USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 50
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REFERENCE .- McCalley, Valley regions of Ala- bama. Pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897), p. 21.
CHOCTAW BLUFF. Interior village and postoffice in the southern part of Clarke County, on the north bank of the Alabama River, 18 miles south of Grove Hill. Popu- lation: 1912-75. It is almost due east, and about eight miles from Oven Bluff on the Tombighee River. This point is erron- eously assumed by Pickett to be the site of Mauvilla, where De Soto had his sanguinary engagement with the Indian Chief Tusca- loosa. Ball, the historian of Clarke, after local investigations, concluded that the site was at French's Landing on the Alabama River, about four miles above Gainestown. It is quite certain that he, too, was in error. For full discussion see De Soto's Journey.
REFERENCES .- Ball, Clarke County (1882), pp. 27, 687; Pickett, Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900),
p. 36; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 243, 426.
CHOCTAW COUNTY. Created by the legislature, December 29, 1847, out of terri- tory taken from Sumter and Washington counties. It contains 932 square miles or 596,480 acres.
It bears the name of one of the four great Indian tribes, located in Alabama from ab- original times, and its territory lies wholly within the old Choctaw domain.
A commission consisting of Jesse Jackson, John Phillips, Reuben Read, Isaac Horn and H. J. Y. Moss were named to select a suitable place for the seat of justice, to be located within four miles of the center of the county. They were empowered to purchase not exceed- ing 160 acres of land, and after reserving a site for the courthouse and jail, they were required to lay off the rest of the land into lots, to be sold for the use of the county, in defraying the cost of the public buildings. A tax of not exceeding 50 per cent of the state tax was authorized, to raise funds to complete the buildings in the event the proceeds from the sale of lots were not sufficient.
An election was held on the first Monday in February, 1848, and H. J. Y. Moss was chosen clerk of the circuit court, Charles N. Wilcox, clerk of the county court and James G. Slater sheriff. The first judge of the County Court was George F. Smith. Until the next apportionment for representatives in the legislature, the voters in the section taken from Sumter County were authorized to vote with that county, and the voters in the Wash- ington County section, with that county.
The name Butler was given to the new county seat by the act. It further provided that until the county buildings should be com- pleted and ready for use, the several courts of the county should be held at Barryton. A subsequent act of January 19, 1848 authorized the commissioners to locate the seat of jus- tice within six miles of the center of the county. On February 4, 1848, Messrs. Read and Moss refusing to act, John Price and Thomas S. Parker were appointed in their place. A still later act, March 1, 1848, re- quired an election to be held to determine the location of the county site, evidencing an apparent unwillingness that the commission should make a selection. The commissioners previously appointed were required "to pro- cure from some professed mathematician, as near as possible, the geographical center of said county." Three places within six miles of such center were to be voted for in the election, the one securing the majority of votes to be designated. It was made the duty of the commissioners of revenue and roads, in the event of the failure of the courthouse commisioners to act, to perform all the duties required by them by the several acts of appointment. In the election which followed the present site of the town of Butler was chosen. An effort was later made to change the location, and on January 21, 1860, the legislature authorized an election to deter- mine whether the people desired to remove
253
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
the county site to another point. The election was held the second Monday in March 1860, and the decision was adverse to change.
Location and Physical Description .- It lies in the southwestern section of the state. It is south of Sumter, and north of Washington County. The Tombigbee River separates it on the east from Marengo and Clarke counties.
The western boundary of the state separates it from Lauderdale, Clarke and Wayne coun- ties, Miss. It lies wholly within the Coastal Plain, and while its topography is undulating and hilly, it has no very great elevations. Its streams with the exception of Red Creek in the southwest, all flow into the Tombighee. They are Kinterbish, Clear, Yantley, Tucka- bum, Wahalak, Copasaw, Tallawampa, Bogue Loosa, Pusscuss, Sonilpa, Okatuppa, Turkey and Sea Warrior. There are a variety of soils in the county. The table lands are overlaid with broken loam and sandy soils. On hoth sides of the ridge dividing the drainage area of the county, the county is what is known as "shale prairie." The creek bottoms are very productive. The high upland timberlands are not very productive, but are capable of improvement by fertilization. The forest growth is long and shortleaf pine, oak and hickory. The climate is equable. The long summers are tempered by the proximity to the Gulf. The mean annual precipitation for 1917 was 60.75 inches. At Thomasville, Clarke County, in the same latitude, the mean annual temperature for 1917 was 62.4° F. Details of the character and extent of products are noted in the statistics helow.
