History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 24

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756

USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 24

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Shell Gorget (ornament), showing human form, found in aboriginal cemetery, Montgomery County

Bone fish hook from Toasi, one of the few found east of the Rocky Mountains.

Native copper pendant from Toasi, near Mont- gomery, showing figure of a dragon fly.

Stone pipe in collection of W. H. Seymour, Mont- gomery.

INDIAN RELICS

Vol. 1-8

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HISTORY OF ALABAMA

years" (1885); Rev. Dr. John L. Dagg, "Es- say in defense of strict communion" (1845), "Manual of theology" (1857), "Treatise on church order" (1858), "Elements of moral science" (1859), and "Evidences of Chris- tianity" (1868); Rev. Dr. Noah K. Davis, "Theory of thought, a Treatise on deductive logic" (1880), "Life of the Nazarene," "Ju- dah's jewels," and "Progress and prospects of Alabama" (1854); Rev. A. C. Dayton, "Theodosia Ernest," and "Baptist facts against Methodist fictions" (1859); Rev. E. J. Hamill and Rev. Dr. Samuel Henderson, "A discussion on Methodist episcopacy" (1856); Rev. Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, "Paul and the women, and other discourses" (1891), "The cloud of witnesses and other sermons" (1908) ; Rev. William Howard, "The origin, aims, and principles of the American Bible Union" (1857); Rev. Dr. Milo P. Jewett, "The mode and subjects of baptism" (1840); Rev. Thomas G. Keen, "Characteristics of the times" (1850); Rev. Dr. Basil Manly, "Grief for departed worth, a Sermon in commem- oration of Rev. Prof. Horace S. Pratt" (1841), "Division efficiency consistent with human activity" (1849), and in collabora- tion with his son, Basil Manly, Jr., "The Baptist psalmody" (1850); Rev. Dr. Basil Manly, Jr., "The Bible doctrine of inspira- tion" (1888); Rev. Dr. J. N. Prestridge, "Modern Baptist heroes and martyrs" (1911); Rev. Dr. J. J. D. Renfro, "The Kingdom of Christ not of this world" (1857), "Sketch of Rev. N. D. Renfro" (n. d.); Rev. Dr. S. S. Sherman "The Bible a classic" (1850); Rev. Dr. J. J. Taylor, "The Gospel according to Mark" (1912); Rev. Henry H. Tucker, "The dignity of the min- isterial office" (1853); Rev. Dr. M. B. Wharton, "Gospel talks" (1886), "Famous women of the New Testament" (1890), "Famous men of the Old Testament" (1903), "White blood, a story of the South" (1906), "Stories short and sweet" (1910); Rev. W. A. Whittle, "A Baptist abroad" (1890).

See Alabama Central Female College; Child Welfare; Howard College; Judson College; Newton Baptist Collegiate Institute; Old Age Relief.

PUBLICATIONS .- Baptist official publications consist of State Convention Minutes; Associa- tion Minutes; Woman's Missionary Union, Re- ports; Pelham Heights, Programs; Associa- tional Sunday School Conventions, Minutes; B. Y. P. U. Convention, Proceedings; and mis- cellaneous booklets, leaflets, announcements, programs, etc. Individual churches in many cases issue calendars, containing announce- ments and notices, weekly program, and mis- cellaneous items of general and local interest.

REFERENCES .- U. S. Bureau of the Census, Religious bodies, 1906 (1910), pp. 66-91; Rev. Hosea Holcombe, A History of the rise and progress of the Baptists in Alabama (1840), Rev. Dr. B. F. Riley, History of the Baptists of Alabama (1895), ill., a work. admirably pre- senting the denominational record from 1808 to 1894, History of Conecuh County (1881), and History of the Baptists in the Southern States east of the Mississippi (1898); Rev.

