterey threatened; a soldier nearly attacked iu 1792, St. Pap., Sac., MS. vi. 70-1. Feb. 1793, 9 neophytes brought in 9 pagans. Mountain Indians said to be making arrows. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 152-3. Dec. 1793, the corporal and a soldier wounded; two parties sent from San Francisco to punish the natives. Id., xxi. 176. Jan. 1795, Sergt. Amador sent to capture 2 Indians who were making trouble on the Rio Pájaro. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., i. 47. March 7, 1796, P. Sanchez asks for aid. Indians threatening. St. Pap., Sac., MS., viii. 3. Feb. 29th, Amador sent to investigate a rumor that the Indians would rise and kill the padres. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 18.
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RULE OF ROMEU.
3,400 in 1796, and 800 in 1799; in 1800 were 4,300 bushels; total yield of the decade, 17,590 bushels.
The church, whose corner-stone had been laid with due ceremony on February 27th of the preceding year, was formally dedicated to its holy use the 10th of May 1794, by Father Peña from Santa Clara, with the aid of Gili and Sanchez, besides the ministers of the mission. Alférez Sal was present and as godfather of the church received its keys. All the ceremonies prescribed by the Roman ritual were solemnly per- formed in presence of neophytes, servants, and troops, and next day a mass was celebrated in the new edi- fice. The church was about thirty by one hundred and twelve feet and twenty-five feet high. The foundation walls to the height of three feet were of stone, the front was of masonry, and the rest of adobes.30 There is some evidence that the site of the mission had been slightly changed in 1792 to avoid danger from inundation.31 About the mission build- ings but little is recorded except that the last two sides of the square were completed in 1795; and a flouring-mill was built and began to run in the au- tumn of 1796, but was badly damaged by the rains of
30 A full account of the ceremony and of the building, signed by the six persons named and by Francisco Gomez, José María Lopez, Ignacio Chuma- zero, and José Antonio Sanchez, is given in Sta. Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 38-40. Mr Willey, Centennial Sketch Sta. Cruz, 12, gives the date as March 10th, and this may possibly be correct, as it is often difficult to distinguish in old Spanish manuscript Marzo from Mayo. Progress made on church in 1793, and it was finished in 1794. St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 122; ii. 17. Being dam- aged by rains în 1797. Id., ii. 122. Account of dedication in Sta. Cruz Sen- tinel, Aug. 12, 1865. According to a scrap in Hayes' Mission Book, i. 130, some coins and relics deposited in the corner-stone gave rise to rumors of treasure for which search was made when the building fell in 1856; but not even the stone was found.
31 Sept. 12, 1792. Letter of the governor in Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 139. Inhabitants in 1795: Corporal José Antonio Sanchez; soldiers Joaquin Bernal, José Acéves (whose marriage with a neophyte woman was the first recorded at Santa Cruz on March 3, 1794, Sta. Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 29), Ramon Linares, Joaquin Mesa, and José Vizcarra; sailor sirvientes, Lopez, Carrillo, Arroyo, Barajas, Rodriguez, and Soto; and the artisan Antonio Henriquez. All but the sailors had families. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 234. Nov. 1, 1794, the padres complain that the sailor laborers know nothing of their work and should be transferred to the presidio. Id., xii. 40. Supplies to presidios in 1795-6, about $2,000. Id., xvi. 203, 206; Prov. Rec., MS., v. 76. Due from presidio to mission in 1800, $183. Sta. Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 19.
497
EARLIEST ANNALS OF SANTA CRUZ.
December.32 The annual election of mission alcaldes, which was required by the regulation, but had been for a long time neglected here as elsewhere, began by Borica's orders in 1797.33
In these later years the mission prospects were far from encouraging, if we may judge from the tone of missionary correspondence. At the beginning of 1798 Fernandez writes that everything is in a bad way. A hundred and thirty-eight neophytes have deserted, leaving only thirty or forty to work, while the land is overflowed and the planting not half done. The church has been damaged by the flood; the live-stock is dying; and a dead whale on the beach has attracted an unusual multitude of wolves and bears.34 The es- tablishing of Banciforte across the river, of which I shall speak in another chapter, had much to do with the friars' despondency.
The missionary founders, Lopez and Salazar, served here, the latter till July 1795 and the former to July 1796, at or about which dates they departed from the country to seek the retirement of their college.35
32 In March artisans were sent to build the mill and instruct the natives. In August a smith and miller were sent to start the mill. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 224, 232; v. 50, 58, 65-6, 98, 115; vi. 68; Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., ii. 78; St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 30. Four millstones were ordered made at Santa Cruz for San Carlos. A house for the mill was also built; and in 1793 a granary of two stories and a house for looms had been finished. St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 17, 78.
33 Santa Cruz, Parroquia, MS., 15, 16.
3+ Fernandez, Carta del Padre Ministro sobre la condicion de Santa Cruz, 1798, MS. Aug. 1, 1798, Engineer. Córdoba reports that Santa Cruz has 3,433,600 sq. varas of irrigable lands of which 1,120,000 are sin abrir. Pas- tures 1.5 x 8 or 9 leagues with seven permanent streams. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 99.
35 Of Alonso Isidro Salazar we know nothing till he became minister of Santa Cruz in Sept. 1791, having probably arrived from Mexico a little earlier in the same year. He and Lopez did not get along amicably together, and the archives contain an order of the guardian to the president to send Salazar to some other mission since he and his confrère would not 'listen to reason,' and in order ' to reduce their pride.' Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., xi. 251-2. He never served at any other mission, and his license to retire, dated by the vice- roy Jan. 23, 1793, reached him before June 10th of the same year. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 47. St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 50. No reason for his retirement is given. He doubtless sailed in the transport of that autumn; and on May 11, 1796, he wrote at the college of San Fernando a long report on California, of which I shall have something to say elsewhere. Condicion Actual de Cal., MS.
Baldomero Lopez, like Salazar, came to California in 1791, like him served HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 32
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RULE OF ROMEU.
They were succeeded by Manuel Fernandez and José de la Cruz Espí, the latter being replaced in May 1797 by Francisco Gonzalez, while the former left the country in October 1798 and was replaced by Domingo Carranza. 36
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