USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 62
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 62
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50 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 325-30; xviii. 33; Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 10-12; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 9, 10; St. Pap., Sac., MS., viii. 70-1.
CHAPTER XXVI.
RULE OF BORICA-EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS. 1794-1800.
SEARCH FOR MISSION SITES-EXPLORATION OF THE ALAMEDA-SAN BENITO- LAS POZAS-ENCINO-PALE-LASUEN'S REPORT-FOUNDATION OF MIS- SION SAN JOSÉ AT THE ALAMEDA-LOCAL ANNALS TO 1800-MISSION SAN JUAN BAUTISTA AT POPELOUTCHOM-EARTHQUAKE-MISSION SAN MIGUEL AT VAHIA-PADRE ANTONIO DE LA CONCEPCION HORRA-MISSION SAN FERNANDO ON REYES' RANCHO, OR ACHOIS COMIHAVIT-MISSION SAN LUIS REY AT TACAYME-A NEW PUEBLO-PRELIMINARY CORRESPOND- ENCE-SEARCH FOR A SITE-REPORTS OF ALBERNI AND CÓRDOBA-SAN FRANCISCO AND ALAMEDA REJECTED IN FAVOR OF SANTA CRUZ-AR- RIVAL OF COLONISTS-FOUNDING OF THE VILLA DE BRANCIFORTE-PRO- TEST OF THE FRANCISCANS-PLAN TO OPEN COMMUNICATION WITH NEW MEXICO-COLORADO ROUTE TO SONORA.
IT had long been the intention to found a series of new missions, each equidistant from two of the old ones, or as nearly so as practicable, and all somewhat farther inland than the original line. The friars of course were familiar with the general features of the country, and had made up their minds long ago about the best sites. In 1794-5, however, explorations were made by the priests, assisted in each instance by a military officer and guard of soldiers. In some cases this was a real search for new information; in others it was a formality, that the choice of sites might be offi- cially confirmed. This matter settled, the necessary correspondence between governor, president, viceroy, and guardian took place in 1795-6, and in 1797-8 the new missions, five in number, were put in operation.
In 1794 the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay were almost a tierra incógnita to the Spaniards. It
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551
THE ALAMEDA SHORE.
would perhaps be too much to say that those shores had not been visited for nearly twenty years, since the time of Anza; but there is no record of any pre- vious raid against the gentiles in that region, much less of any exploring expedition. In November of this year, four natives were sent across to work with the pagans, but one of the two tule-rafts composing this armada was swept out and wrecked on the Fara- llones, where two of the navigators were drowned. In the same month the friars wished to go with a small guard up the eastern bay-shore from Santa Clara to conquer the gentiles, taking advantage of their short supply of food resulting from drought, but the com- mandant at San Francisco refused, because the coun- try was "almost unknown," the natives perverse, and the adventure too hazardous.1 Before June Sergeant Pedro Amador visited the southern part of this ter- ritory, and in his report used the name of Alameda, still applied to county and creek.2 November 15, 1795, in accordance with Borica's orders of the 9th, Al- férez Sal and Father Dantí set out from Monterey. On the 16th they explored the San Benito region, on the stream of the same name, where they found all that was required for a mission; and next day they found another suitable location on the edge of the San Bernardino plain near Las Llagas Creek, or what is now the vicinity of Gilroy. Having arrived at Santa Clara on the 21st, they were joined by Alférez Raimundo Carrillo, and started next day to examine the Alameda previously explored by Amador, whose diary they had. The river of the Alameda was also called by Dantí Rio de San Clemente. The explorers continued their journey up to a point which they state to have been opposite or in sight of San Francisco
1 Nov. 30, 1794, Sal to Governor, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 28-9.
2 Amador's report is not extant, but the governor's acknowledgment of its receipt is dated June 2, 1795. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 54. I suppose he applied the name, or it had been applied before, to a grove on the stream, since it is so applied a little later. Alameda was subsequently used for the southern section as was Contra Costa for the northern, though much less commonly.