George E. Brewer, History of the Central As- sociation (1895); Rev. Dr. W. C. Bledsoe, His- tory of Liberty (East) Baptist Association (1886), ill .; Rev. Dr. Josephus Shackelford, History of the Muscle Shoals Baptist Associa- tion (1891), and "The pioneer Baptist preach- ers of North Alabama," in The Moulton (Ala.) Advertiser, May 17-July 5, 1910; Cathcart, Bap- tist encyclopædia (1881), passim, for much historical and biographical data; Blue, Churches of Montgomery (1878) ; Hardy, Selma (1879); Townes, History of Marion (1844); Ball, Clarke County (1882) ; Little, History of Butler County, (1885); Hamilton, Mobile of the Five Flags (1913); Yerby, His- tory of Greensboro, (1908); Revs. W. B. and A. D. Gillette, Memoir of Rev. Daniel H. Gil- lette (1846); Alderman and Gordon, J. L. M. Curry, a Biography (1911); Rev. Dr. John L. Dagg, Autobiography (1886) ; Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Sherman, Autobiography (1910); Rev. Dr. J. J. Taylor, Daniel G. Taylor, a Country preacher (1893); Rev. Dr. Boardman H. Crumpton, In Memoriam (1910); Memorial Record of Alabama (1893), Vol. 2, pp. 236-244; Miss Louise Manly, History of Judson College (1913), ill .; Mrs. Blandin, History of Higher education of women in the South (1909) ; Clark, History of education in Alabama (in U. S. Bureau of Education, Contributions to American Educational History, 1889); State Convention-Acts, 1859-60, pp. 396-397; 1886-87, pp. 621-623; Howard College-Acts, 1841, pp. 64-65; 1844-45, p. 105; 1859-60, p. 336; 1890-91, p. 1265; Alabama Baptist Bible and Colporteur Society-Acts, 1857-58, pp. 142-143; 1861, p. 70; Louise Short Home-Acts, 1890-91, pp. 683-687, 1894-95, pp. 432-434; The Weekly Mercury, Huntsville, Ala., June 9, 1909; Morgan County Times, Decatur, Ala., Aug. 14, 1908; The princi- pal original sources are the Alabama Baptist State Convention, Minutes, 1823-1917; South- ern Baptist Convention, Proceedings, 1845-1917; and Associational Minutes. In the State Con- vention, Minutes, 1892, pp. 62-66, will be found copies of the legislative acts relating to that body and also to Howard College. Files of these with comparative fulness are to be found in the custody of the recording and statistical secretary of the State Convention, the library of Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y., and the Alabama Department of Archives and History.

BAPTISTS, TWO-SEED-IN-THE-SPIRIT- PREDESTINARIAN. A branch of the gen- eral religious hody of Baptists, organized early in the nineteenth century as a protest of the more rigid Calvinist teachings against a general laxity of doctrine and looseness of church discipline, consequent upon the al- leged prevalence of Armenian doctrines of Methodists. Its churches are to be found in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. They resemble the Primitive Baptists in some respects and are sometimes popularly confused with that body, but they are far more extreme in their intensely Cal- vinistic doctrines and equally independent polity. The title phrase, "Two Seed," indi- cates one seed of good and one of evil, oper- ating on the generations of mankind. Asso-

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ciations of churches are formed, "but for spirit and fellowship rather than for church management." Sunday schools and church societies are not recognized.

The state of this denomination in 1890 as compared with its condition in 1906 shows a notable decrease. In Alabama in 1906 there were 2 congregations with a total of 32 members, 16 men and 16 women; and 2 churches, valued at $450.

REFERENCE .- U. S. Bureau of the Census, Re- ligious bodies, 1906 (1910), pp. 155-157.

BAR ASSOCIATION, THE ALABAMA STATE. A voluntary professional organiza- tion, whose objects are "to advance the sci- ence of jurisprudence, promote the adminis- tration of justice throughout the State, uphold the honor of the profession of the law, and establish cordial intercourse among the mem- bers of the Bar of Alabama." The organiza- tion of the association was perfected, Jan- uary 15, 1879, at a preliminary conference held in the hall of the house of representa- tives. Gov. Thomas H. Watts presided, and the secretary of the meeting was Alexander Troy, both of the Montgomery Bar. The meeting showed the presence of many of the leading lawyers throughout the State. Among these were Gen. Edmund W. Pettus, Gen. LeRoy Pope Walker, Col. Daniel S. Troy, Capt. Walter L. Bragg, Gen. Joseph Wheeler, W. G. Little, Jr., William M. Brooks, J. J. Robinson, G. W. Taylor, Peter Hamilton, Hen- derson M. Somerville, H. A. Woolf, James L. Pugh, J. Little Smith and G. B. Clark. After resolving to form an association, a constitu- tion and by-laws were adopted, and officers elected: President, W. L. Bragg; Vice Pres- idents, Peter Hamilton, E. W. Pettus, L. P. Walker, H. M. Somerville and James L. Pugh; Secretary and Treasurer, Alexander Troy. It is an interesting fact that Mr. Troy, then elected, has been successively retained, serv- ing 38 years continuously.

