USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 79
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 79
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Cattle and horses increased from less than 1,000 . head to 6,580, while sheep, notwithstanding Borica's efforts, decreased to less than 400.43 Agricultural products were 4,300 bushels in 1800, the largest crop having been 6,700 bushels in 1797, and the smallest
42 According to the statistics the population in 1791 was 82; in 1792, 122; in 1794, 80; in 1795, 187; in 1796, 208; in 1798, 152; and in 1800, 171, from 10 to 20 natives being included in each number. Of the 26 names given in a former chapter (xvi.) for 1790, there disappeared before 1797, Antonio Romero and Francisco Avila (sent away in 1792) of the pobladores; Juan Antonio Amezquita, invalid; and Higuera, Cayuelas, and Joaquin Castro, agregados. The new names that appear during the decade, most of them on the list of 1797, are as follows: Francisco Alvirez, Javier Alviso, Francisco Alviso, José Águila, Francisco Arias, Justo Altamirano, José Ávila, Nicolás Berreyesa, Pedro Bojorques, José María Benavides, Antonio Buelna, Francisco Béjar, Marcos Chabolla, Francisco Castro, Macario Castro, Leocadio Cibrian, Pablo Cibrian, Ignacio Cantua, Nicolás Camareno, Bernardo Flores, Bernardo Gon- zalez, Francisco Gonzalez, Nicolás Galindo, Bernardo Heredia, Salvador Higuera, Ramon Lasso de la Vega, José Larios, José María Martinez, Leo- cadio Martinez, Dolores Mesa, Joaquin Mesa, Gabriel Moraga, Juan Mejía, Miguel Osuna, Ignacio Pacheco, Miguel Pacheco, Luis Peralta, José Pliego, Tcdro Romero, José María Ruiz, Juan Rosas, José Saez, Miguel Saez, Justo Saez, José Antonio Sanchez, Albino Tobar, Rafael Villavicencio, Jacobo Velarde, Antonio Soto. List of 1793, in Prov. Rec., MS., v. 410-14. Lists of 1797, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 130-1; Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 6, 7.
43 Three thousand three hundred and forty-seven cattle, horses, and mules, the number for 1799, would probably be a fairer estimate, for the statistics are very irregular. An increase from 945 cattle in 1799 to 3,311 in 1800 is inexplicable, the number given for 1801 being 1,841. Sheep-raising intro- duced in 1796, according to Prov. Rer., MS., vi. 79. May 18, 1796, Sal to comisionado, transcribing Borica's orders. Many vecinos have not a single sheep. This is bad and contrary to the reglamento. Each settler must at once obtain a ram and 10 sheep, and the government will at once advance the means to the poor. S. José, Arch., MS., ii. 87. A settler must not keep more than 50 cattle, and should keep sheep in the proportion of three to one. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 204; Dep. St. Pap., S. José, MS., i. 73-4.
717
PRIVATE RANCHOS.
1,800 in 1799.44 These figures include wheat, corn, and beans, but not hemp, the culture of which was introduced into California in 1795, San José being selected as the place for the experiment, and Ignacio Vallejo as the man to superintend it. Small crops of this staple were raised nearly every year during the last half of the decade. Some rude machinery was constructed for its preparation, and several small lots of the prepared fibre were sent to Monterey for ship- ment to San Blas. 45
Outside of the pueblo limits, there is no evidence of any agricultural or stock-raising operations in this region or in the San Francisco jurisdiction, where no land-grants even of a provisional nature had been made, except perhaps El Pilar on the peninsula to José Argüello in 1797, about which there is some uncer- tainty.46 The slight structures of the town had, as
44 Jan. 15, 1795, Borica urges increased attention to agriculture and prom- ises preference in the purchase of supplies. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., i. 45-6. March 29, 1796, Borica is glad to know the reservoir is finished and he offers a premium of $25 to the man who shall raise the biggest crop. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 186. Sept. 1796, Borica congratulates San José on hier wheat crop. In May he had soundly rated the comisionado for not planting more corn. Id., iv. 1SS-9, 196, 202. May 2, 1796, 10 sacks seed-corn sent from Monterey. S. José, Arch., MS., ii. 87. Sept. 15, 1797, complaints of bad quality of San José flour. Id., v. 32. May 30, 1798, Borica orders the settlers to enclose their fields. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 272, 293. Aug. 31, 1799, Vallejo to B., very poor wheat crops caused by chahuiste. Asks for time to pay loans and tithes. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 229.