552
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
Mission and Yerba Buena Island, nearly or quite to the site of the modern Oakland perhaps, and then turned backward, discovering some important salt- marshes, and finally erected a cross at a spot some- what south of the Alameda and called San Francisco Solano, arriving at Santa Clara, well soaked with the rain, on the 25th of November. Both' commandant and friar kept a journal of this expedition. The docu- ments still exist and contain many interesting local details, but are somewhat vaguely written. At all events I have no space for their reproduction, and the still longer explanation that would be required.3
In August 1795 Father Sitjar of San Antonio made an examination of the country between his mission and San Luis Obispo, finding no better place for a mis- sion than Las Pozas, where farming-ground for three hundred fanegas of seed might be irrigated from the arroyos of Santa Isabel and San Marcos. He was accompanied on his trip by Macario Castro and Ig- nacio Vallejo.4
3 Sal, Informe que hace de los Parages que se han reconocido en la Alameda, 1795, MS. Dated San Francisco, Nov. 30th. Left San Francisco, Oct. 16th. St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 60-1. Danti, Diario de un Reconocimiento de la Ala- medu, 1795, MS. ' Dated San Francisco, Dec. 2, 1795. It may he noted that Macario Castro, of San José, had a herd of mares at this time in the Ala- meda. Also that one of the northern streams visited was called San Juan de la Cruz. Sal, Informe en el cual manifiesta lo que ha adquirido de varios sugetos para comunicarlo al gobernador, 31 de Enero 1796, MS., contains the follow- ing geographical information about the great interior valley-unintelligible for the most part: About 15 leagues north from Santa Clara is the Rio del Pes- cadero where salmon are caught. A quarter of a league further the Rio San Francisco Javier still larger. Two leagues beyond, the Rio San Miguel, larger than either. These three have no trees where they cross the tularts valley. Five leagues farther is the Rio de la Pasion. between the last two is an encinal in that part of the Sierra Madre which stretches north and is called the Sierra Nevada. Keeping in the encinal and leaving the tulares to the left there is a region of fresh-water lakes. The four rivers run from east to west and empty into the ensenada of the port of San Francisco, tide- water running far up. The Sierra Madre is about eight leagues from Rio de la Pasion. Before coming to the rivers, on the right is the Sierra of San Juan, a short distance from the Sierra Nevada, and in sight from the presidio. The four rivers were named by Captain Rivera in December 1776.
An Indian said his people traded with a nation of black Indians who had padres. Another spoke of the Julpones, Quinenseat, Taunantoe, and Quisitoe nations, the last bald from bathing in boiling lakes. An Indian woman said that five days beyond the rivers there were soldiers and padres. Lovers of mystery will find food for reflection and theory in the preceding remarks.
+ Sujar, Reconocimientode Sitio parala Nueva Misionde San Miguel, 1795, MS. Dated Aug. 27th, and addressed to Lasuen. See also St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 50-7.
553
NEW SITES IN THE SOUTH.
The region between San Buenaventura and San Gabriel was explored in August 1795, in accordance with the governor's instructions of July 23d, by Father Santa María, Alférez Cota, and Sergeant Ortega with four men. The Encino Valley, where Francisco Reyes had a rancho, was the spot best suited for a mission among the many visited, but the gentiles being attached to the pueblo of Los Angeles or to the private ranchos, showed no desire for mis- sionaries.5 In the preceding June Sergeant Ortega had explored the country northward from Santa Bárbara and found a fertile valley on the Rio Santa Rosa, probably near where Santa Inés was founded in later years." In the southern district Father Mariner with Alférez Grijalva and six men started from San Diego on August 17th to search for a mis- sion site between San Diego and San Juan Capis- trano. His report was in favor of the valley of San José, called by the natives Tacopin, a league and a half beyond Pamó toward the sierra.7
The results of the various explorations were summed up by President Lasuen in a report of January 12, 1796, which was incorporated by Governor Borica in a report to the viceroy in February.8 The sites ap-
5 Santa María, Registro que hizo de los Parages entre San Gabriel y San Buenaventura, 1795, MS. Dated Feb. 3, 1796. The padre visited in this tour Cayegues ranchería, Simi Valley, Triunfo, Calabazas, Encino Valley with rancherias of Quapa, Tacuenga, Tuyunga, and Mapipinga, La Zanja, head of Rio Santa Clara, and Mufin rancheria. The document is badly written, and also I suspect badly copied, and the names may be inaccurate. In some spots the pagans cultivated the land on their own account. Corporal Verdugo owned La Zanja rancho. Governor's order of July 23d, in Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 19. In St Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 55-6, it is stated that Santa María made an unsuccessful survey.
