USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 118
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The lives of a few were saved by the inter- position of friends among the hostile war- riors, while a few others succeded in push- ing their way through the pickets and escap- ing to the adjacent reed brake. The exact number of survivors can perhaps never be ascertained. But a summing up of the names preserved by different writers gives a list of about 36 survivors of 553 inmates of the fort.
The day after the massacre, the Creeks buried many of their dead in the potato field south of the fort, and left 109 unburied bodies and about 50 afterwards died of their wounds at Burnt Corn Spring. Hopiee Tus- tenuggee, their chief commander, was slain at Fort Mims. On September 9, the American dead were buried by a detachment under Col. Joseph P. Kennedy.
A monument has been erected by the United States Daughters of 1812 in honor of the men, women and children massacred in
Fort Mims. It
was formally dedicated
May 17,1917. It is located on the historic road to the river very near the site of the fort. An acre of land, of which the monu- ment is the center, has been deeded to the National Society of the U. S. Daughters of 1812.
See Baldwin County; United States Daugh- ters of 1812.
REFERENCES .- Letters of Col. Benjamin Haw- kins, in American State Papers, Indian Affairs, vol. 1, pp. 853, 854; Meek, Romantic passages in southwestern history (1857), pp. 101-109; Pickett, History of Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900), pp. 528-542; Claiborne, Mississippi, (1880), pp. 323, 324; Maj. J. D. Dreisbach, "Weatherford," in Alabama Historical Reporter, Feb .- April, 1884, vol. 2; Dr. A. B. Clanton, "Fort Mims Massacre," in Meridian, (Miss.) News, 1890, 1891; Halbert and Ball, Creek War of 1813 and 1814 (1895), pp. 143-176; The Mobile Reg- ister, May 20, 1917.
FORT PAYNE. County seat of DeKalb County, situated in the east-central part of the county, on the western slope of the Lookout Mountains, in the eastern edge of Wills Valley, and on the main line of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, about 40 miles northeast of Gadsden and about 55 miles southwest of Chattanooga. Altitude: about 1,000 feet. Population: 1888-500; 1890-2,698; 1900-1,037; 1910-1,317. It was incorporated by the legislature February 28, 1889, and the charter amended February 3, 1891. It is now administered under the municipal code of 1907. It has a city hall erected in 1905, a jail erected in 1885 at a cost of $5,000, privately owned electric light plant, and waterworks, a volunteer fire de- partment, 2 miles of sanitary sewerage laid in 1889 at a cost of $35,000, cherted streets, and 1 mile of cement sidewalks, constructed in 1912. Its bonded indebtedness is $16,300 -$10,000 for schools, and $6,300
for sewerage system. Its banking institutions are the DeKalb County Bank (State) and the Citizens Bank & Security Co. (State). The Fort Payne Journal, established in 1872, and The Citizen, established in 1912, both Demo- cratic weeklies, are published there. Its principal industries are hosiery mills, capital- ized at $100,000, and employing 350 people, a cooperage factory, cotton ginneries and warehouses, planing mill, iron, coal, kaolin, and cement mines, and limestone quarries, nearby. It has a park and playground con- taining 2 acres. It is the location of the DeKalb County High School, and also has a public school building which cost $10,000. Its churches are Methodist Episcopal, South, Baptist, and Cumberland Presbyterian.
This was a small mountain village when the railroad was built through Wills Valley. The Fort Payne Coal & Iron Co. was organ- ized during the eighties, and acquired 32,000 acres of land, on which it proposed to estab- lish a manufacturing city. Northern capital- ists, as well as Birmingham and Montgomery men attended the sale of lots. There was considerable speculation, and some lots
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
brought extravagant prices. Some of them were resold within an hour for double the price paid by the original purchasers. A Montgomery man is said to have cleared $100,000 on the sale of lots. The manufac- turing city did not materialize, but the town has nevertheless made very steady progress, economically and otherwise. It is situated in the mineral district, and possesses many ad- vantages. Its lands are comparatively fertile and varied crops are produced. The culture of apples and other fruits has in recent years become an important industry. Pecan cul- ture has also been undertaken on quite a large scale and with gratifying results.
