History of California, Volume I, Part 75

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852

USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 75
USA > California > History of California, Volume I > Part 75

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I See company rolls in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 9; xiv. 2; xvii. 6; xviii. 1; xx. 1; xxi. 2, 11; xxii. 5; xxiii. 2; xxvi. 3, 4, 15; xxvii. 4; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 10-13; iii. 14; iv. 20. Missions included in the juris- diction. Sal's report of 1798, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 63. White popu- lation in 1800, 518; Indian population, 3,949. St. Pap., Miss., MS., iii. 15 ..

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678

LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.

Diego Gonzalez kept his place on the rolls as nom- inal lieutenant of the Monterey company until August 1792, although he had long been absent; and his suc- cessor was Leon Parrilla, who held the place until September 1795, although from incompetency, ill- health, and partial insanity he never exercised any authority.2

Meanwhile the commandants were Ortega of the Loreto company until March 1791, and Argüello of the San Francisco company until March 1796.3 Then Sal, who in September 1795 had been promoted from alférez to lieutenant, took the command which he held until his death in 1800,4 when he was succeeded by

Twelve sailors from the Concepcion and San Carlos remained at Monterey as laborers in 1795, two of them as soldiers. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 62. Two foundlings in 1800. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 22. List of 16 workmen who came in 1798 on the Concepcion. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 19-20. List of company in 1798. Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xvii. 17-19. List of Catalan volunteers in 1799. St. Pap., Miss., MS., iii. 7.

2 Leon Parrilla was promoted to be lieutenant of the Monterey company on Aug. 8, 1792. His past service had been three years as cadet, three years as guidon-bearer, and four years as alférez, first in the dragoons and later in the regiment of España. He had never given proof of courage or application, and his natural abilities were deemed only medium. Parrilla, Hoja de Ser- vicios, MS., in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., xxi. 4. He arrived in San Fran- cisco July 25, 1793, and soon proceeded to Monterey. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 18. Here he immediately became unfit to perform the duties of com- mandant and habilitado by reason of fits of insanity; consequently Argüello continued to discharge those duties by the governor's order and the viceroy's approval. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 165; viceroy to governor, April 26, 1794, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xi. 169. August 13, 1794, Arrillaga, Papel de Puntos, MS., 196-7, says to Borica that Parrilla is incapable, apparently demented, and has to be confined to his house under guard. He sometimes escaped at night and had to be brought back by force. Once he tried to escape by sea in a boat. Dec. 13, 1794, Sal pronounces him incapable of keeping books. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 140. At the end of 1794 Borica declares him useless for any services, and proposes to send him away in the first vessel for San Blas. This was done, and approved by the viceroy. Parrilla was put on the retired list with a pension from July 1, 1795. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 213; xiii. 123, 270; Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xxi. 4.

$ Ortega did not, however, leave Monterey until May 1792. Argüello in 1794 was administrator of tobacco revenues and had a kind of supervision over all presidio accounts. Sal in 1799 was called administrador general de real hacienda for New California. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 136-7; xvii. 285, 315; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 176.

‘ Hermenegildo Sal seems to have come to California as a private soldier with Anza's expedition in 1776. This would be remarkable for a man of his ability were it not for certain hints that he came under pardon for some offence not specified which may have reduced him to the ranks. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 74. He was a native of the Villa de Valdemoro, Castilla la Nueva. San Francisco, Lib. de Mision, MS., 10; St. Pap., Sac., MS., iii. 1, 2, He was with Capt. Rivera at San Diego in 1776, Prov. St. Pap., MS., i. 219, and was

679

HERMENEGILDO SAL.