45 Dec. 23, 1795, Borica to Moraga ordering him to afford Vallejo aid in the way of grain with which to pay native laborers. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 241. Dec. 4th, Argüello to Moraga, transcribes B.'s note of Dec. Ist, with viceroy's order of Aug. 26th, in reply to Borica's of Feb. Ist, with instructions on prep- aration of hemp, and promise of instruments. S. José, Arch., MS., iv. 28. Lands of Linares taken and others given him. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 177-80. July 3, 1796, B. regrets loss of first crop; but five fanegas of seed were saved. Id., iv. 192, 199. August 13th, B. to Vallejo, earpenter Bejar to make machin- ery. Grain to be sown for rations of native laborers. Id., iv. 197. About 30 fanegas of seed harvested in 1796-7. Twenty-five arrobas (625 lbs.) sent to San Blas in 1798. Id., vi. 103; St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 70. Numerous minor communications on the subject during 1797, showing great interest on the part of Borica and even the V. R. Prov. St. Pap., MIS., xv. Seven bales shipped in September 1800. Crop in 1800-1 not good. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 15; S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 59, 66, 70.
16 Application and grant recorded in Prov. Rec., MS., v. 103; but in 1798 Ar- güello himself names El Pilar as belonging to the mission. Argüello, Informe sobre Rancho del Rey, MS. In his report of 1794 Arrillaga says that the settlers of San José formerly did not possess their lands iu property, and the land annu- ally assigned them by the comisionado was not properly cultivated because liablo next year to fall into the hands of another. The comisionado was therefore or-
718
LOCAL EVENTS -- SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
we have seen, been removed before 1791 to a short distance from the original site, but there is nothing to show that the buildings on the new site were of a more substantial character;47 neither was there any- thing noticeable accomplished in the way of manufac- tures. 48
The settlers showed a spirit of insubordination early in 1792, owing to popular dissatisfaction with Vallejo as comisionado, but on his removal quiet was restored, not to be disturbed in the same way until 1800 under Castro's administration. At this time a gang of idle vagabonds committed all kinds of depredations, and finally set the comisionado's house on fire one night when a "peaceable and lawful ball" was in progress. A detachment of soldiers was sent from San Fran- cisco to restore order, which it is to be presumed they accomplished, though we have no particulars.49 Mean- while in 1794 there had been fears of an Indian out- break which gave rise to much correspondence and caused unusual precautions. Father Fernandez of Santa Clara was accused of undue severity in connec- tion with this affair, a charge not fully sustained when Alférez Sal was sent to make investigations. No out-
dered to distribute four suertes to each on condition of paying a fee of reconoci- miento to the king, and of not selling without consent of the authorities. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 188-9. Dec. 29, 1793, governor to comisionado, each lot to be 200 yards square, for which half a fanega of maize must be paid. New settlers must pay same as old pobladores, and will get a title. After a year and a day they may hold office. He who abandons his land loses all improvements. Retired soldiers pay no reconocimiento, but their heirs must pay. Id., xxi. 177-8. Feb. 7, 1800, some settlers disposed to abandon their lands or part of them. This must not be allowed. S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 63.
# Sept. 25, 1797, reference to a bridge over the creek. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 257. April 3, 1799, if the people want a chapel they may use the commu- nity grain to build it. Id., iv. 292.