REFERENCES .- Acts, 1888-89, pp. 860-863; Ibid, 1890-91, pp. 313-335; Berney, Handbook (1892), pp. 372-374; Brewer, Alabama (1872), p. 235; Northern Alabama (1888), pp. 135, 136; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910), p. 321; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 364; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.
FORT SINQUEFIELD ATTACK. An at- tack on one of the stockade forts in Clarke County, by Creek Indlans on September 2, 1813. The unsettled condition of the coun- try, caused by anticipated Indian hostilities, had thoroughly aroused the settlers, and they had fortified themselves in numerous rude and hurriedly built stockade forts. Several of these were in Clarke County, including Fort Sinquefield, which was located upon a table land about 5 miles southeast of Grove Hill. The spring which supplied water to the fort was about 275 yards to the south- west in a deep valley. Here many of the settlers in the vicinity came for protection. They would occasionally go out to their farms, but only in groups for protection against possible attack. Some of those who had come to the fort, becoming dissatisfied, or perhaps in the belief that there was com- paratively little danger, returned to their homes. One fatal instance of this course resulted in the Kimball-James massacre, on September 1, 1813. The massacre of Fort Mims had taken place two days before on August 30.
Two weeks prior to that massacre the In- dians had held a council, supposedly at the Holy Ground, in which their attacking forces were divided into two parties, one to pro- ceed against Fort Mims, and the other, against Fort Sinquefield. The leader of the Indians against the latter was the Prophet Josiah Francis. The inmates of this fort were mostly the settlers on Bassett's Creek. Of these there were about 15 men able to bear arms, including some friendly Creek warriors. On the morning of September 2, the stockade was reenforced by the arrival of 11 well armed mounted men under Lieut. James Bailey. Shortly after their arrival, Bailey's company with some of the garri- son went to the home of Ransom Kimball, and brought back the 12 bodies, who had been massacred there. The dead were buried about 70 yards southeast of the fort, the ceremony concluding about 1 o'clock in the day. The people about the fort had resumed
their usual occupations, some of the women were at the spring for water, and others were engaged in washing. Suddenly the Indians, about 100 in number, were seen stealthily approaching the stockade. On the alarm being given the Indians rose, and ran at full speed in the effort to cut off the burial party. Finding that they could not accom- plish this they turned, and with hideous yells, attempted to cut off the escape of the help- less women at the spring. At this moment of terror and confusion Isaac Hayden leaped upon a horse, and calling to the dogs in the fort, set the yelping pack upon the Indians. This came as such a surprise to the Indians that for a moment they were compelled to halt and defend themselves. This delay en- abled the women, with one exception, to reach the fort in safety. Mrs. Sarah Phillips, when about half way to the fort, was over- taken and slain.
The Indians now surrounded the fort on all sides and opened a furious fire, which was vigorously returned by the garrison. The fighting lasted about two hours, when the Indians withdrew, with a loss of 11 killed. Their wounded was doubtless numerous. The loss of the settlers, in addition to Mrs. Phillips, was one man killed and a hoy wounded.
Some two hours after the attack on the fort, its inmates learned from their scouts that the Creeks had retreated several miles. Fearing a possible return, the people re- solved to abandon the fort and to retire to Fort Madison. A part left for that post dur- ing the evening, and the remainder next morning.
See Fort Madison; Kimball-James Mas- sacre.
REFERENCES .- Meek, Romantic passages in southwestern history (1857), pp. 301, 302; Pick- ett, History of Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900), pp. 545, 546; Ball, Clarke County and its sur- roundings (1882), pp. 153-154; Halbert and Ball, Creek War of 1813 and 1814 (1895), pp. 184- 198; Gen. F. L. Claiborne's Letter, in American Weekly Messenger, 1813.
FORTS AND DEFENSES. Fortified buildings or enclosures, usually provided with defensive works, of varying size and charac- ter of construction, and employed in the early settlement and later life of the ter- ritory, now included in the State, as points or places of defense or protection against the Indians, or against the forces of a for- eign or a domestic foe. The early trading posts among the Indians, situated in the in- terior, were originally projected as armed forts. In the long history of the State, all of the forts and defensive works, with few exceptions, have either been abandoned or dismantled, and in many cases their exact location and numerous interesting details of their planting and construction have been lost.