Raimundo Carrillo. It must be noted, however, that while Sal and Carrillo were commanders of the presi- dial company, Lieutenant-colonel Alberni came down from San Francisco early in 1800 and by virtue of his superior rank became comandante of the post.

by that officer put in charge of the military warehouse of San Francisco. Here Gov. Neve noticed his intelligent management of financial affairs in May 1777, and the next year obtained his appointment as guarda-almacen, which position he held until February 1782, when he was called to Monterey to settle the accounts of the defunct store-keeper. Prov. Rec., MS., i. 69, 119; ii. 75; San Francisco, Lib. de Mision, MS., 6. May 19, 1782, he was made sergeant of the Santa Bárbara Company, and in August received his commis- sion as alférez of Monterey, dated May 29th. His commission as lieutenant was dated April 27, 1795, and was received in August or September. Prov. St. Pap., MS., iii. 209; Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 65; iv. 232; St. Pap., Sac., MS., iii. 1, 2, 55. He was at Monterey from 1782 to 1791, and from 1794 to 1800, being habilitado from 1782 to 1787 and from 1797 to 1800, and commandant from 1785 to 1787 and 1796 to 1800. He was at San Francisco as habilitado and acting commandant from 1791 to 1794. In addition to his other duties Sal acted as governor's secretary during a large part of Borica's administra- tion. He was present at the founding of Santa Cruz in 1791 and at the con- secration of its church in 1794. In 1795 he accompanied Danti in a search for mission sites. Don Hermenegildo had a good education for his time, wrote a fine hand, and was probably the best accountant and the clearest headed business man in California. Only once was fault found with his accounts, and an investigation showed that instead of his owing the company $3,000 as was charged, the company was in debt to him. He was a hasty, quick-tempered man, prone as a commander to order severe penalties for offences against his strict discipline, and then to countermand the order when his anger had passed away. Stung by the taunts of an anonymous letter he once made a personal attack upon Capt. Nicolás Soler, accusing him of an intrigue with his wife. Sal married at San Francisco on May 16, 1777, Maria José Amezquita, San Francisco, Lib. de Mision, MS., 10, 55, 72, by whom he had several children, some of whom died in infancy. Vancouver, who speaks in the highest terms of Sal and his wife, was also delighted with the decorous behavior of their two daughters and son, and the attention that had evidently been paid to their education. Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 8. One daughter, Rafaela, was the first wife of Luis Antonio Arguello and died at San Fran- cisco Feb. 6, 1814, as shown by the mission records. Another, Josefa, was the wife of Sergt. Roca who commanded the artillery at San Diego, and was left a widow in 1814. S. Diego, Lib. de Mision, MS., 94. A third, unmarried, was the guest of R. C. Hopkins of San Francisco in 1863, and died before 1867. Dwinelle's Colon. Hist., xvii. José María Amador speaks of a son, Domingo, who was a soldado distinguido in the San Francisco company and died young. Amador, Mem., MS., 121. Another son, Meliton, was buried at San Diego, Aug. 21, 1810. San Diego, Lib. de Mision, MS., 42. Suffering from phthisis and nnable to discharge efficiently his duties, on March 18, 1800, Sal petitioned the king for retirement with rank of captain. The viceroy granted the request provisionally on Aug. Ist, with encouragement to hope for success at court. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 32; ix. 60. In September a settler named Borbosa attempted to murder him with a dagger, but was pre- vented by Surgeon Soler. Prov. Rec., xi. 145-6. Finally he died at Monterey. Dec. 8, 1800, and his remains were interred at San Carlos mission with military honors. His executors were Lieut. Argüello and Sergt. Roca. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 10-17; Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xxviii. 3; xxxii. 7; Pror. Rec., MS., x. 9. His disease was in those days regarded as contagious, and therefore, at the

680

LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.