" Ortega, Diario que forma Felipe Maria de Ortega, Sargento de la Com- pañía de Santa Bárbara en cumplimiento á la comision que obtuvo de D. Felipe de Goycoechea saliendo con tres hombres á reconocer los sitios por el rumbo del norte en el dia 17 a las 8 de la mañana del mes de Junio, y es como signe, 1795, MS. The same diary includes an examination of the Mojonera region on June 26th to 2Sth. Some explorations in 1798 will be given later in connection with the foundation of Santa Inés.
"July 23, 1795, governor's order. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 229-30. Aug. 14th and 28th, Sept. Ist and 9th, communications of Mariner and Grajera. Prov. St. Pap., MIS., xiii. 19-20; St. Pap., Miss., MS., 53-5.
8 Lasuen, Informe sobre Sitios para Nuevas Misiones, 1796, MS .; Borica, Informe de Nuevas Misiones, 26 de Feb., 1796, MS.
554
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
proved were San Francisco Solano, seven or eight leagues north of Santa Clara; Las Pozas, equidistant between San Antonio and San Luis Obispo; and Palé, fourteen leagues from San Diego and eighteen from San Juan. The other two required additional exam- ination, since two sites had been recommended be- tween San Carlos and Santa Clara, and that between San Buenaventura and San Gabriel was not altogether satisfactory. Borica hoped that by means of the new missions all the gentiles west of the Coast Range might be reduced and thus $15,060, the annual ex- pense of guards, might be saved to the royal treasury. He did not deem it safe to expose the friars with a small guard of soldiers east of the mountains. The viceroy if he consents to the foundations should send friars and the $1,000 allowed to each new establish- ment; but no increase of military force will be needed, since the presence of the volunteers and the artillery- men will release some soldiers, and the guards of some old missions may be reduced. The saving of $15,060 and the unusual circumstance that no additional force was needed, were strong arguments in Mexico, and on the 19th of August 1796 the viceroy, after con- sultation with the treasury officials, authorized the carrying-out of Borica's plan.9 On September 29th Nogueyra, the guardian, announces that he has named the ten friars required. He asks for the usual allow- ances, and begs that a vessel may sail with the mis- sionaries as soon as possible, but protests against any reduction of the guards at the old missions. Borica received the viceroy's orders before the end of the year, and on May 5, 1797, Lasuen announced that the friars were coming and all was ready.10
9 Branciforte, Autorizacion del Virrey para la fundacion de cinco nuevas mis- iones, 1796, MS. Sept. 29th, guardian consents. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 128-9. 10 Dec. 23, 1796, Borica to viceroy, St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 71-2. May 5, 1797, Lasuen to B., Id., vii. 28-31. Lasuen says it will be hard for the old missions to contribute for so many new ones at the same time; yet he will do his best. San Carlos, Santa Clara, and San Francisco will be called upon to aid the two northern establishments and to lend Indians and tools. Live- stock must be given outright. Santa Cruz certainly and Soledad probably must be excused.
555
FOUNDING OF MISSION SAN JOSÉ.
Preliminaries being thus arranged, I come to the actual founding of the five missions, chronological order in this instance agreeing with that of localities from north to south. Desiring to avoid any unneces- sary scattering of material I shall join to the estab- lishing of each mission its Iccal annals to the end of the decade, as I have done before in the case of new establishments.