Aboriginal History .- The Choctaw towns or settlements in the county are compara- tively modern. The first was a short lived settlement of the Chickasahays, made about 1750 in French times, at Nanih Chaha on the Tomhigbee River, now represented hy the vil- lage of Ararat. The other three Choctaw set- tlements on the Tombigbee evidently estab- lished in English times, were Batcha Chukka, now represented by Tuscahoma, Oka Kapassa, on Capassaw Creek, and Hohuckintopa, helow Turkey Creek. Puskus Paiya, founded in English or Spanish times, was near Pusscuss Creek, about three miles and a half nearly due east of Emory. In 1763 some Koasati and Okchayi settled along on the Tombighee below the influx of Sukinatcha, where they remained four years and returned to their for- mer seats. West Oakchai represents the site of one of the Okchayi settlements. The lower part of the county was acquired by the treaty of Mount Dexter, November 16, 1805, the up- per and larger part by the treaty of Dancing Rahhit, November 27, 1830.
Mounds are found along the Tombigbee River, although they do not all contain burials. The locality is included in what was in later times the Choctaw Indian lands, and no doubt villages of these people were located here, though at present no sites can be iden- tified. Burial mounds are found at Steiner's Landing on property of Allison Lumber Com- pany; two mounds, a half-mile south of Stein- er's Landing; a mound on property of D. B. Bass, of Bladen Springs; and a mound near
Powe's Landing, the property of Mr. H. A. Powe.
Confederate Commands from County .- The commands listed below were made up in whole or in part from this county.
Infantry.
Co. C, "Choctaw Warriors," 22d Regt.
Co. G, 23d Regt.
Co. D, 40th Regt.
Co. E, 40th Regt.
Co. F, 32d Regt. (in part from Choctaw).
Co. C, "Dixie Rifles," 38th Regt. (in part from Choctaw).
Co. F, 40th Regt.
Co. C, "Griffin Rifles," 54th Regt.
Co. F, "Andy Moore Guards," 54th Regt.
Cavalry.
Co. A, "Ruffin Dragoous," 3d Regt. Co. G, Ball-Hatch's 8th Regt.
Miscellaneous.
Co. K, 15th Confederate Regt. (Formerly Co. D, Murphy's Cav. Battn. ).
Farm, Livestock and Crop Statistics, 1917. -The statistics below are given for illustra- tive purposes, and, in tabular form, without any attempt at comparison or analysis. They were gathered under the direction of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Number of all farms, 1,250.
Acres cultivated, 127,500. Acres in pasture, 208,250.
Farm Animals,
Horses and mules, 4,870.
Milk cows, 5,500.
Other cattle, 40,370.
Brood Sows, 2,500.
Other hogs, 15,370.
Sheep, -.
SELECTED CROPS ( ACRES AND QUANTITY )
Corn, 42,000 acres; 675,000 hushels.
Cotton, 12,870 acres; 2,440 hales.
Peanuts, 250 acres; 6,250 bushels. Velvet beans, 32,750 acres; 6,000 tons.
Hay, 8,870 acres; 6,620 tons.
Syrup cane, 3,000 acres; 255,620 gallons.
Cowpeas, 4,370 acres; 29,000 bushels.
Sweet potatoes, 2,500 acres; 167,500 bush- els.
Irish potatoes, 400 acres; 16,250 bushels. Oats, 6,120 acres; - bushels.
Wheat, - acres; - bushels.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July
1, 1917, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Ararat Halsell
Bergamot Hinton
Bevill Isney
Bladon Springs Jachin
Butler (ch) Land
Choctaw Lavaca
Cromwell Lisman
Cullomburg
Lowell
Cyril
Melvin
Edna Missala
Emory Mount Sterling
Gilbertown
Naheola
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Needham
Silas
Oakchia
Souwilpa
Oakatuppa
Toxey
Paragon
Water Valley
Pennington
Pushmataha
West Butler
Riderwood
Womack Hill
Robjohn
Yantley
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White.