The position of habilitado accompanied that of com- mandant, except that José Perez Fernandez held it from April 1796 to June 1797.5 The company alférez was Sal down to 1795 and Carrillo down to 1800. Pablo Soler held the place of surgeon throughout the decade. Manuel Rodriguez was connected with the company as cadet from 1794 to 1797. Manuel Var- gas was the sergeant until 1794, when he became an invalid, and Macario Castro took the position.6

The ravages caused by the fire of 1789 had been nearly repaired before Fages left the country, and, with the exception of the chapel, the buildings seem to have been completed in 1791,7 though another fire

recommendation of the surgeon, all his clothing and bedding were burned as was the roof of his house after the plastering had been removed from the walls. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 29; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 149.

5 José Perez Fernandez was in 1791 a sergeant attached to the Loreto company, having come there that year after 16 years' service in the España dragoons. In 1791 he was recommended by the governor in a terna with Carrillo and Amador-but with a preference by reason of his skill in ac- counts-for alférez of San Francisco. He was commissioned Ang. 17, 1792, and held the place until 1797, being habilitado and acting commandant from July 1794 to April 1796. Then he served as habilitado at Monterey, though still belonging to the San Francisco company, until June 1797, and two months later he was transferred to Loreto. He was born in 1749. St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 55; v. 76; Prov. Rec., MS., v. 268; vi. 78.

6 It would serve no good purpose to give all the multitudinous references from which I have formed the preceding account of Monterey officials. The following are a few of the most important, or at least the most definite: Ortega gives up habilitacion to Arguello March 31, 1791. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xv. 3. Argüello commandant as early as July 1791. Arch. Arzobispado, MS., i. 20, 63. But in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 9, Ortega is called commandant until May 1792. There are indications that Parrilla may have attempted to perform the functions of his office in 1794. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 152, 165. There is some confusion about the habilita- cion of Sal and Perez Fernandez in 1796-7. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 20; vii. 38-9, 47; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 206-7; v. 77, 268; vi. 2, 4. Argüello is spoken of as commandant in April 1797, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 212. Sal called justicia mayor of the partido. S. José Arch., MS., iv. 22.

7 The total cost of the restoration was $2,609, and Fages, in a report dated Aug. 12, 1793, took great credit to himself for having done the work so cheaply by means of voluntary labor of gentiles, soldiers, and sailors. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 191. Elsewhere the expense exclusive of the church is given as $2,362. Id., xxi. 125. Jan. 23, 1794, viceroy approves account of $2,609. Id., xi. 159. Oct. 31, 1795, Argüello to habilitado general, $1,600 in effects received in 1792 given to persons who worked on presidio to end of 1792. These were 3 sergeants, 9 corporals, and 103 soldiers, whose gratuity amounts to $1,181. Prov. St. Pap., Presid., MS., ii. 2, 3. Dec. 1795, $3,122 paid over for building expenses. St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 41; Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 182. March 12, 1795, Borica to viceroy, the buildings would have cost very heavily had it not been for the convenient supply of stone, Jime, sand, and timber. The other presidios have not such advantages. St.

681

AFFAIRS AT MONTEREY.

did some damage in October 1792. Vancouver de- scribes and gives a view of the presidio as it appeared in 1792. It was like that of San Francisco8 except that the enclosure was complete. There was a circular block-house at each corner raised a little above the top of the wall; there were two or three small doors besides the main gate-way, and the commandant's house had boarded floors. He is in error when he states that the square was 300 x 250 yards, and that the structure had not undergone the slightest change or improvement since the foundation.9

According to a report of Carrillo at the end of 1800 each side of the square measured one hundred and ten yards, the four walls were built of adobes and stone, and the buildings were roofed with tiles. On the north were the main entrance, the guard-house, and the warehouses; on the west the houses of the governor, commandant, and other officers, some fifteen apartments in all; on the east nine houses for the sol- diers, and a blacksmith shop; and on the south besides nine similar houses was the presidio church opposite the main gate-way.10 All the structures were again in bad condition; the walls were cracked, having been built on insufficient foundations after the fire; and

Pap., Sac., MS., xvii. 3. Three thousand one hundred and twenty-two dol- lars was the total expense down to Dec. 31, 1793. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 196, 201. Aug. 20, 1793, bastions unfinished, and house of the alférez needs repairs like some of the soldiers' dwellings. Total cost of repairs to date, $2,000. I.l., xxi. 115. Fire of Oct. 15, 1792. Id., xxi. 90.