Borica sent orders to the commandant of San Fran- cisco, the 15th of May, to detail Corporal Miranda and five men for the mission of San José to be founded at the Alameda. On June 9th the troops under Amador and accompanied by Lasuen started for the spot, where next day a temporary church, or enramada, was erected. The native name of the site was Oroy- som, and the name of the mission, San José, in honor of the patriarch husband of the virgin Mary, had been included in the orders from Mexico. On June 11th, Trinity Sunday, the regular ceremonies of foundation-blessing the ground, raising the cross, litany of all saints, mass, sermon, te deum, and the burning of one pound of gunpowder-were performed by or under the superintendence of Father Lasuen, the only friar present. The same day all returned to Santa Clara leaving the new mission to solitude and the gentiles. Five days later Amador and his men came back to cut timber and prepare the necessary buildings. By the 28th this work was so far advanced that the guard, as was thought, could complete it. Water was brought to the plaza, and the soldiers, all but Miranda and his five men, retired to the presidio. The same day the ministers, Isidoro Barcenilla and Agustin Merino, arrived and took charge.11
11 Amador, Diario de la Expedicion para fundar la Mision de San José, 1797, MS .; Amador, Prevenciones al Cabo de la escolta de San José, 1797, MS. Dated June 28th, San Jose, Lib. de Mision, MS., title-pages. May 15th, governor's order to commandant. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 107. June 11th, Lasuen to gov. Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., vi. 21-2; St. Pap., Sac., MS., xviii. 29-30; Pror. Ree., MS., vi. 190. July 2d, Gov. to viceroy. Id., vi. 94. June 29th, Miranda to commandant. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 91. The Indian name of the site is also written Oroyjon, Oroyson, and Oryson. Contributions
556
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
In July 1797 there were rumors of impending attack by the savages, and such rumors were prevalent to the end of the decade; but there was no disaster, and I shall have occasion elsewhere to speak further of Indian troubles round San Francisco Bay.12 The first baptism was administered September 2d by Father Catalá. By the end of 1797 there were 33 converts, and in 1800 the number had increased to 286, the baptisms having been 364 and the burials 88. Mean- while the large stock came to number 367, and there were 1,600 sheep and goats. Crops in 1800 were about 1,500 bushels, chiefly wheat. Total for the three years 3,900 bushels. Padre Barcenilla, a man who, by reason of ill-health as was believed, was extremely irascible and always in a quarrel with somebody, particularly with the corporal,13 remained at San José till after 1800. Merino was replaced in 1799 by José Antonio Uría. All three were new-comers, and none remained long in the country. A wooden structure with grass roof served as a church. Miranda was replaced by Luis Peralta in 1798.14
from the three northern missions for San José were 12 mules, 39 horses, 12 yoke of oxen, 242 sheep, and 60 pigs. Arch. Misiones, MS., i. 57.
12 See Chapter xxxi. of this volume. July 3, 1797, Corp. Miranda to com- mandant, says that on account of the danger, the padres wished to abandon the mission, but he has dissuaded them. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 90. Aug. 17, 1797, Amador to Borica. Some gentiles want to come near the mission to live because the Sacalanes threaten to kill them for their friendship to the Christians. Id., xv. 173-4. April 6, 1798, Argüello to B., Indians making arrows to attack the mission. Reinforcements sent. The corporal has orders not to force Indians to come to the mission. Id., xvii. 97. April 17th, Amador says 26 Indians consented to come and be made Christians. Id., xvii. 101. The making of arrows seems to have been for hunting purposes. Id., xvii. 100. June 6th, Gov. to Corporal Peralta ordering great caution and prudence, but the Indians must be punished if fair words have no effect. Id., xvii. 106-7.
13 Sept. 27, 1797, Barcenilla writes to the commandaut that the soldiers will not lend a hand even in cases where 'the most barbarous Indian would not refuse his aid.' Private Higuera does nothing but wag his tongue against such as assist the padres. Corp. Miranda is much changed and will not work even for pay. Miranda explained that the padres were angry because the soldiers would not act as vaqueros. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 47-8. Details of the trouble in Id., xvi. 35-8, 46-7.