The earliest of such fortifications to be erected was Fort Louis de la Mobile. It was located at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff, a spot now well identified, and marked by a
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
massive granite stone, erected by the Iber- ville Historical Society and the people of Mobile. Ground was broken probably in the middle of January, 1702, and just 200 years later, the stone was placed in position and unveiled. It was named in honor of Louis XIV. To Judge Peter J. Hamilton, historian of Mobile, and then president of the Iberville Historical Society, is due the credit of locat- ing and identifying the fort, and of bringing about its permanent marking. This point was designated as the capital of French Louisiana; but the site was subject to overflow, and in 1711 the headquarters were removed to the site of the present city of Mobile.
The next fort established and with all its attendant history perhaps the most interest- ing in the State, was Fort Toulouse. It was located near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, in the present Elmore County. It is said to have been erected in response to an appeal by the principal chief of the Alibamons, whose towns were scat- tered along the Alabama River for many miles. The invitation was speedily accepted, and the fort was planted in 1714, probably by Bienville, then and for almost a half century, conspicuous in the history of French Louisiana. It was first called "Aux Aliba- mons," later changed by Bienville to Tou- louse, in honor of Comte de Toulouse, at that time director of the colonies. This fort had both a commercial and military advantage of far-reaching importance. It represented the extreme eastern point of French influence in the Mississippi valley, and it held a place of importance until the close of the French and Indian war in 1763.
Fort Tombécbee was erected on the Tom- bigbee River about 1735, by the French, as a center of Indian trade among the Choc- taw Indians. It was planted at what is now known as Jones Bluff, near Epes Station, which is visible from passing trains of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. In 1914, the Livingston Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, marked its site by a fitting memorial stone.
The Federal Government early in the 19th century, in planning for the coast defenses, erected fortifications at the entrance of Mo- bile Bay. The most conspicuous of these was Fort Bowyer, named in honor of Col. John Bowyer, a gallant naval officer and a native of Maryland. It was here that Maj. Lawrence made his gallant defense and lost his life. Later, on the remains of Fort Bowyer, what is now known as Fort Mor- gan was erected, after many years of de- lay with contractors and difficulties innumer- able. Opposite on Grant's Pass, Fort Gaines was erected. These two fortifications were heavily manned by the Confederates, and did gallant service in protecting the town of Mobile from Federal invasion. However, in 1864, Admiral Farragut's fleet came in under the guns of Fort Morgan, and after an all day battle, succeeded in movng for- ward to the capture of the city. Fort Gaines fell about the same time.
The detailed history of all of the forts
and defensive works erected in the State can not be given. Separate sketches of the more important will be found listed throughout this work, as noted in the cross reference paragraph below. In the list which follows is a brief statement, sufficient to indicate locations, dates erected, for whom named, and general purposes of construction. The references will indicate further facts con- cerning the histories of particular points.
Forts, Defensive Works, Camps, Canton- ments, Military Reservations, National Ceme- teries .-
Alabama, Fort: in Elmore County, on Coosa River; same as Fort Toulouse.
Alexandria, Fort: near Mobile; no details. Alexis, Fort: near Mobile; no details.
Armstrong, Fort: on Etowah River, near the Coosa; 1814; built during the Creek War, 1813-14.
Bailey, Battery: near Mobile; no details.
Bainbridge, Fort: on or very near the line between Macon and Russell Counties, 17 miles southeast of Tuskegee, on old Federal Road; 1813; built by Gen. Floyd; named for Commodore Bainbridge; base of supplies for campaign against the Indians.
Bibb, Fort: in Butler County; 1818; built by settlers for local defense against Indians; named for Gov. William W. Bibb.
Blakely, Fort: in Baldwin County, on east- ern shore of Mobile Bay; a Confederate de- fense.
Bluff, Fort: in Morgan County.
Bowyer, Battery: in Baldwin County, at Mobile Point; 1813.
