USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 105
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It was the duty of the commission and it was authorized and empowered to exercise general and complete supervision over the assessment and collection and the enforce- ment of the tax laws of the State, and over the several county tax assessors, tax collectors, and county tax commissioners in the several counties of the State charged with the duties of assessing or collecting escaped, delinquent, and back taxes and licenses in the several counties of the State and over each and every State and county official charged with the duty of assessing, collecting, or enforcing the payment of taxes, and licenses to the State or to any county in the State.
Tax Reform .- Although the work of the commission was attended by many difficulties and in the exercise of its duties it met with much opposition, especially from the very persons whose delinquencies in returning and paying their taxes made its establishment necessary, it accomplished a great deal toward increasing the State's revenue from taxation and in obviating much of the gross inequality previously existing in the administration of the tax laws. "The law for equalization of taxes," said Gov. B. B. Comer, in his message of July 27, 1909, to the legislature, "has been successful. Without putting an unjust bur- den on any property, it has added in franchise and ad valorem value one hundred million dollars to the tax assessments of the State. This, too, in face of the fact that the country has suffered from a panic. The operation of your law is new, but I feel confident that after being more fully understood, and when nor- mal business conditions return, it will be most successful in securing an equitable adjust- ment of all tax values."
In its report for 1912, the commission stated: "The county officials, to a large ex- tent, instead of co-operating with the State in raising assessable property to the value
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
required by law, have done a great deal to hinder the work of the Commission. The Commission has encountered very serious opposition in its work in the counties of Jef- ferson, Montgomery and Conecuh, but not- withstanding this opposition, the Commission was able to adjust amicably all of these mat- ters in the counties of Montgomery and Conecuh, but have quite an amount of un- finished work in the county of Jefferson which it hopes to finish amicably in a short time. We find that this opposition to the Commission was fostered largely by those who are not paying their fair share of taxes in Alabama, and who are trying to stir up trouble to keep the Commission from making a fair and just assessment against their prop- erties. Despite this opposition we have suc- ceeded in obtaining the second largest in- crease in assessed value of property ever made in any one year in this State. The in- crease this year over the assessment of 1911 is $61,956,882, being an increase of over 11 per cent."
After seven years of activity under the law of 1907, the results accomplished by the commission were not all that had been hoped for. The commission itself was not satisfied with its work. "A thoroughly scientific and modern system is probably not possible within the limitations of our Constitution," it said in 1914, "nevertheless, we think great improvement can be made in our present law without constitutional objection. We think the greatest need at the present time is a more equitable distribution of the tax burden. Equalization of taxes on a basis of sixty per- centum of actual value would in our judg- ment go far to remove popular dissatisfaction with present conditions and would practically solve the problem of raising a sufficient reve- nue for an economical administration of the State government.
"Membership on the State Tax Commission should not be regarded as a legitimate reward for political service. Character and efficiency should alone be considered in making ap- pointments and salaries should be large enough to attract and retain men fitted for the work. All members of the Commission should be required to give their entire time to the work."
In his quadrennial message to the legisla- ture, the retiring governor, Hon. Emmet O'Neal, endorsed the recommendations of the State tax commission, and added his opinion that, "Before a just and scientific system of taxation can be perfected in Alabama, the present Constitution of the State must be changed. The present constitutional provi- sions as to uniformity of taxation have be- come obsolete. A large number of progres- sive states permit their legislatures to classify property for the purpose of taxation."
The incoming governor, Hon. Charles Hen- derson, in his first message, discussing the tax-collecting agencies of the State, declared himself in favor of a State tax commission which should be the head, with the county assessors as deputies, working in cooperation and to the same end.
Reorganization .- The legislature, in its general revenue bill, established the State board of equalization, which assumed all the powers and duties of the former State tax commission and the State board of assess- ment, both of which were abolished.
It is to be emphasized that the medium through which the State board operates in dealing with most of the questions of valua- tion for taxation is the county board of equalization. The theory upon which the whole system is predicated is that of the county unit, and the powers of the State board, with certain stipulated exceptions, are revisory and not initiative. The original evaluation of all the taxable property in the State, except those special classes which are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State board, as shown above, is in the hands of the county board, which has the exclusive right of fixing values, the data upon which to base its appraisement being supplied by the county tax assessor in the form of returns, or lists, of property furnished by the tax- payers.
The county board consists of three free- holders, over 30 years of age, and residents of the county, who serve for terms of 4 years ending October 1st. One member is appointed by the court of county commissioners, or other court or board of like jurisdiction, or by the governor in the event of failure or refusal of the court; a second by the State board of equalization; and the third, who is the chairman, is elected by the other two, or if they cannot agree, is appointed by the governor.