11St. Pap. Miss., MS., ii. 122. Soldiers of the guard before 1800, accord- ing to S. José, Lib. de Mision, MS., Juan José Higuera, Salvador Ligucra, Juan Garcia, Cornelio Rosales, Rafael Galindo, Juan José Linares, Ramon Linares, Francisco Flores, José María Castillo, Miguel Salazar, Hilario Mi- randa, and Hermenegildo Bojorges.
557
FOUNDING OF SAN JUAN BAUTISTA.
For the second mission Borica instructed the com- mandant of Monterey on May 18th to detail Cor- poral Ballesteros and a guard of five men.15 Next day were issued Borica's instructions to the corporal, simi- lar in every respect to documents of the same class already noted in past chapters. It is to be noted, however, that the matter of furnishing escorts to the friars is left more to the corporal's discretion than before, the absence of soldiers at night being declared inexpedient but not absolutely prohibited. Sending soldiers after fugitive neophytes was, however, still forbidden. These instructions, though prepared espe- cially for this new mission, were ordered published at all the missions. 16
The site chosen was the southernmost of the two that had been examined, called by the Spaniards for many years past San Benito, but by the natives Popeloutchom.17 Here as early as June 17th, Corporal Ballesteros had erected a church, missionary-house, granary, and guard-house,18 and on June 24th, day of the titular saint, President Lasuen with the aid of fathers Catalá and Martiarena founded the new mis- sion of San Juan Bautista,19 the name having been
15 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 144-5. A list of supplies furnished the escolta is given as follows: 12 fan. maize, 4 fan. beans, I butt of fat, 1 barrel, 1 pot, 1 pan, 1 iron ladle, 1 metate, 1 earthern pan, 1 frying-pan, 2 knives, 5 axes, 3 hoes, 1 iron bar, 1 machete, 6 knives for cutting grass and tules, 10 hides, 2 muskets, 1,000 cartridges, No. 14, 1,000 balls, 200 flints, 50 lbs. pow- der, 1 pair of shackles, 2 fetters, 1 door, ] padlock, weights and measures. List also in St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 51-2. May 19th, Borica gives some gen- eral orders about the two new missions. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 137.
16 Borica, Instruccion para el Comandante de la Escolta destinada á la fun- dacion de la Mision de San Juan Bautista, 1797, MS.
17 Written also Poupeloutehun and Popelout. The 23 rancherías belong- ing to this mission were Onextaco, Absayruc, Motssum, Trutca, Teboaltac, Xisca, or Xixcaca, Giguay, Tipisastac, Ausaima, Poytoquix, Guachurroncs, Pagosincs or Paycincs, Calendarnc, Asystarca, Pouxouoma, Suricuama, Ta- marox, Thithirii, Unijaima, Chapana, Mitaldejama, Echantac, and Yelmus. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 190-1.
19 Lasuen both on the title-page of S. Juan Bautista, Lib. de Mision, MS., and in a letter of June 27th, to the governor, Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., vi. 22-3, commits the strange error of making the foundation on June 21st. In another letter dated June 27th, he gives the date correctly. St. Pap., Sac., MS., xviii. 28-9. July 2d, governor announces the foundation to viceroy. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 94. See also Id., iv. 250; Arroyo de la Cuesta, Gram. Mutsun, p. vii .- viii.
558
EXPLORATIONS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS.
indicated in the orders of the viceroy, and the day having been selected as appropriate.
José Manuel Martiarena and Pedro Adriano Marti- nez were the first ministers, both new arrivals of 1794 and 1797 respectively, the latter serving at San Juan until the end of 1800, the former leaving the mission in July 1799, and Jacinto Lopez coming in August 1800. The first baptism took place on July 11th, and before the end of the year 85 had received the rite, as had 641 before the end of 1800, 65 having died in the mean time, and 516 remaining as neophytes. Live- stock increased to 723 large animals and 2,080 small; agricultural products for 1800-much the largest crop that had been raised-amounted to about 2,700 bush- els.20 A mud-roofed wooden structure was the mis- sion church before 1800.