48 Jan. 1795, Borica urges the people to tan hides and make saddles, boots, and shoes, ctc., which will be purchased at fair prices if of good quality. He will have no idleness. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 220. Leocadio Martinez, carpen- ter, was exiled here in 1796. San Jose, Arch., MS., ii. 79. Oct. 28, 1798, Larios and Balesteros allowed to build a water-mill. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 283. July 1799, reference to Villavicencio's weavery at San José. Id., iv. 300.
19 Arrillaga, Papel de Puntos, MS., 18S. Sept. 30, 1800, Castro to Sal, with certificate of alcalde and Ramon Lasso. Oct. 2d, Sal to Arrillaga transmit- ting the complaint. Dec. 13th, governor's orders to Sal and Alberni. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 4-8, 16.
719
PUEBLO VS MISSION.
break occurred.50 After 1797 a large part of the military guard was withdrawn to provide for the new foundations.
In 1797 there was a proposition to move the pueblo to the western bank of the river, with a view to escape the danger of inundation. It was favored by Moraga, Vallejo, Alcalde Chabolla, and in fact by all the settlers except four. Borica ordered Córdoba to examine the proposed site and make a plan for the town, and the change seemed likely to be effected; but after September the whole subject was dropped,51 probably in consequence of a controversy between the pueblo and mission about boundaries. This quarrel was the most notable local event of the decade. In April 1797 Father Sanchez of Santa Clara complained that the townsmen were encroaching on the mission lands. Borica thereupon sent the engineer Córdoba to make a survey and establish the boundaries, taking into account the views of both friars and vecinos and also the former survey of Moraga. Córdoba reported in August that the bound, so far as it could be deter- mined from Moraga's rather vague survey by meas- uring 1,950 varas down the river from where the old dam was said to have been, was within the mission potrero, and that the padres refused to accept it in a representation enclosed in the report. In this docu- ment, addressed by Catalá and Viader to Borica, great stress was placed on the rights of the natives, and to the fact that some time in the future the lands must be divided among the 5,000 native owners. It
50 Correspondence between Moraga, Argüello, and Sal in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 33, 49-53, 124-32, 189-91. May 16, 1797, guard to be withdrawn. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 213. Aug. 2, 1794, troops ordered to be drawn up under arms, and all citizens to assemble with officials to formally recognize Borica as governor. S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 23. May 20, 1797, Moraga to Vallejo, statement of armament and ammunition. There was one mounted cannon. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 168-9; S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 48-9.
51 .Jan. 8, 1797, Moraga to Borica. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 4. Jan. 10th, Chabolla to B. Id., xvi. 24. May Ilth, B. to Córdoba. Id., xxi. 257. Sept. 7th, Vallejo to B. Id., xv. 145. Sept. 2Gth, Vallejo says the alcalde has directed the people to build aeross the river. Id., xvii. 241. No date, José María Martinez says the settlers did not desire the removal. Id., xvii. 241.
720
LOCAL EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
was claimed that the mission had been in actual pos- session of the lands in dispute for twelve years, and instances were cited where controversies with individ- uals had been decided by Moraga and others in favor of the mission. Moreover, the natives, both Chris- tian and gentile, were beginning to complain that they were robbed of their lands.
Nothing more is heard of the matter for a year.52 In July 1798 the guardian of San Fernando college, who was no other than Padre Tomás de la Peña, for- merly minister of Santa Clara, and to whom the mat- ter had naturally been referred by the missionaries, addressed a petition to the viceroy. In it he states that Moraga founded the pueblo nearer the mission than Neve had intended it to be. Neve had subse- quently admitted this and promised to move the town; but as during his administration no lands were as- signed, no landmarks fixed, and no pueblo cattle sent across the river, there had been no trouble.53 When Fages came he determined to grant lands and fix boundaries, and he did so notwithstanding the friars' verbal and written protest and Junípero Serra's en- treaties, to which he paid not the slightest respect. From that time troubles were frequent, and Fages, the archenemy of the friars, seemed to take pleasure in annoying them. In 1786, however, Palou on his return to Mexico laid the matter before the viceroy and obtained a promise of relief or at least of investi- gation; the river to be the boundary until a definite settlement should be made. Owing to the death of the viceroy followed by that of Palou, the promise
52 In the mean time, however, the padres of Mission San José complained of damage done by pueblo horses, and Vallejo gave orders to remedy the evil, though it was difficult to keep the horses off the lands where they had been born and raised. Oct. 9, 1798, P. Barcenilla to Vallejo. Oct. 18th, Vallejo to Borica. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xv. 156-7.