Thus, the State board of equalization has superseded the State tax commission and the State board of assessment, and the county board of equalization has taken the place of the former county tax commissioner. By this means the supervision and equalization is put in the hands of salaried boards instead of individuals working on a commission basis.
Commissioners (old law)-William J. Wood, 1899-1901; Harvey E. Jones, 1901- 1907.
Chairmen (old law)-John J. Mitchell, 1907-1911; Alexander E. Walker, 1911; J. Lee Long, 1911-1915.
Associates-Harvey E. Jones, 1907-1911; John B. Powell, 1907-1914; John S. Mooring, 1913-1915; Henry P. White, 1914-1915; A. A. Evans, 1911-1915.
Secretaries-William R. Lloyd, 1907- 1913; Murray F. White, 1913-1915. Chairman Equalization Board-Thomas W. Sims, 1915-
Associates-Frank C. Marquis, 1915 -; Benj. W. Strasberger, 1915-
Secretary-Henry Fitzhugh Lee, 1915-
Consulting Engineer-H. C. Allen, 1915- REFERENCES .- Code, 1907, secs. 2210-2235; Acts, 1896-97, pp. 521-531; General Acts, 1898- 99, pp. 195-203; 1907, pp. 425-438; 1915, pp. 421- 446; Gov. Joseph F. Johnston, "Message," Nov. 10, 1896, in S. Jour., 1896-97, pp. 13-74; Wm. J. Wood, tax commissioner, "Report," Nov. 14, 1898, in H. Jour. 1898-99, p. 41; Gov. Wm. D.
MONUMENT TO NEGRO HERO Erected to Harry, servant of H. Talbird, D. D., president of Howard College, Mar- ion, who lost his life from injuries re- ceived while arousing students at the burning of the college building on the night of Oct. 15, 1854. Age 23 years.
Vol. I-35
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Jelks, "Message," Jan. 9, 1907, in S. Jour., 1907, vol. i, pp. 23-25; Gov. B. B. Comer, "Message," July 27, 1909, in H. Jour., 1909, extra sess., p. 23; Gov. Emmet O'Neal, Message, Jan. 12, 1915, pp. 31-32; Gov. Chas. Henderson, Message, Jan. 18, 1915 (1915), p. 19; Publications of state tax commissioner, state tax commission, state board of equalization, listed supra.
ERIE. First seat of justice of Greene County; but now in Hale County. When the county was established in 1819, this point was on December 13, fixed as the temporary seat of justice. It was incorporated on De- cember 18, 1820, with the following boun- daries: "all that tract of country situate on the east bank of the Tuskaloosa River, in range three east, and township twenty, in- eluding all of the town known by the name of Erie, agreeably to the plan of the same, as adopted by the proprietors thereof." The names of the incorporators, all early settlers, were James A. Torbert, Thomas H. Herndon, Francis T. Gaines, Durrett White, Anthony D. Kinnard, Howell L. Kennon, and Hiram Shortridge.
For many years it was a flourishing town. During its ascendancy it had a number of mercantile houses, other business houses of various kinds, and many fine dwelling houses. Altogether much of the wealth of the county was concentrated there. In 1819 Rev. James Monette, a Methodist minister, settled near, and for many years his house was used as a place of worship. Here Rev. Robert Payne, afterwards Bishop Payne, and Rev. Ebenezer Hearne of the Methodist church, were accustomed to fill their appointments. About the same year, Benjamin Wilson moved into the town, and he is said to have been the first lawyer to settle there. Owing to the fact that the town was not centrally located, taken in connection with its muddy situation and poor water supply, by a vote of the people in 1838, the county seat was moved to Eutaw. This removal brought about a grad- ual abandonment, and in the course of time, by the natural process of decay, the place became desolate, and at the present time there are scarcely any indications of former occupancy.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest, 1823, pp. 118, 834, 845; Acts, 1837-38, pp. 39-40; V. Gayle Snedecor, Directory of Greene County (1856).
ESCAMBIA COUNTY. Created by the legis- lature December 10, 1868. Its territory was originally a part of Baldwin and Conecuh Counties. Its area is 957 square miles, or 612,480 acres.
Of its name Brewer says: "It was named for the clear and broad river which is formed within its limits, which was christened by the Spaniards two centuries ago."