Negro.
Total.
1850.
4,620
3,769
8,389
1860.
6,767
7,110
13,877
1870 ..
5,802
6,872
12,676
1880. .
7,390
8,341
15,731
1890.
8,209
9,313
17,526
1900. .
7,858
10,277
18,136
1910 ..
6,980
11,503
18,483
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .- 1861- S. E. Catterlin, A. J. Curtis.
1865-Thomas Wilkes Coleman, Joshua Morse.
1867-Luther R. Smith.
1875-Sidney T. Prince, William Greene.
1901-W. E. Glover, G. H. Carnathan.
Senators .-
1853-4-William Woodward.
1855-6-Thomas McC. Prince.
1859-60-William Woodward.
1861-2-Turner Reavis.
1865-6-John T. Foster.
1868-J. T. Foster.
1871-2-J. T. Foster.
1872-3-S. Walton.
1873-S. Walton.
1874-5-S. Walton.
1875-6-S. Walton.
1876-7-E. S. Thornton.
1878-9-E. S. Thornton.
1880-1-Henry Ware.
1882-3-Henry Ware.
1884-5-W. H. Evington.
1886-7-W. H. Evington.
1888-9-J. R. Cowan.
1890-1-J. R. Cowan.
1892-3-L. W. McRae.
1894-5-L. W. McRae.
1896-7-Isaac Grant.
1898-9-Isaac Grant.
1899 (Spec.)-Isaac Grant.
1900-01-W. D. Dunn.
1903-William Dixon Dunn.
1907-Norman Gunn. 1907 (Spec.)-Norman Gunn.
1909 (Spec.)-Norman Gunn.
1911-B. D. Turner.
1915-T. J. Hollis.
1919-T. J. Bedsole.
Representatives .- 1853-4-Edward McCall.
1855-6-John Wesley Pennington.
1857-8-John Wesley Pennington; Am- brose Cullum.
1859-60-James G. Slater; J. G. Fielder.
1861 (1st called)-James G. Slater; J. G. Fielder. 1861 (2d called)-J. T. Foster; J. A. M. Thompson.
1861-2-J. T. Foster; J. A. M. Thompson. 1862 (called)-J. T. Foster; J. A. M. Thompson.
1862-3-J. T. Foster; J. A. M. Thompson.
1863 (called)-J. T. Foster; J. S. Evans. 1863-4-J. T. Foster; J. S. Evans.
1864 (called)-J. T. Foster; J. S. Evans.
1864-5-J. T. Foster; J. S. Evans.
1865-6-Joshua Morse; G. Frank Smith.
1866-7-Joshua Morse; G. Frank Smith. 1868-James S. Evans.
1869-70-J. S. Evans.
1870-1-G. Frank Smith.
1871-2-G. F. Smith.
1872-3-J. A. Slater.
1873-J. A. Slater.
1874-5-Thomas Bonner.
1875-6-Thos. Bonner. 1876-7-A. J. Gray.
1878-9-G. W. Taylor.
1880-1-W. F. Glover.
1882-3-Ed McCall.
1884-5-C. W. Moody.
1886-7-Julian A. Watters.
1888-9-J. A. Watters.
1890-1-J. B. Watters.
1892-3-John Williamson.
1894-5-A. J. Hearn.
1896-7-A. J. Hearn.
1898-9-J. J. Kelly.
1899 (Spec.)-J. J. Kelly.
1900-01-C. R. Gavin.
1903-John Jefferson Kelly.
1907-Wallace H. Lindsey. 1907 (Spec.)-Wallace H. Lindsey.
1909 (Spec.)-Wallace H. Lindsey.
1911-T. J. Hollis.
1915-L. F. Rogers.
1919-W. J. Donshy.
See Bachcha Chukka; Barryton; Bladon Springs; Bogne Loosa; Butler; Choctaw In- dians; Cullom Springs; Kinterbish; Oka Ka- passa; Oaktuppa; Soils and Soil Surveys; Tomhighee River.