Bowyer, Fort: Present site of Fort Mor- gan; 1813; named for Col. John Bowyer (q.v.).
Canal Battery: at Mobile.
Canby Battery: near Mobile.
Carney, Fort: see Gullett's Bluff.
Cato's Fort: in Clarke County, near Cof- feeville; 1813; built by settlers for defense against Indians.
Charlotte, Fort: in Mobile County, at Mo- bile (q. v.).
Claiborne, Fort: in Monroe County, on the Alabama River, near mouth of Limestone Creek; 1813; built by Gen. F. L. Claiborne as base of supplies on his invasion of the Creek country.
Clark, Camp: near Mobile.
Condé, Fort: in Mobile County, at Mobile; built by Bienville, 1711; at first a wooden structure, rebuilt with brick 1717; name changed to Fort Charlotte by the British. See Charlotte, Fort.
Confederation, Fort, in Sumter County, at Jones Bluff, (q. v.).
Craven, Battery: near Mobile.
Crawford, Fort: in Escambia County, in the limits of the Town of Brewton; about 1816; for defense against Indians.
Curry's Fort: on the Tombigbee River.
Dale, Fort: in Butler County; 1818; for defense against Indians; built by Col. Sam Dale, and received his name.
Dauphine Island: Fort Tombigbee, about 1712; later the site of Fort Gaines (q. v.).
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Dearborn, Battery: at Fort Morgan; prob- ably about 1852.
Decatur, Fort: on Tallapoosa River in Ma- con County, near the present milstead (q. v.).
Defiance, Camp: in extreme southern part of Creek country, 48 miles west of Chatta- hoochee; 1794; established by Gen. Elijah Clarke; destroyed by Georgia militia, 1794.
Deposit, Fort: on Tennessee River, at mouth of Honey Creek, Marshall County; 1813; established by Gen. Jackson as a base of supplies at beginning of Creek War.
Deposit, Fort: in southern part of Lown- des County, near Letohatchee Creek; 1813; erected by Gen. Claiborne as a base of sup- plies during Creek War. See Fort Deposit.
Easley, Fort: in Clarke County, near junc- tion of Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers, upon Baker's Bluff; 1813 for defense against In- dians.
Elk River, Fort at: Fort Hawkins.
Farragut, Battery: near Mobile; probably established by Farragut's fleet during the blockade.
Florida, Fort: on Mobile River; town name given site of Fort Stoddert.
Forse, Camp: at Huntsville.
Gadsden, Fort: near Spanish Fort.
Gaines, fort: on Dauphine Island, Mobile Bay (q. v.).
Gladden, Redoubt: near Mobile.
Glass, Redoubt: in Clarke Country, Ala- bama and Tombigbee Rivers; 1813; bullt by Zachariah Glass; for defense against Indians.
Granger General Hospital: at Huntsville.
Grant's Island Reservation: in Mobile Bay. Gullett's Bluff, Fort: in Clarke County; 1813; built by settlers for defense against Indians.
Gunter's Landing, Cantonment at: on Ten- nessee River; 1863; a Confederate defense. Hampton, Fort: on Elk River.
Harker Battery: at Stevenson.
Hawn, Fort: on Tombigbee River; 1813; same as Gullett's Bluff Fort.
Henderson, Fort: in Lee County.
Herbert, Hilary A., Camp: at Montgomery. Heron Island, Fort on: Fort Powell, in Mobile County.
Horseshoe Bend: in Tallapoosa County, on Tallapoosa River (q. v.).
Huger, Fort: in Baldwin County, near the mouth of the Tensas River; a Confederate defense; abandoned by the Confederates, April 11, 1865.
Hull, Fort: in Macon County, five miles southeast of Tuskegee on old Federal Road; 1813; erected by Gen. Floyd during Creek War.
Ingersoll, Fort: no details.
Jackson, Fort: in Elmore County, at junc- tion of Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, on the site of old Fort Toulouse; 1814; erected by Gen. Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. See Fort Jackson, Treaty of.
Johnston, Camp: at Mobile.
Jones, Fort: in Randolph County, near Roanoke.
Landrum's Fort: in Clarke County, near the present Grove Hill; 1813; built by set- tlers for defense against the Indians.