53 Neve, Instruccion que dá á Fages, MS., 147, seems to have pronounced in favor of the half-way mark between pueblo and mission as the boundary. ' Declaro que la guardiaraya ó lindero que divide los dos términos de Oriente á Poniente es la mediacion del terreno que intermedia entre las dos poblaci- ones, correspondiendo á la mision la parte del Norte, y al Pueblo la del Sur, donde pueden ponerse desde luego mojoneras.'
72
SAN JOSÉ VS SANTA CLARA.
was not fulfilled; but during the time of Romeu and Arrillaga, the mission had never recognized the old landmarks, and without hinderance had built their fences and used the land beyond those old bounds. Now, however, the settlers were encroaching on the lands thus occupied, and insisting on the limits fixed by Fages. The petition calls for the river Guadalupe as a dividing line, which will leave to the pueblo land enough, and with which the mission will be content, though its lands be less in extent and of inferior quality.
This petition was referred to Borica, who in Decem- ber 1798 reported in favor of the padres, but suggested that a part of the mountains toward the coast should be reserved to the pueblo for a source of wood-supply. On this basis the matter was settled, after some unim- portant correspondence between local authorities, by a viceregal decree of September 1, 1800, in favor of the Guadalupe as a boundary, with a reservation of moun- tain woodland to be agreed upon and clearly marked to prevent future disputes. Captain Argüello was appointed commissioner for the pueblo, and Padre Landaeta for the mission, and in July 1801 the boun- daries were surveyed and landmarks fixed. Thus the missionaries were victorious.54 I append in a note a slight résumé of pueblo regulations at San José as expressed in the correspondence of this decade.55
54 San José, Cuestion de Limites entre el Pueblo y la Mision de Santa Clara, 1797-1801. Varios Papeles tocantes al Asunto., MS. These papers include April 30, 1797, complaint of P. Sanchez to Borica; May 11th, decree of B. with instructions to Córdoba; July 29th, examination of witnesses at San José; Aug. 7th, Córdoba's report; Aug. 6th, representation of Catalá and Viader to B .; July 27, 1798, Peña, Peticion del P. Guardian sobre límites de San José y Santa Clara, 1798, MS. Aug. 7th, Viceroy Azanza to B .; Dec. 3d, B. to V. R., approving padre's claims, in Prov. Ree., MS. vi. 110; Jan. 3d, April 1, 1800, Sal to comisionado of S. José. S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 50, 56. Feb. 9th, Gov. to Sal. Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 134. Sept. Ist, V. R.'s decree of settle- ment. St. Pap., Sac., MS., ix. 10, 11. Aug. 1, 1801, Carrillo to Arrillaga, has received Argüello's report of July 31st. St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., i. 44. Aug. 31st, Gov. to Carrillo, is advised of the establishment of the line and of the settlers' discontent. Governor to president to same effect. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxii. 3; Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 15. Oct. 20, 1803, padre asks permission to mark the boundaries with trenches. S. José, Arch., MS., iv. 100. See also Hall's Hist. S. José, 57-80.