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1847-48, pp. 306, 309, 311, 312, 1859-60, p. 503; Brewer, Alabama, p. 170; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 277; Riley, Ala- bama as it is (1893), p. 142; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 182; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 88; U. S. Soil Survey (-), with map; Alabama land book (1916), p. 49; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903- 1915, 5 vols., Ala. Anthropological Society, Hand- book (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural features of the State (1883) ; The Valley regions of Alabama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Underground Water resources of Alabama (1907).
CHOCTAW INDIAN AGENTS. 1. John McKee of Virginia, agent from 1816-21; 2. William Ward, 1821.
John McKee, horn in Rockbridge County, Virginia, a cousin of General Sam Houston, U. S. Indian Agent for the Chickasaws in 1812-13, an official of the U. S. Land Office at Tuscaloosa, Congressman from Alabama 1823-29, one of the Commissioners who negotiated the Dancing Rabbit Treaty. He died in Greene County, Alabama, 1834.
255
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
William Ward, acting as Agent in 1821, was born in Kentucky. No subsequent his- tory of him is shown.
REFERENCES .- U. S. Official Registers.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE BASIN. See River and Drainage Systems.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER. A river of southeastern Alabama, about 200 miles in length, having an average width of 350 feet. and a depth, in its lower half, of 5 feet, and 2 feet in its upper half. It rises in Barbour County, in southeast Alabama, and flows almost due south to the Florida line and for about three-fourths of the distance through Florida, when it turns sharply to the west and flows westwardly to Choctawhatchee Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico.
The Choctawhatchee River flows through Barbour, Henry, Dale, and Geneva Counties, all of which are rich cotton-producing coun- ties. The country is quite flat, being wholly within the Coastal Plain, and originally was heavily wooded. The river has numerous tributaries, the most important in Alabama being the Pea River, the West Choctaw- hatchee, Little Choctawhatchee Creek, Double Bridges Creek, and Clay Bank Creek.
At the commencement of the work of im- provement in 1874, the condition of the river was such as to be extremely dangerous for navigation even during high water. In the lower half of the river, although there was an ample depth at low water, it was so ob- structed by snags, stumps, logs, and over- hanging trees that boats were obliged in almost every instance to cut their way through. The condition of the upper river was similar but with less depth of water. making navigation so precarious and uncer- tain that merchants and farmers preferred to haul their produce and stores from 50 to 80 miles to railroad stations rather than risk shipping by river. Before the War three steamboats of capacities from 1,500 to 2,000 bales of cotton, besides numerous smaller craft, navigated this river, and the channel was consequently kept in good condition. During and after the War it was neglected and navigation practically ceased until the Government undertook the improvement of the stream.
Work was carried on over the Choctaw- hatchee by the Government as far back as 1833, a total of $12,876.62 being spent for its improvement prior to the War. The first work above Geneva, at the confluence of the Pea River (q. v.), was authorized in 1880, upon which $24,513.86 was expended. The present project, adopted in 1874 and modified in 1884 and again in 1902, provides for the maintenance of a navigable channel at low water from the mouth to Newton, Ala., 140 miles. The project has been completed and work is now confined to maintenance. The total expenditure upon the river up to June 30, 1915, for new work and maintenance, was $252,519.14.
There is no water power worthy of men- tion upon this stream and that question has
not entered into the plans for its improve- ment.
Appropriations .- The dates, amounts, and the aggregate of appropriations by the Fed- eral Government for improvement of this stream, as compiled to March 4, 1915, in Appropriations for Rivers and Harbors (House Doc. 1491, 63d Cong., 3d sess., 1916), are shown in the appended table:
Mar. 2, 1833. $ 5,000.00
June 15, 1844. 10,000.00
June 23, 1874.
5,000.00
Mar. 3, 1875 ..
5,000.00
Aug. 14, 1876.
5,000.00
Mar. 3, 1879.
5,000.00
June 14, 1880.
7,000.00
Mar. 3, 1881.
10,000.00
Aug. 2, 1882.
18,000.00
July 5, 1884.
15,000.00
Aug. 5, 1886.
15,000.00
Aug. 11, 1888.
10,000.00
Sept. 19, 1890
12,500.00
July 13, 1892.
12,500.00
Aug. 18, 1894.
6,000.00
June 3, 1896.
5,000.00
Mar. 3, 1899
16,000.00
June 13, 1902.
16,000.00
June 13, 1902 (allotment) .