Lashley's Fort: in Talladega County, near the town of Talladega; 1813; built by Alex- ander Leslie, for protection against the Creeks.
Lavier, Fort: in Clarke County, between Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers; 1813; bullt by settlers for defense against Indians; some- times erroneously called Fort Rivier.
Likens, Fort: in Brown's Lower Valley. Lincoln, Battery: near Huntsville.
Louis de la Mobile, Fort: in Mobile Coun- ty, at 27-Mile Bluff on the Mobile River (q. v.).
McCrary, Fort: near Roanoke, no details. McDermitt, Fort: near Mobile.
McGrew's Fort: about three miles north of Fort St. Stephen; 1813; built by Wm. and John McGrew; for defense against Indians.
McIntosh, Battery: a defense of Mobile.
Mackintosh, Redoubt: near Mobile.
Madison, Fort: in Clarke County, between Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers (q. v.).
Mims, Fort: in Baldwin County, on Ala- bama River. See Fort Mims Massacre.
Mitchell, Fort: Russell County, on Chatta- hoochee River (q. v.).
Mobile, Arsenal: at Mobile.
Mobile National Cemetery: near Mobile, in Magnolia Cemetery (q. v.).
Montgomery, Fort: in Baldwin County, near Alabama River, opposite the "Cut Off," and two miles from Fort Mims; 1814; built by Lieut .- Col. Benton as a base against ma- rauding Indians.
Morgan, Fort: in Baldwin County, at Mo- bile Point. (q. v.).
Morton, Battery: near Fort Morgan.
Mott's Fort: in Clarke County; 1813; built by settlers for defense against Indians.
Mound, Battery: near Mobile.
Mount Vernon, Cantonment: in Mobile County, at Mount Vernon (q. v.).
Mount Vernon Arsenal: in Mobile County, at Mount Vernon (q. v.).
Mount Vernon Barracks: in Mobile County, at Mount Vernon; 1873 (q. v.)
Opelika, Fort: in Lee County, at Opelika; no details.
Perdido Bay Reservation: Baldwin County, west side of entrance to Perdido Bay (q. v.).
Pierce, Fort: in Baldwin County, on Ala- bama River, two miles south of Fort Mims; 1813; named for two brothers, Wm. and John Pierce.
Pinto, Fort: near Mobile.
Powell, Fort: on Heron Island, Mobile Bay; built by the Confederates; evacuated and partially destroyed by them in 1864.
Rankin's Fort: in Washington County, near Mobile River; 1813; built by settlers for de- fense against Indians.
Red, Fort: near Spanish Fort.
Republic, Fort: in Washington County, at Stephens; 1813; built for defense against Indians.
Rivier, Fort. See Lavier, Fort.
St. Phillip, Fort: on Mobile River, 20 miles above Mobile.
St. Stephen, Fort: on Tombigbee River, at St. Stephens; established by the French,
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
probably about 1714; rebuilt by Spanish about 1786; probably named for Governor- General Miro; given over to Americans, 1799.
Sand Fort: in Russell County, on old Fed- eral Road, 10 miles west of Fort Mitchell; 1835; for defense against Indians; abandoned 1836.
Seraf, Fort: at Mobile Point.
Shipp, Camp: at Anniston; used during Spanish-American War, 1898.
Sidney Johnston, Fort: at Mobile.
Sinquefield, Fort: in Clarke County, be- tween Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers. See Fort Sinquefield Attack.
Spanish Fort: near Mobile; 1779; built by Gov. Galvez.
Stephens, Fort: on Alabama River, above Mobile.
Stevenson, Fort: at Stevenson.
Stoddert, Fort: in Mobile County, on Ala- bama River, near the junction of the Tom- bigbee (q. v.).
Stonewall, Fort: Clarke County, at Choc- taw Bluff; a Confederate defense.
Strother, Fort: in St. Clair County, on Coosa River, at Lock 3; 1813; erected by Gen. Jackson at the beginning of the Creek War.
Taylor Camp: at Huntsville.
Thomas Barracks: at Huntsville.
Tighlman Battery: near Mobile; 1863; a Confederate defense.