53 June 12, 1792, Argüello to governor, only soldiers, justices, and travel- lers may carry arms; boys must not go into the country without a guardian; HIST. CAL., VOL. I. 46
722
LOCAL EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
At the mission of Santa Clara Peña and Noboa served as ministers until August 1794, when both retired to their college, the former on account of ill- health, the latter at the expiration of his term of ten years. 56 Padre Peña during the later years of his
all single males over 12 years old must sleep in the guard-house, for the pro- tection of family peace; severe punishment for gaming. St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 111. 1794, troops had to take care of their animals or pay for it, the set- tlers objecting. Arrillaga, Papel de Puntos, MS., 189. Dec. 4, 1795, Borica approves that no grain be sown in community, but each settler contribute two fanegas of wheat and two of corn each year. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 239. April 29, 1796, neither gentiles nor Christian Indians must be allowed to ride. S. José, Arch., MS., ii. 65, 86. Nov. 5, 1796, B.'s orders that no gambling, drinking, or illicit sexual relations are to be allowed, and Moraga must pre- vent them or be dismissed. Id., ii. 72. Sept. 3, 1796, no neophyte to be allowed in the pueblo without a paper from the padre. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS .. i. 67. Jan. 3, 1798, three keys to community granary, one kept by comisionado, one by alcalde, and one by senior regidor. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 263. April 30, 1798, comisionado not to meddle in administration of jus- tice. Id., iv., 269-70. Dec. 13th, each invalid and settler, according to reg- lamento, must keep two horses and equipments. Id., iv. 286. Nov. 21, 1799, Borica's instructions to Castro on relieving Vallejo as comisionado. Details on inventories, tithes, loan of seed, and moral supervision. San José, Arch., MS., vi. 40. August 22, 1800, Sol to comisionado. No one from Branciforte to sow grain at San José. Alcalde has been instructed about those who beat children. Comisionado to look after crops which are being neglected. Mnles won't sell at any price. If Larios will not pay tithes he must not sow. San José, Arch., MS., iii. 68. Oct. 4th, patrol after 11 P. M. to prevent disorders and fires and arrest any one abroad without cause. A scouting party to be organized for the country. Id., iii. 65. Oct. 7th, if Heredia refuses to aid in repairs to the depósito, give him 40 days to leave the jurisdiction with all his family and belongings. Id., iii. 64. Only those duly registered as vecinos can sow without special license. Id., iii. 58. Oct. 15th, petitions can be sent only through the comisionado. Id., iii. 48. Oct. 25th, if Hernandez is found with a knife he is to get 50 lashes; neither must he get drunk nor create scandal. Id., iii. 71.
56 Tomás de la Peña y Saravia, a native of Spain, left Mexico in October 1770, sailed from San Blas in February 1771, was driven to Manzanillo, came back to Sinaloa by land, and finally reached Loreto November 24, 1771, being assigned to Comondú Mission. He came up to San Diego on September 1772, serving there for a year, and subsequently as a supernumerary for short periods at San Luis Obispo and San Carlos. From June to August 1774 he made a voyage with Perez to the north-west coast, keeping a diary of the expedition. After his return he remained as supernumerary at San Carlos and neighboring missions until January 1777, when he became a founder of Santa Clara, serving there until August 11, 1794, when he sailed for San Blas in the San- tiago. In 1795 he received some votes for guardian of the college, and was subsequently elected, since he held the position in 1798. He was also sindic of the college from 1800 to Feb. 9, 1806, the date of his death. P. Peña was an able and successful missionary, but hot-tempered and occasionally barsh in his treatment of the neophytes. He was accused before 1790 of having caused the death of two boys by his blows; but after a full investigation the charge was proven false, the Indian witnesses confessing that they had testi- fied falsely, and some evidence being adduced to show that Commandant Gonzalez, whom the padre bad reproved for his immorality, had used his influence in favor of the accusation. The formal decision was not reached until 1795, after the padre had retired to Mexico; but he interceded with
723
ANNALS OF SANTA CLARA.
stay in California was a prey to that peculiar hypo- chondria which affected so many of the early mission- aries, amounting at the last almost to insanity. It is possible that in his case this condition was aggra- vated by serious but unfounded charges of having killed two Indian boys by ill-treatment. The suc- cessors in the ministry were Magin Catalá,57 and Manuel Fernandez, but the latter served only a year, being accused of excessive severity toward the natives, and then came José Viader. For three decades I shall have no further changes in ministers to record at Santa Clara.