3,000.00
Mar. 3, 1905.
10,000.00
Mar. 3, 1905 (allotment).
300.00
Mar. 3, 1909 (allotment)
5,000.00
June 25, 1910
5,000.00
Feb. 27, 1911.
5,000.00
July 25, 1912.
8,000.00
Mar. 4, 1913. 9,000.00
Oct. 2, 1914. 20,000.00
Mar. 4, 1915.
25,000.00
$ 280,300.00
REFERENCES .- U. S. Chief of Engineers, An- nual reports, 1874-1915, and Appendices; Ber- ney, Handbook (1892), pp. 512-513.
CHOLERA. See Epidemics.
CHOLOCCO LITABIXEE. An Upper Creek village in the "Horseshoe Bend" of Tallapoosa River, about 12 miles northwest of Dadeville, at the point where, March 27, 1814, Gen. An- drew Jackson defeated the Red sticks under the Indian Chief Menawa. It was evidently of very recent origin, and was probably founded during the early part of the Creek War, 1813-14. The name signifies "horse's flat foot" and the point was called by the whites, "Horseshoe Bend" from the Indian word Tapiksi or Tohopeka, meaning "horse- shoe." A pole painted red and on which were hung the scalps of the whites who had been killed to that date, in the disturbances of 1813-1814, stood in the center of the town. This fact gave the name to the band which had repaired to this place, and fortified them- selves after the engagements at Tallasee- hatchee Creek and Talladega in November, 1813.
The village was on the river banks in the bottom, but the natives had thrown a breast- work across the peninsula, on the top of the
Mar. 3, 1905 (allotment) .
2,000.00
Mar. 2, 1907.
10,000.00
256
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
ridge back of the town. This in the end proved a trap, preventing escape during the battle, and only 70 out of nearly 1,000 sur- vived. The neck of the peninsula is about 350 yards across, contains about 100 acres and gradually rises from the water's edge. At the time of the location of the town, the river was not fordable except during the dry sea- son. The town was about 15 miles northeast of Okfuski, and 55 miles, by the trail, from Fort Strother.
REFERENCES .- Handbook of American Indians (1907), vol. 1, p. 290; McKenney and Hall, In- dian Tribes of North America (1842), vol. 1, p. 194; Parton, Life of Jackson (1864), vol. 1, pp. 512, 514; Memorial of the Horseshoe Bend Battle Commission, 1909 (S. Doc. 756, 60th Cong., 2d sess.).
CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. See Presbyteri- ans, various branches of.
CHRISTIANS (Christian connection). A religious denomination, dating originally from the period of religious revival, following the Revolutionary War. Sporadic efforts at or- ganization were made during the early years of the nineteenth century, but it was not until 1819 that the general conference met at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, at which time an organization was effected. In 1854 he- cause of the adoption of resolutions condemn- ing slavery, southern delegates withdrew and formed a separate organization, which con- tinued until 1890. In that year the delegates from the south resumed their seats. The de- nomination has no creed or statement of doc- trine other than the Bible itself; Christian character is the test of church fellowship, no one being barred because of difference in the- ological belief; baptism is not a requisite to membership, although urged upon believers as a duty, and immersion is generally prac- ticed hut not insisted upon; and open com- munion is practiced. Local churches are in- dependent in organization. Conferences of the churches are formed for the purpose of admitting preachers, oversight of the ministry and other administrative duties. The Amer- ican Christian Convention conducts the gen- eral work of the church, and is a delegated body. It has two incorporated departments, the mission body and the Christian publish- ing association.
Details concerning the organization of this denomination in Alabama are not available. The U. S. census report of 1906 gives the total number of organizations in the state as 25; total number of members 1,890; 22 church edifices, with a seating capacity of 7,725; church property valued at $11,800; and 10 Sunday schools, with 97 teachers and 736 scholars.
l'he churches of the state are organized into the Alabama conference. Some of the Alabama churches, however, are included in what is known as the Georgia and Alabama conference, and the statistics ahove are given for the churches of the state, wholly apart from their conference relation.
REFERENCE .- U. S. Bureau of the Census, Re- ligious Bodies, 1906 (1910), pp. 192-197.
CHRISTMAS DAY. See Special Days.