Location and Physical Description .- It is situated in the southern section of the state, and lies along the northern boundary of Flor- ida. It is bounded on the north by Monroe and Conecuh, on the east by Conecuh and Cov- ington, on the south by the state line, and on the west by Baldwin County. The county is
54 miles long from east to west, and 18 miles wide from north to south. It presents no striking elevations. It is largely drained by the Conecuh River, which flows across its en- tire area. This river follows a winding course, and near the Florida line are many cut-offs, dead rivers and lakes in the low marginal bottoms. The principal tributaries of the Conecuh River are Sapulga River and Murder Creek. Just below the town of Brewton Burnt Corn flows into Murder Creek. Es- cambia River, now usually noted as little Es- cambia Creek, flows in a southerly direction through the county, and with its tributaries drains the central park. Big Escambia Creek enters the county near Conley. The Escam- bia flows into the Conecuh just below Floma- ton, and together they form the Escambia River, which discharges into the Gulf through Escambia Bay. The Perdido drains the south- western section and Little River the north- western section of the county. The county lies wholly within the coastal plain, and is divided generally into two physiographic divi- sions, the uplands and lowlands. The up- lands consist of a series of broad ridges and divides, broken by a swell developed drainage system. This division in early geographic times was a great plain, the rivers of which were marked by the tops of the present ridges which have a general altitude of 300 feet above sea level. The lowlands comprise the river bottoms. The surface varies from level or gently rolling to rolling. Twenty-eight soil types are represented, including swamp. These include upland, bottom lands or allu- vial soils. The soils of the upland division vary from gravelly sand and gravelly sandy loam to sandy loam and fine sandy loam and clay. Much of the bottom lands are subject to overflow. The timber growth largely con- sists of pine, with oak, birch, poplar, bay, maple, sycamore, elm, ash, magnolia, hickory, cypress, gum, and juniper. The climate of the county is mild and temperate. The sum- mers are long, with a mean temperature of 80.2º F. for the summer months. The prox- imity of the Gulf serves to give a general uniformity to the temperature throughout the year. South winds prevail during the sum- mer, and the nights are cool and pleasant. The winters are mild. The mean winter tem- perature is 50.9º F. The mean annual rain- fall is 57.88 inches. Details of the character and extent of productions are noted in the statistics below.
Farm, Livestock and Crop Statistics, 1917. -The statistics below are given for illus- trative purposes, and, in tabular form, with- out any attempt at comparison or analysis. They were gathered under the direction of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Number of all farms, 1,360. Acres cultivated, 58,160. Acres in pasture, 21,800.
Farm Animals:
Horses and mules, 3,130.
Milk cows, 4,100. Other cattle, 12,020. Brood sows, 2,930.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Other hogs, 10,900. Sheep, 360.
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity ) :
Corn, 30,560 acres, 472,200 bushels. Cotton, 15,700 acres; 5,040 bales.
Peanuts, 5,300 acres; 24,701 bushels.
Velvet Beans, 5,370 acres; 25,540 tons. Hay, 4,090 acres; 3,720 tons.
Syrup cane, 835 acres; 102,886 gallons.
Cowpeas, 830 acres; 4,560 bushels.
Sweet potatoes, 3,450 acres, 111,400 bushels.
Irish potatoes, 3,700 acres; 142,330 bushels.
Oats, 3,420 acres; 7,870 bushels. Wheat, - - acres; - bushels.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1917, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Fig- ures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Atmore-2
Mccullough
Booneville
Mortimer
Brewton (ch)-5
Nokomis
Canoe
Poarch
Flomaton-1
Pollard
Foshee
Wallace-1
Freemanville
Whittey
Local
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White.
Negro. Total
1870
3047
951
4041
1880
4106
1590
5696
1890
4843
2650
8666
1900
7683
3515 11320
1910 13156 5569 18889
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .- 1875-W. J. O'Bannon.
1901-Norvelle R. Leigh, Jr.
Senators .-
1876-7-R. C. Torrey.
1878-9-R. C. Torrey.
1880-1-W. Y. Titcomb.
1882-3-W. Y. Titcomb.
1884-5-J. M. Davison.
1886-7-J. M. Davison.
1888-9-Daniel Williams.
1890-1-Daniel Williams.
1892-3-W. B. Kemp.
1894-5-W. B. Kemp.
1896-7-C. S. Lee.
1898-9-C. S. Lee. 1899 (Spec.)-C. S. Lee. 1900-01-D. D. Hall.
1903-Daniel Dillon Hall. 1907-O. O. Bayles.
1907 (Spec.)-O. O. Bayles.