Beyond the statistics given there is nothing to be noted in the local annals of San Juan Bautista except certain Indian troubles and the earthquake of 1800. The Ansaimes, or Ansayames, were the natives who caused most trouble. They lived in the mountains some twenty-five miles east of San Juan. In 1798 they are said to have surrounded the mission by night, but were forced to retreat by certain prompt measures of the governor not specified. In November another band known as the Osos killed eight rancheria Ind- ians, and Sergeant Castro was sent to punish them. They resisted and a fight occurred, in which the chief Tatillosti was killed, another chief and a soldier were wounded, and two gentiles were brought in to be educated as interpreters. In 1799 the Ansaimes again assumed a threatening attitude and killed five Moutsones, or Mutsunes, who lived between them and the mission. Acting under elaborate instructions from Borica, Castro visited several rancherías, recov- ered over fifty fugitives, administered a few floggings
20 The soldiers named in the mission-books before 1800 were Corporal Juan Ballesteros, Antonio Enriquez, José Manuel Higuera, José Guadalupe Ramirez, Matías Rodriguez, Manuel Briones, Lúcas Altamirano, Isidro Flores, and José Ignacio Lugo.
559
FOUNDING OF SAN MIGUEL.
with no end of warnings, found some of the prevalent rumors of past misdeeds to be unfounded, and brought in a few captives for presidio work. Again in 1800 the Ansaimes killed two Mutsunes at San Benito Creek, burned a house and some wheat-fields, and were with difficulty kept from destroying the mission. Sergeant Gabriel Moraga marched with ten men and brought in eighteen captives including the chieftains of the Ansaime and the Carnadero rancherias.21
There were shocks of earthquake from the 11th to the 31st of October, sometimes six in a day, the most severe on the 18th. Friars were so terrified that they spent the nights out of doors in the mission carts. Several cracks appeared in the ground, one of considerable extent and depth on the banks of the Pájaro, and the adobe walls of all the buildings were cracked from top to bottom, and threatened to fall. The natives said that such shocks were not uncom- mon in that vicinity, and spoke of subterranean fis- sures, or caverns, caused by them, from which salt water had issued.22
The site of the third mission, between San Antonio and San Luis Obispo, was called Las Pozas by the Spaniards and Vahiá by the natives.23 "Here," says
21 Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 9-11; vi. 106-7; Borica, Instruccion al Sargento Castro sobre recorrer las Rancherias de Gentiles, 1799, MS., in Prov. St. Pap., xvii. 325-S. Dated Monterey, June 7th. Castro, Diario de su Expedicion & las Rancherias, 1799, MS. Dated June 29th. It seems that the Spaniards were in the habit of going to the Ansaime country after tequesquite, or salt- petre. Besides those named in the text the Orestaco and Guapo raneherias are mentioned. See also St. Pap., Sac., MS., viii. 80-1; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 33. In 1800 the San Juan Indians sent 3 wagons, 9 yoke of oxen, 9 horses, and 15 Indians to Monterey when an attack from foreign vessels was fearcd. For this they were remunerated by order of the viceroy to encourage zeal in like cases. Id., xix. 7.
22 Comandante Sal. to governor, Oet. 31, 1800, in St. Pap., Miss. and Colon, MS., i. 40-2. Nov. 29th, governor acknowledges receipt. Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 147. Dee. 5th, governor to viceroy. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi., 51. Feb. 10th, V. R. to gov. Id., xviii. 69. This earthquake has been noticed also in Randolph's Oration; Vallejo, Ilist. Cal., MS., i. 107; Tuthill's Ilist. Cal., 116; Trask, in Cal. Acad. Nat. Science, iii. 134. On Nov. 22d a shock was felt in the extreme south. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 54.
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