CHUAHLA. A locality, not fully identified, hut probably located on the south side of the Alahama River, just below the influx of White Oak Creek. The name is written Chouala on the Danville and De Crenay maps. The word Chuahla means "cedar," and the original lo- cality, to which the name was given evidently was one abounding in cedar growth.
REFERENCE .- Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 188, 196.
CHUKFI. A small island, distant about a league from Mobile, and sometimes spelled Chukfe or Chukfa. Its correct spelling is as given in the title. The word is Choctaw and means "Rabbit." It is interesting as the most southern locality in Alabama bearing a Choctaw name. The island in 1782 was granted to Joseph Colomb.
REFERENCE .- Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 324, 514.
CHUKKA CHAHA. A bluff on the east side of the Alabama River, noted hoth on the Danville and the De Crenay maps as "Ecor boisbriant," meaning "Boisbriant Bluff." On the De Crenay map it has an alternative name Chauc chaqua, which is evidently the Choc- taw Chukka chaha, meaning "high houses." The bluff is probably identical with or in the vicinity of Cleveland, Dallas County.
REFERENCE .- Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 188, 196.
CHUNCHULA. A small station on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in Mobile County, near Chickasaw Creek. It received its name probably about 1855. The word is a corrup- tion of the Choctaw Hachunchoha, meaning "Alligator." The constant use of the word doubtless wore away its first syllable. How- ever, there is some evidence that there was at one time an abbreviated form of the word in use among the Choctaws. Adair gives Chun- chaba as Choctaw for "Alligator."
REFERENCE .- Adair, American Indians (1775), p. 43; and manuscript data in the Alahama De- partment of Archives and History.
CHUNNENNUGGEE RIDGE. An area in the southeastern part of the State, lying to the south and southeast of the black belt, and including part of Bullock, Lowndes and Montgomery Counties. The area contains approximately 2,300 square miles. The line of division between the black belt, or prairie section, and the Chunnennuggee Ridge, or blue marl section, is marked by a rather abrupt ascent, amounting almost to an escarp- ment, 100 feet or more in height. This escarpment or ridge is most conspicuous and most typical in the vicinity of Union Springs, and it was here that the name by which the entire ridge has come to be known was first bestowed. Geologically the area belongs to the Cretaceous, but the soils appear to have
Rev. G. H. W. Petrie, D. D., for years pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Montgomery.
Rev. Ebenezer Hearne, pi- oneer Methodist preacher
Rev. Lee Compere and wife, pioneer Baptist missionary and preacher RELIGIOUS LEADERS
Vol. 1-17
259
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
been derived mainly from the Lafayette formation. In places the soils are quite sandy. As a whole, they are of average fer- tility and adapted to the cultivation of most of the staple and pasturage crops. The east- ern portion of the region is quite rolling, at times approaching ruggedness. The country is well drained, having numerous small streams, most of which flow between bluffs of considerable height. About one-half of the section is covered with forests, but the trees are mainly of second growth. The most common varieties are short-leaf pine, sweet gum, willow, bay, spruce pine, water oak, red oak, and cottonwood. Agriculturally the Chunnennuggee Ridge area has always been well advanced. The first local agricultural society in the State was organized within its bounds, and was called the Chunnennuggee Horticultural Society.
See Agriculture; Bullock County; Geology; Soils and Soil Surveys.
REFERENCES .- Harper, Economic botany of Alabama, Pt. 1, Geographical report (Geol. Sur- vey of Ala., Monograph 8, 1913), pp. 91-94; and "Forest resources of Alabama," in American Forestry, October, 1913, vol. xix, No. 10, pp 657-670; Geol. Survey of Ala., Report for 1881 and 1882, pp. 171 et seq.
CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST. A re- ligious body, founded by Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy. Its teachings are authoritatively set forth in "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures," prepared by the founder, in which "she gives the principle and rule whereby the sick may be healed as well as the sinner saved," and in which is taught the necessity of a practical Christianity reviving the apos- tolic healing which Christ enjoined. It has no creed, but certain religious tenets, set forth at length in the work referred to. The central organization is the Mother Church in Boston. Its activities, both as a denomina- tion and on the part of individuals, are crys- tallized in the one word "healing," meaning "the mental, moral, and physical regeneration of mankind."
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