1909 (Spec.)-(O. O. Bayles, deceased.)
1911-E. M. Lovelace.
1915-H. H. Holmes. 1919-Riley Kelly.
Representatives .- 1876-7-W. Y. Titcomb. 1878-9-M. Lyons. 1880-1-T. S. Sowell.
1882-3-J. C. Avent.
1884-5-W. J. O'Bannon.
1886-7-M. A. Rabb.
1888-9-Milton A. Rabb.
1890-1-E. P. Loveless.
1892-3-E. M. Lovelace.
1894-5-Milton A. Rabb.
1896-7-J. H. T. Henley.
1898-9-G. W. L. Smith. 1899 (Spec.)-G. W. L. Smith.
1900-01-Jos. H. L. Henley. 1903-Norvelle Robertson Leigh, Jr.
1907-J. H. L. Henley. 1907 (Spec.)-J. H. L. Henley.
1909 (Spec. )-J. H. L. Henley.
1911-L. M. Mclendon.
1915-O. M. Gordon.
1919-Sidney M. Jones.
For many details on various subjects in the history of the county, see separate sketches of Atmore; Brewton; Brewton Collegiate In- stitute; Burnt Corn Creek; Burnt Corn Fight; Conecuh River; Downing Institute; Flomaton; Pollard.
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1868, p. 397; 1880-81, p. 220; 1882-83, p. 442; 1884-85, p. 298; Brewer, Alabama, p. 246; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 292; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 212; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 235; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 121; U. S. Soil Survey (1915), with map; Alabama land book (1916), p. 67; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Handbook (1910); Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural features of the State (1883) ; The Valley regions of Ala- bama. parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Under- ground Water resources of Alabama (1907).
ESCAMBIA. Name of a river, and also a county (q. v.) in south Alabama, and a bay in Florida. The Little Escambia rises near the town of Repton, and a little north of the Escambia County line unites with two other streams, which have their sources south of Monroeville. Its course is south, and about three miles below the Florida line it joins the Conecuh River. Together they form the Escambia, which in turn flows into the bay of that name.
The stream is not navigable in Alabama, although used in a limited way for rafts. It is not recorded as of value for its water powers. On the west branch at the crossing of the old Federal Road, on the Monroe Coun- ty line was a toll bridge, south of which D. Peebles kept a house of entertainment. W. Hollinger lived near by, and the commu- nity now bears his name.
The Repton branch of the Louisville & Nashville R. R. follows the valley of this stream to Flomaton, and the stations of Wal- lace and Hammac are on this road near the river, in Escambia County. The soil survey map of this county calls the river Little Escambia Creek, evidently to distinguish it from the main stream formed by the junction with the Conecuh.
The word Escambia is corrupted from the Choctaw, Oskiambeha, Oskambeha, which means "cane therein." The term was doubt- less first given to the river swamp, in which grew great cane brakes, and thence in process
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of time the name was transferred to the creek itself. The work Oski, meaning "cane," oc- curs in the names of several streams and lo- calities in Mississippi and Alabama, as Oski bok, "cane creek," in Newton County, Miss. Oskoba, a creek and former Indian town in Remper County, Miss., corrupted by the whites into Escooba and Scooba; Oskoba, worn down from Oski holba, "cane-like," a term used synonymously with Kushak, "reed, reed brake"; and Escatawpa Creek in Ala- bama, correctly spelled Oskatapa, "cane there cut off."
The second part, ambeha, of the compound Oskambeha, is the distinctive form of the pas- sive of the plural verb abehli, of which abeha is the definite form. The difference between the definite form abeha and the distinctive form ambeha is that the latter implies more prominence, and continuance of state or con- dition than the former. The definite form, abeha, occurs in some creek names in Mis- sissippi and Alabama, as Okti abeha, or Okti- beha, "ice therein," two creek names in Mis- sissippi, and Panki abeha, or Pankaheba, "grapes therein," a creek in Alabama. The noted Indian spring near Starkville, Miss., in correct orthography, is Hika hishi abeha, "sweet gum leaves therein." Oltibia, the "small fort," mentioned in Hamilton's "Co- lonial Mobile," page 111, is doubtless a French corruption of Ulhti abeha, "firewood therein." As can be seen from these illustrations, the Choctaw words, oski and abeba are not of unusual occurrence in creek and place names in Mississippi and Alabama.
Both words were used in forming the name of Escambia River which, however, is the only place or river name in which the distinctive form, ambeha, occurs. In that telescoping of syllables, so common in Choctaw speech, the original form "Oskiambeha," became in time "Oskambeha," which in the slurring pronun- ciation of the American pioneer was soon per- verted into our present Escambia.