Tohopeka, in Tallapoosa County, on Talla. poosa River; Indian name for Creek town and fortification at Horseshoe Bend.
Tombecbee, Fort: in Sumter County, Tom- bigbee River (q. v.).
Tombigbee, Fort: on Dauphine Island; sub- sequent site of Fort Gaines (q. v.).
Toulouse, Fort: in Elmore County, east bank of Coosa River, about one mile above its junction with the Tallapoosa (q. v.).
Tower Island Reservation (q. v.).
Tracey or Tracy, Post at: in Baldwin Coun- ty, near mouth of Tensas River: a Confeder- ate defense; evacuated April 11, 1865.
Truson, Fort: near Spanish Fort.
Turner's Fort: in a bend of the Tombigbee River in Clarke County; 1813; built by set- tlers for defense against Indians.
Tyler, Fort: in Chambers County; 1865; a Confederate defense, first commanded by Gen. Tyler who lost his life here.
Wheeler, Camp: at Huntsville.
White, Fort: in Clarke County; 1813; built by settlers for defense against Indians.
Williams, Fort: in Talladega County, on Coosa River, at the mouth of Cedar Creek, about 60 miles above Fort Jackson; 1814; erected by Gen. Jackson shortly before the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; named for Col. John Williams.
See Bowyer, Fort; Charlotte, Fort; Con- federation, Fort; Decatur, Fort; Fort Jack- son, Treaty of; Gaines, Fort; Fort Madison; Fort Mims Massacre; Fort Sinquefield At- tack; Horseshoe Bend, Battle of; Louis de la Mobile, Fort; Mitchell, Fort; Morgan, Fort; Mount Vernon Cantonment, Arsenal and Barracks; Stoddert, Fort; Tombecbee, Fort; Toulouse, Fort; Tower Island.
REFERENCES .- Pickett, Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900); Brewer, Alabama (1872); Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910) ; Ibid, Mobile of the five flags (1913) ; Winsor, narrative and critical his- tory of America; Alabama Historical Society, Transactions, 1897-1904, vols. 2-5; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910); Monette, History of the Valley of the Mississippi (1848) ; and manuscript data in the Alabama Depart- ment of Archives and History.
FOUR MINUTE MEN IN ALABAMA. A division of the National Committee on Public Information, of which Thomas J. Crittenden, of Birmingham, was Chairman. The "Four Minute Men" in Alabama did remarkable work at all times in furthering the activities of the government and our participation in the European War.
Enlisted as they were to scatter broadcast all war propaganda they aided materially by short platform speeches those who were conducting Liberty Loan Campaigns, Red Cross Roll Calls, and numerous other activi- ties.
The State organization consisted of Thomas J. Crittenden, State Director, Val J. Nesbitt, Chairman Red Cross Speakers Bureau; Hugh A. Lock, Chairman Four Minute Men Speak- ers Committee, J. Kirkman Jackson, Secre- tary; and H. D. Cullen, Treasurer. The fol- lowing were chairmen of the Committees which follow their names: H. W. Coffin, Exe- cutive Committee; Louis Pizitz, Finance Com- mittee; Frank P. Glass, Publicity Committee; Mrs. Oscar R. Hundley, Woman's Division; Dr. J. H. Phillips, Junior Four Minute Men Committee; Dr. H. M. Edmonds, Church Committee; and Dr. P. H. Woodall, Industries Committee.
REFERENCES .- Letters and manuscript in the files of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History. 1
FOURTH ALABAMA INFANTRY (167th Infantry, U. S. Army). Regiment of Infantry organized at Dalton, Ga., May 2, 1862, and served throughout the War of Secession, par- ticipating in the battles of Bull Run, Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Second Manasas, or Bull Run, Boonsboro, Sharpsburg, Frederick- burg, Suffolk, Va., Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Spottsylvania, second battle of Cold Harbor and numerous other engagements. When the regiment went into the Confederate Army it had 700 men when the surrender came at Appomatox there were only 202 left. "There had been 622 replacements. There were 834 casualties, 154 killed in action and 680 wounded. There is no record of those who were stricken with fever."
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