8 See next chapter for plan and deseription of San Francisco Presidio.

9 Vancouver's Voyage, il. 43-4: View of presidio, ii. 440; view of scene in Salinas Valley, iii. 334. Vancouver deemed the site chosen by no means the best in the vicinity. There was low marshy ground between the square and the beael.

10 Aug. 6-9, 1791, instructions addressed to Argüello about building the church. Prov. St. Pap., MS., x. 42. March 1, 1792, viceroy orders work suspended until further orders. St. Pap., Sac., MS., iv. 1. April 4th, viceroy sends a plan for church, made by the directors of the academy of architecture of San Carlos, Mexico. Id., i. 112. Fages says he followed such a plan, but this must have been an carlier one. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 191. Van- eouver's picture represents the church as completed. The cost was $1,500, which was refunded to the company by the government. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 206; St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 58; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 227. Had it been built by day-laborers in the usual way the expense would have been at least $5,000, as Borica believed. It was done by troops, sailors, Indians, and convicts. Id., xxi. 267-8.

682

LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.

further delay would greatly increase the cost of prospective repairs.11 The armament of Monterey at the time of Vancouver's first visit consisted of seven small guns planted outside the presidio walls without breastwork or protection from the weather. At the same time Bodega y Cuadra left some mate- rial, and men were set at work on a battery to be erected on a neighboring eminence. Accordingly on Vancouver's return in 1793 he found the guns mounted on a " sorry kind of barbet battery, consisting chiefly of a few logs of wood, irregularly placed; behind which those cannon, about eleven in number, are opposed to the anchorage, with very little protection in the front, and on their rear and flanks intirely open and exposed." This work cost $450, and, while it might serve to pre- vent a foe from cutting out vessels at anchor, was entirely useless, as Córdoba reported in 1796, for the defence of the port. It does not appear that any- thing was done for its improvement before 1800.12

Connected with this presidio was the main establish- ment of the rancho del rey, located where now stands Salinas City; or at least that was its location in later years, and I find no record of any transfer. At the beginning of the decade tliere were 5,000 cattle and 2,000 horses in this royal establishment, and during the first half of the period the net annual proceeds of sales were from $3,000 to $2,000; but subse- quently the sum was diminished to but little over $500, and in 1800 the cattle had dwindled to 1,600

11 Carrillo, Los Edificios de Monterey, 1800, MS. Alberni on coming to the 'Corte Californiana' in 1800 found things in a deplorable state, and built four houses for married soldiers at his own expense. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 11.

1: 1792, slight description of presidio buildings in Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, 162. Cuadra's battery of four guns on the hill. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 89, 164; Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 158; Vancouver's Voyage, ii. 500. 1796, battery of ten guns of small calibre. Vessels could easily anchor beyond their range. Córdoba's report, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xiv. 83. Lists of munitions, 1796-7. St. Pap., Sac., MS., vi. 91; viii. 76-7; ix. 34. Esplanade, casamata, and bar- rack cost $450, built very economically. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 267-8. Viceroy ordered $444 paid in 1797. Prov. Rcc., MS., iv. 205. Three hundred and eighty-one dollars spent in repairs before February 1798. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 11.