The association was chartered by the legis- lature, February 12, 1879. It was given gen- eral corporate powers, and its purpose and objects were the same as those declared in the constitution. In furtherance of its ob- jects regular annual meetings have been held. The association has more often convened in Montgomery than at any other point, but many of its sessions have been elsewhere, as will be noted in the list below.

From the beginning, through committees, and by means of papers and discussions at the meetings, the association has done much "to advance the science of jurisprudence, and to promote the administration of justice throughout the State." At every annual meeting some distinguished jurist or member of the bar of another state has delivered an address. Copies of their addresses appear in the Proceedings. At the meetings, in accord- ance with the constitution, the president always communicates "the most noteworthy changes in statute law on points of general interest made in the several States and by Congress during the preceding year." These addresses therefore constitute a valuable re-

view of legislation in the United States from 1879 to date.

The adoption of many of the most impor- tant statutory reforms since 1879 is to be traced to the influence of the association, either directly or indirectly put forth. The membership has not hesitated to go on record on any measures involving needed change. Some of these are the married woman's law, negotiable instruments, the mode of attesting conveyances of property, the execution of wills, marriage and divorce, the right of oral examination of witnesses in equity cases, and the complete reorganization of judicial pro- cedure in Alabama. The committees on juris- prudence and law reform, judicial adminis- tration and procedure, and legislation have been the most potent factors in the accom- plishment of the larger results referred to. Particular mention should be made of the work of the committee on correspondence, largely developed through the efforts of its long-time chairman, Frederick G. Bromberg, Esq., which has served the wholesome and practical purpose of advising the members, and through them, others in the profession in the State, not only in the matter of judi- cial progress, but on all law questions of national importance.

The honor of the profession of the law, and the maintenance of cordial intercourse among the members of the bar have been con- stantly emphasized by the membership of the association. What is believed to be the first code of ethics ever adopted by a similar organization, was adopted by the association on December 14, 1887. It has become a model throughout the entire country. In the report of the committee on code of profes- sional ethics of the American Bar Associa- tion, made in August, 1908, full credit is given the Alabama code as being the foundation of the code adopted by that association, and by several of the State associations. The committee said in part: "The foundation of the draft for canons of ethics, herewith sub- mitted, is the code adopted by the Alabama State Bar Association in 1887, and which, with but slight modifications, has been adopted in eleven other states." The Ala- bama code has been printed on stiff card- board, framed, and a copy hung in each court room in the State. The preliminary para- graph is here quoted because of the noble sentiment inculcated:

"The purity, and efficiency of judicial ad- ministration which under our system is largely governmental itself, depends as much upon the character, conduct and demeanor of attorneys in this great trust, as upon the fidelity and learning of courts, or the honesty, and intelligence of juries."

The standards of the profession in the State have been raised through the efforts of the organization. The particular agencies appointed to this task have been the commit- tee on legal education and admission to the bar, and the central council. These, through the association, have brought about the en- largement of the law course at the University of Alabama from one to two years, and the

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creation by statute of a board of examiners on admission to the bar, to consist of three members to be appointed by the chief justice for a period of four years (q. v.). The most recent recommendation (1916) of the com- mittee has been a three-year law course at the University of Alabama, and the require- ment that all applicants for admission to the bar shall have completed "a course of study substantially equivalent for that prescribed for the county high schools." The council at the same time suggested "as a preliminary training to appearing as a barrister in court, three years study in an approved law school, followed by two or three years as the clerk of a barrister in his office; and then follow the whole five or six years training by a strict examination under the supervision of the bar association."

Early in the history of the association, by act of January 22, 1885, now sec. 2995, et seq., of the code, 1907, in amended form by act of October 3, 1903, the authority was con- ferred "to institute and prosecute, or cause to be instituted and prosecuted, in the name of the State of Alabama, the proceedings herein prescribed for the suspension or removal of an attorney." In order to make this law more effective, the legislature, August 25, 1915, provided that the association should not be liable for costs in the proceedings if insti- tuted, or if not sustained. However, compara- tively few prosecutions have been instituted for the disbarment of attorneys by the asso- ciation. Most of those against whom pro- ceedings have been instituted, have availed themselves of that provision of the statute permitting them to surrender their licenses to practice and to thus end the prosecution. With only one or two exceptions, the prosecu- tions instituted by the association, or by its central council, which have been litigated, have resulted in the disbarment of the offend- ing attorney. The publicity attending these prosecutions has had a deterrent and whole- some effect.