In 1800 this mission had a larger neophyte popula- tion than any other in California, showing a gain from 927 to 1,247, baptisms having numbered 2,288, and deaths 1,682, so that a margin of nearly 300 is left for runaways. The baptisms in 1794 had been 500, and 235 in 1796 had been the largest number of deaths. Live-stock, large and small, had increased to about 5,000 each, Santa Clara being behind San Francisco in this respect, and barely equal in agricultural pro- ducts, which in 1800 amounted to 4,200 bushels. The best crop was 8,300 bushels in 1797, the worst 3,200 in 1792, the average being 4,600 bushels. Wheat was
the authorities in behalf of his Indian accusers, who were released after pub- licly apologizing to the ministers for their attempt to bring dishonor on the order. President Lasuen in May 1794 spoke of his condition as being pitia- ble, for he had became emaciated, talked to himself, appeared constantly afraid, and showed other symptoms which caused fears that he might lose his reason. Peña had a patent as president in case of accident to Lasueu. See Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., x. 150, 289; xi. 52, 220, 240; xii. 436; Sta Clara, Lib. de Mision, MS .; Sta Cruz, Lib. de Mision, MS., 10; Arch. Arzo- bispado, MS., i. 39; Prov. Rec., MS., iii. 33-5; iv. 234; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xix. 6; and Peña, Cargo de Homicidio contra el Padre Tomás de la Peña, 1786-95, MS. Of Diego de Noboa nothing is known save that he ar- rived at San Francisco from Mexico on June 2, 1783, remained unattached at San Francisco and Santa Clara until June 1784, when he became minister of the latter mission and continued to serve there until he sailed with his asso- ciate on Aug, 11, 1794.
57 Sept 3, 1796, Borica says that it is reported that Catalá has threatened the comandante of San Jose to destroy the houses if he admits Christian natives to the pueblo. He does not believe any such reports. Magin is a friar, not a Robespierre. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 169-70. Jan. 7, 1797, B. orders Moraga and Vallejo to give satisfaction to Catalá for their rudeness, and asks the padre to bear a little with the manners of men who were not educated 'en el colegio de nobles ni en el Romano.' Id., vi. 179-80.
724
LOCAL EVENTS-SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.
the leading product, and no barley was raised as a rule.58
Vancouver describes the mission buildings as on the same general plan as at San Francisco, forming an incomplete square of about 100 by 170 feet. The structures were somewhat superior to those of San Francisco, the church being long, lofty, and as well built as the rude materials would permit. The upper stories, or garrets, of the buildings and some of the lower rooms were used as granaries, and there were also two detached storehouses recently erected. Close to the padres' house ran a fine stream of water, but in order to be near this stream the site had been selected in a low marshy spot only a few hundred yards from dry and comfortable eminences.59 In fact this very year of 1792 the friars had been confined for a long time to their house by a flood, and it had been resolved to move the mission buildings some five hundred yards to higher ground.60 There is no further direct record of the removal, and it is not likely that the new church was ever moved, but a report of 1797 that the ministers' houses, guard-room, storehouse, and soldiers' dwellings had been completed indicates a transfer of such buildings as were on the lowest ground.61 The church had a roof of tiles and had
58 Supplies furnished to Monterey in 1795, $1,439; to S. Francisco, $212; to Monterey in 1796, $2,147; in 1798, $800. In December 1797 had a draft from Argüello for $1,643. Ordered a bill of goods of $4,000 from Mexico. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 203, 206; xvii. 62; Prov. Rec., MS., v. 76. Fur- nished supplies to San Carlos in the hard year of 1795. Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., ii. 229-30. Bean crop failed in 1795, raising price from $2.50 to $3.50. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 67-8. The following items are from Vancouver's observations in 1792. Many thousand bushels of different grains in store. Hemp and flax succeed well. Wheat yields 25 and 30 fold. Barley and oats not raised because the superior grain could be produced with the same labor. In the garden were peaches, apricots, apples, pears, figs and vines, though the latter do not flourish. Immense herds of cattle; 24 oxen killed every Saturday for food. Vancouver's Voyage, ii., 19-24.
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