683

RANCHOS AND INDUSTRIES.

while the horses had increased to 6,000.13 Besides the king's live-stock the company or its members had in 1800 over 1,000 horses, 700 cattle, 250 mules and asses, and 400 sheep. The horses had increased very rapidly and subsequently decreased as abruptly so far as we may trust the meagre statistics. Sheep had decreased from 700 in 1794, in spite of special efforts made in 1796 to foster this branch of industry. These last figures include, I suppose, the live-stock kept on the half-dozen private ranchos in the Monterey region. These ranchos, like those already referred to in the south, were provisionally granted to settlers and pen- sioners; but unlike the former none of them seem to have been rendered permanent by subsequent re- grants.14

In the early part of the decade industrial opera- tions were confined for the most part to the labors of carpenters, bricklayers, and masons on the presidio buildings; but later, a tailor, saddler, and one or more

13 In 179S the change was still more marked, when there are said to have been 7,491 horses and 1,200 eattle. This result was attributed to droughts, thefts, export of females to Baja California, ravages of bears and wolves, foun- dation of the branch at San Francisco, and the laek of a market for horses. Sergt. Macario Castro had charge of the raneho as majordomo, with six sol- diers. Gov. to viceroy, Dee. 3, 1798. Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 104, 109. Accounts of the rancho in Prov. St. Pup., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 1, 4; xviii. 1, 2, 7; xxiii. 3; xxv. 2, 3; xxviii. 4. Two hundred fat cattle to be killed annually; no tallow to come from San Blas; Sta Bárbara to be supplied-1792. Prov. Rcc., MS., ii. 136. Cattle very numerous in 1794. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii, 189-91. Bears very numerous and troublesome in 1792, doing great harm both to live-stock and to gardens. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 150. Sheep-raising fos- tered, 1796. Id., vi. 79; iv. 62.

14 The ranchos were six in number in January 1795: Buenavista, 5 leagues from Monterey, held by José Soberanes and Joaquin Castro; Salina, 4 leagues, by Antonio Aeeves and Antonio Romero; Bajada á Huerta Vieja, league, by Antonio Montaño; Cañada de Huerta Vieja, 2 league, by An- tonio Buelna; Mesa de la Pólvora, a musket-shot, by Eugenio Rosalío; and Chupadero, 1 mile, by Bernardo Heredia and Juan Padilla. There were on these ranehos 277 eattle, 112 horses, 110 sheep, and 9 mules. Monterey, Ranchos existentes en 1795, MS. But this very year, according to Calleja, Respuesta, MS., 12, one of these ranchos, that of Aeeves and Romero, was de- stroyed hy Indians; and also another not in the list belonging to Osuna and Alegre. Lands were granted provisionally to invalids and settlers on the river (Salinas) near Monterey before 1793. Id., xxi. 132; xii. 189; Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 40-1. A small piece of land had been granted by Rivera in 1775 to Manuel Butron; but Butron was now an inhabitant of San José, and there is no evidence of any lands whatever held by the soldiers, except the six or seven ranehos mentioned.

684

LOCAL EVENTS-MONTEREY DISTRICT.

weavers were kept at work. The looms turned out only the coarsest varieties of blankets and woollen stuffs; and so unsatisfactory were the results, due largely to the poor quality of the wool, that Sal in 1800 determined to stop the work, employing the workmen in sweeping the plaza and serving the offi- cers.15

The subject of presidial finances and supplies at Monterey as capital of the province is naturally more important and also more complicated than at the other jurisdictions; but unfortunately the preserved records, though bulky, are far less complete and satis- factory here than elsewhere. The pay-rolls and ordi- nary expenses of the Monterey company were about $15,000 per year; a sum which was increased by the salaries of provincial officers and other government expenses to a total varying from $19,000 to $25,000; and the annual supplies from Mexico and San Blas, though varying considerably, do not seem to have fallen short of the total appropriation for expenses, although supplies to the average amount of $5,000 were obtained from the missions, and others from San José. In fact these supplies were purchased with articles sent from Mexico or with drafts on Mexico, so that in either case the amounts were included in the memorias. Tithes and postage in this district