Local bar associations are encouraged and fostered, and provisions made for their affili- ation with the state association. A standing committee on local bar associations is an- nually appointed to care for this duty. A list of those organized and affiliated (Proceed- ings, 1915, p. 54) :

Birmingham Bar Association;

Colbert County Bar Association;

Crenshaw County Bar Association:

Florence Bar Association;

Huntsville Bar Association;

Jasper Bar Association;

Mobile Bar Association;

Monroeville Bar Association;

Montgomery Bar Association;

Prattville Bar Association;

Scottsboro Bar Association;

Selma Bar Association;

Talladega Bar Association;

Tuscaloosa Bar Association; Tuskegee Bar Association;

Presidents .- Walter L. Bragg, 1879; Ed- mund W. Pettus, 1879-80; John Little Smith, 1880-81; Edward A. O'Neal, 1881-82; M. L.

Stansel, 1882-83; Henry C. Semple, 1883-84 (to Aug. 7, 1884); N. H. R. Dawson, 1884 ( Aug. 7 to Dec. 3, 1884) ; W. H. Barnes, 1884- 85; William M. Brooks, 1885-86; H. C. Tomp- kins, 1886-87; W. F. Foster, 1887-88; Milton Humes, 1888-89; Thomas H. Watts, Sr., 1889- 90; Hannis Taylor, 1890-91; A. B. McEachin, 1891-92; A. C. Hargrove, 1892-93; J. R. Dowdell, 1893-94; James E. Webb, 1894-95; Daniel S. Troy, 1895-96; Richard H. Clarke, 1896-97; John P. Tillman, 1897-98; John D. Roquemore, 1898-99; Jos. J. Willett, 1899- 1900; Thomas G. Jones, 1900-01; Edward L. Russell, 1901-02; Lawrence Cooper, 1902-03; Edward de Graffenreid, 1903-04; Thomas R. Roulhac, 1904-05; George P. Harrison, 1905- 06; Fred. G. Bromberg, 1906-07; H. S. D. Mallory, 1907-08; William S. Thorington, 1908-09; Emmet O'Neal, 1909-10; John Lon- don, 1910-11; John Pelham, 1911-12; Frank S. White, 1912-13; Thomas M. Stevens, 1913-14; Ray Rushton, 1914-15; Charles S. McDowell, 1915-16; Joseph H. Nathan, 1916 -.

Secretary .- Alexander Troy, 1879 -.

Annual Meetings .- 1879-1916: The list which follows gives the number of session, place of meeting, inclusive dates, and bibli- ography of Proceedings, viz:

Organization meeting, Montgomery, Jan. 15, 1879.

1st annual meeting, Montgomery, Dec. 4, 1879.

2d, Montgomery, Dec. 2, 1880.

3d, Mobile, Dec. 28-30, 1881.

Proceedings [organization to 4th meet- ings] 8vo. pp. 276.

4th annual meeting, Montgomery, Nov. 20- 21, 1882. pp. 144, 1 1.

5th, Blount Springs, Aug. 1-2, 1883. pp. 130, 1 1.

6th, Birmingham, Aug. 6-7, 1884. pp. 154.

7th, Montgomery, Dec. 3, 1884. pp. 84, 1 1. 8th, Montgomery, Dec. 2-3, 1885. pp. 96.

9th, Montgomery, Dec. 1-2, 1886. pp. 169, 1 1. 10th, Montgomery, Dec. 14-15, 1887. pp. 173, 1 1. xvi.

11th, Montgomery, Dec. 19-20, 1888. pp. 161 [2].

12th, Huntsville, July 31-Aug. 1, 1889. pp. 160.

13th, Anniston, Aug. 6-7, 1890. pp. 190.

14th, Mobile, July 8-9, 1891. pp. 132.

15th, Montgomery, July 6-7, 1892. pp. 255.

16th, Montgomery, July 5-6, 1893. pp. 188.