See Conecuh River; Escambia County.
REFERENCES .- Manuscript data in the Ala- bama Department of Archives and History; La Tourrette, Map of Alabama (1838).
ESTABOGA. A village on Estaboga Creek, about 4 miles from the Southern Railway at McFall, and about 12 miles north of Talla- dega. Population: 1912-94. It was settled in the early fifties. Among the first settlers were the Bell, Burns, Ogletree, and Mont- gomery families.
ETA UPSILON GAMMA. Women's college sorority; founded at Christian College, Col- umbia, Mo., November, 1901; entered Judson College with Iota chapter in 1910; and in 1914, the chapter was released when the fraternity decided to abandon the collegiate field. The membership consisted of 23 in- itiates. Periodical: "The Quarterly." Colors: Green and gold. Flag: A pennant of olive green displaying the society's name in gold.
REFERENCES .- Baird, Manual (1915), pp. 468- 469; and Brief history of Eta Upsilon Gamma (1911).
ETOWAH COUNTY. Created by the legis- lature, as Baine County, December 7, 1866; abolished December 3, 1867, by the con- stitutional convention of that year; and re- established with its present name by the legislature December 1, 1868. The territory was originally a part of Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, DeKalb, Marshall and St. Clair Counties. Its area is 542 square miles, or 346,880 acres.
Its first name was given in honor of Gen. David W. Baine of Lowndes County, a dis- tinguished Confederate soldier. Its present name is Cherokee, and signifies
Location and Physical Description .- It is situated in the northeastern section of the state, and is bounded on the north by DeKalb, east by Cherokee, south by St. Clair and Cal- houn, and on the west by Blount and Mar- shall. It lies in what is known as the mineral section of the state. Included in its limits are the broad, undulating valley of the Coosa River, the level or gently rolling plateaus of Sand or Lookout Mountains, and a moun- tainous region characterized by a succession of ridges, alternating with narrow limestone valleys. The geographical formations all run in a general northeast-southwest direction. In the northwest part of the county is Sand Mountain, which forms a plateau with an ele- vation of 1100 to 1200 feet above sea level, while in the northeast part, extending to about the center of the county, is Lookout Moun- tain, on which is a smaller plateau 3 to 5 miles wide. On these mountainous plateaus are many densely wooded areas. From At- talla northward the valley between Sand and Lookout Mountains is separated into two dis- tinct valleys by an elongated ridge; in places almost as high as the mountains on either side. The elevations of the county vary from 1500 feet on Lookout Mountain northeast of Gadsden to a little less than 500 feet, where the Coosa River breaks through Calvin Moun- tain. The drainage of the county is toward the southwest to the Gulf, through the Coosa River and its tributaries. The most impor- tant of these are Big Wills, Little Wills, Clear and Little Canoe Creeks. Locust Fork of Black Warrior River and its tributaries drain the northwest corner of the county. A small area northwest of Mountainboro lies in the Tennessee River basin, drained through Short Creek. The county lies within the physiog- raphic area known as the Appalachian pro- vince. The two divisions represented in the county are the Appalachian valley and the western division of the province, the former includes Coosa Valley and the latter the mountainous section. The exposed rocks be- long to the Paleozoic age. All of the soils, except alluvial and colluvial, are derived directly from the decay and disintegration of the rocks on which they lie. Twenty snil types are to be found, varying from ! cavy clays to sandy loams. In the mountainous part of the county are silt loam, fine sandy loam and sandy loam, all susceptible to fer- tilization, and easy to cultivate. In the moun- tain valleys are limestone soils. In the Coosa Valley are large alluvial areas, and the flat-
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
woods lands. The timbers include oak, gum, beech, birch, chestnut, willow, hickory, pop- lar, cedar, sycamore, cottonwood, ash, maple, and in some sections long and short leaf pine. The mean annual temperature is about 61º F. The mercury rarely goes above 100° in sum- mer or below 5º F. in winter. The summers are long and pleasant and the winters are short and mild. Light snows of short dura- tion usually occur every winter. The average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. De- tails of the character and extent of produc- tion are noted in the statistics below.
Farm, Livestock and Crop Statistics, 1917. -The statistics below are given for illustra- tive purposes, and, in tabular form, without any attempt at comparison or analysis. They were gathered under the direction of the Bu- reau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Number of all farms, 2,400. Acres cultivated, 119,800. Acres in pasture, 82,050. Farm Animals:
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