15 Aug. 1791, four mechanics came. Tailors did $125 of work for pri- vate parties. St. Pap., Sac., MS., v. 95; xiii. 3. 1792, stone-cutters and masons, Santiago Ruiz, Salvador Rivera, and Pedro Alcántara. Id., ii. 9, 10. Six mechanics arrived in July. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 73-4. 1793, the armorer Pedro Gonzalez García ordered to remain at Monterey. Id., xiii. 56-S. 1794, one bricklayer and a carpenter, also three masons to work on church. Id., xii. 192-3; xxi. 128-9. 1796, a tailor and a listonero to remain. Prov. Rec., MS., v. 78. Alcántara left this year. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. 236. Salvador Béjar engaged as earpenter in April. Id., xxi. 23S. Antonio Her- nandez, a saddler, in August. Id., xxi. 44. April 28, 1797, weavers LIendoza and Enriquez must be sent to Monterey; 200 arrobas of wool to be bought in the south. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 89. July 20, 1797, a manufactory of blankets renders importation unnecessary. Sal to Borica, in Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 233. In 1797 the tailoring account was as follows: work done, §373; expense of supporting six apprentices, $295; paid to the tailor } of proceeds, $34; net proceeds, $244. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxv. 5, 6. Proceeds in 1800, $225. Id., xxviii. 3. The weaver and sadiller earned in 1800, down to the time of discharge, $1,365. Id., xxviii. 6. Weaving suspended by Sal. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii, 18, 19.

685

MINOR HAPPENINGS.

yielded to the royal treasury about $400 each per year, while the tobacco revenue was from $1,000 to $2,000, and the sale of papal indulgences yielded from $75 to $125. The annual inventory showed the con- tents of the warehouses to be usually about $40,000.16 In addition to the foregoing statistics Monterey annals from 1791 to 1800 present nothing of interest which has not been recorded in preceding chapters devoted to gubernatorial changes, precautions against foreign- ers, and the movements of vessels. The only foreign craft that touched at Monterey during the decade were those of Vancouver in 1792-4; the English Providence under Broughton in 1796; the American Otter under Dorr in the same year; and an unknown vessel that anchored in the bay in 1800. The only Indian troubles in this district that require notice were those at San Juan and have already been described.17

The mission of the Monterey jurisdiction, besides the new establishments, San Miguel, Soledad, and San Juan Bautista, were San Carlos, San Antonio, and San Luis Obispo. At San Carlos Father Arenaza served as minister until 1797, when he left the coun- try.13 Señan was permitted to retire in 1795 to the

16 Monterey presidial accounts in Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xiii. 2, 20; xiv. 4, 8; xvi. 5; xvii. 8, 9; xviii. 1, 5-7, 8-11; xix. 7-9; xxiii. 7-9, 11; xxiv. 17; xxv. 3-5, 8-9, 11-13; xxvi. 5-7; xxvii. 1, 5, 6; xxviii. 6, 8, 9, 20; xxxiii. 13, 14; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 1-4; ii. 36, 64; v. 71; vi. 118-20; vii. 59, 81-8; ix. 48; Prov. St. Pap., Ben., MS., i. 13; ii. 17, 18; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 8, 11, 36-43, 68; xxi. 120; and Perez Fernandez, Cuenta General de la Habilitacion de Monterey, 1796, MS., which is a very complete report rendered on turning over the company accounts to Sal. In 1793 the gov- ernor pointed out an error in the treasury accounts of about $30,000. The totals of the habilitado's accounts varied from $60,000 to $$5,000. The bal- ance due the treasury or the company was usually only a few hundred dollars. The company applied to its use the procceds of tithes, postage, and tobacco, and paid the amounts by drafts in Mexico, which were charged on the next memoria. The habilitado's commission in 1796 was $2,780. Debt of com- pany in 1796, $9,788. In 1799 a robbery of $S00 from the warehouse is notcd. The fondo de retencion amounted in 1799 to $3,037 after $587 had been paid out. This fund was due to 36 men, or not quite $100 to each.

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History of California, Volume I, Part 75

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 852

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 852