17th, Montgomery, July 10-11, 1894. pp. 172.

18th, Montgomery, July 10-11, 1895. pp. 32, cxxxviii.

19th, Birmingham, Aug. 5-6, 1896. pp. 23, clxxx. 20th, Montgomery, June 30-July 1, 1897.

pp. 108.

21st, Montgomery, June 17-18, 1898. pp. 198. 22d, Montgomery, June 16-17, 1899. pp. 132, xl.

23d, Montgomery, June 15-16, 1900. pp. 167, xlvi.

24th, Montgomery, June 28-29, 1901. pp. 220, XXXV.

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25th, Huntsville, July 4-5, 1902. pp. 160, xxxii.

26th, Montgomery, June 19-20, 1903. pp. 221.

27th, Montgomery, July 8-9, 1904. pp. 275. 28th, Montgomery, June 30-July 1, 1905. pp. 279.

29th, Anniston, July 6-7, 1906. pp. 271.

30th, Montgomery, June 28-29, 1907. pp. 216.

31st, Montgomery, July 1-2, 1908. pp. 272. 32d, Birmingham, July 8-9, 1909. pp. 331 [2].

33d, Mobile, July 13-14, 1910. pp. 296 [2]. 34th, Montgomery, July 7-8, 1911. pp. 270 [2].

35th, Montgomery, July 12-13, 1912. pp.

341 [3]. 36th, Mobile, July 11-12, 1913. pp. 198 [2].

37th, Montgomery, July 10-11, 1914. pp. 291 [3]. 38th, Montgomery, July 9-10, 1915. pp. 310. 39th, New Decatur, July 14-15, 1916. pp. 299 [3].

PUBLICATIONS .- Reports or Proceedings, 1879- 1916, 37 vols.

The issue for the 39th annual meeting, 1916, is an octavo volume of 302 pages, and contains likenesses of all of the 38 presidents, 1879-1916. The volume also contains a full list of the annual addresses and papers read, with authors, titles and dates. The plates from which these pictures were made have been de- posited with the department of archives and history, for permanent preservation.

REFERENCES .- Acts, 1878-79; Ibid. 1903, p. 346; Ibid, 1915, pp. 313, 928; Code, 1907, sec. 2995 et seq .; American Bar Association, Proceedings, 1908, p. 567; 92 Ala., p. 113; Walter B. Jones, "The first code of legal ethics," in Case and Comment, 1916, vol. 23, p. 188; and Reports, or Proceedings of the association, passim.

BAR EXAMINERS. An official board of three members whose duties are to examine and pass upon applications for admission to the bar. The members are appointed by the chief justice, the first appointments dating from March, 1908. The members of the board are required to be attorneys actually practicing in the supreme and inferior courts of the State, possessed of the necessary qual- ifications for the performance of such duties, and their appointments are for four years. Meetings are held at the capitol twice a year, on the second Tuesdays in February and July, and continue in session four days. Members of the board are paid $10 a day for every day actually engaged in the performance of their duties as such, which include the four days of holding the examinations, and the four days for passing upon the examination papers, together with one day going to and one day returning from the capitol. They also receive five cents a mile in going to and from the capitol for the performance of their duties.

They are required to examine applicants for admission to the bar on 10 subjects, and

by a sufficient number of questions to thor- oughly test their learning thereon. After the examinations are completed, the members of the board meet at the capitol on the sec- ond Tuesdays in March and August, follow- ing the examinations, for the purpose of pass- ing upon the papers. Their "judgment and conclusion as to the sufficiency or insuffi- ciency of the legal learning of the appli- cants" must be endorsed upon the respective papers, after which they are filed with the clerk of the supreme court. Two members of the board may hold the examinations, and may pass upon the qualifications of appli- cants.

The creation of the board provides a method for admission to the bar, supplanting the old system of oral examinations, and is exclusive except as to graduates of the law school of the University of Alabama.

See Lawyers.

Members .- Thomas E. Knight, W. L. Parks and W. R. Walker, appointed 1908. Mr. Walker resigned in 1909, and was succeeded by Carson C. Whitson. On the death of Mr. Whitson, 1912, J. Winter Thorington was appointed. In 1912 Messrs. Knight, Thoring- ton and Dickinson were appointed; and in 1916 were reappointed. Mr. Thorington re- signed on being elected judge of the Mont- gomery Court of Common Pleas, and Henry F. Reese was named as his successor. The terms of Messrs. Dickinson, Knight and Reese expire in March, 1920.

REFERENCES .- Code, 1907, sec. 2972, et seq .: Acts, 1911, p. 91; Alabama Official and Statis- tical Register, 1911, p. 39; 1915, p. 35.

BARBOUR COUNTY. Created by the legislature, December 18, 1832. Its territory was made up of portions of Pike County and of the Creek Indian cession of 1832. A por- tion was set apart to form Bullock County, December 5, 1866; and December 31, 1868, its northern section was cut off to Russell County. It has an area of 912 square miles, or 583,680 acres.

The county bears the name of James Bar- bour, governor of Virginia.

The same session of the legislature, Jan- uary 11, 1833, provided for the organization of the county. All civil and military officers of Pike County, which by the division were thrown into Barbour, were continued in their respective offices until the expiration of their terms. The sheriff was required to hold an election in February, 1833, for additional officers. Jacob. Utery, Daniel Mckenzie. Wil- liam Cadenhead, James A. Head, William Norton, William Bush, Green Beauchamp, Samuel G. B. Adams, Noah Cole, Robert Richards and T. W. Pugh were appointed commissioners to select a seat of justice, "which site shall be called and known by the name of Clayton." Until the location of the county site and until "a suitable house in which to hold said courts" was provided, the circuit and county courts were required to be held at the town of Louisville. The new county seat was named in honor of Judge Augustine S. Clayton of Georgia.

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HISTORY OF ALABAMA

The first circuit court for Barbour county was held at Louisville March 25, 1833, Judge Anderson Crenshaw presiding. The next ses- sion convened Sept. 23, 1833, and adjourned to meet the next day at Clayton, the new seat of justice having been definitely located by the commissioners. The judge did not appear, however, and it was not until March, 1834, that another term was held, Judge Crenshaw again on the bench.

The county seat has remained continuously at Clayton, but terms of the circuit court have been held at Eufaula since.

Location and Physical Description .- It lies in the southeastern section of the state, and about 50 miles north from the Florida line. Its eastern boundary is the Chattahoochee River, also the state boundary. It is sep- arated on the west from Pike and Bullock counties by Pea River. On the north lies Russell County and a part of Bullock, and on the south Henry and Dale counties. Its high- est elevation is 665 feet above sea level, on the plateau about 6 miles north of Clayton. Other important altitudes are Clayton 589 feet, Clio 534 feet, Lugo 363 feet, and Eufaula 255 feet. About one-third of the county is above the 400-foot level. The topography ranges from hilly and broken to nearly level. The county lies on the remnants of a south- ward sloping plain. Erosion in the northern part has gone so far that the ancient plain surface has completely vanished, a rolling and hilly surface taking its place on a lower level, but with occasional hilltops. South of this area is an extended belt of rough country running southeastward. An outlying portion of this belt is locally called "The Mountains," and comprises the rough lands. West and south of this rough belt is a triangular area, not yet eroded, and which constitutes the highest levels. The county is drained by a number of beautiful streams, which flow into the Chattahoochee and Pea rivers, through narrow valleys. Some of these are Barbour, Chewalla, Cowikee, with its several tribu- taries, Okenee, White Oak, Oketee Okenee, Hurricane, Campbell, Lindsey, Clear, Ufala, Pea Creek and the head waters of the Choc- tawhatchie River. An important physio- graphic feature of the Chattahoochee Valley are the terraces formed as bottom lands, when several hundred years ago the river flowed at a much higher level. The highest of these terraces lies 140 feet above the river. Eufaula is situated on one of these. As many as four different series of terraces are represented. The county lies wholly in the Coastal Plain. Its soils are rich, and admirably adapted to all forms of agri- culture. About one-half of its area is in cul- tivatlon, detailed statistics of which appear hereinafter. The lands are popularly de- scribed as "oak-and-hickory," "sandy ham- mocks," and "piney-woods." These soils ac- cording to origin fall into uplands, derived from decomposition, stream-terrace, consist- ing of old alluvium, and first-bottom soils, overflowed frequently and still in process of formation and change. There are 13 series, embracing 24 types and several phases, in

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History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 24

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869- Publication date: 1921 Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company Number of Pages: 756

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756