History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 11

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756

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REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of public utili- ties, 1916, pp. 16-22.

AMERICAN NET AND TWINE CO., Annis- ton. See Cotton Manufacturing.

AMERICAN RED CROSS IN ALABAMA. In July, 1881, in accordance with the re- quirements of the International Conference of Geneva in 1863, an organization was formed in the City of Washington, D. C., under the name of the American National Association of the Red Cross. This associa- tion was reincorporated in 1893, under the laws of the District of Columbia, and rein- corporated by Act of Congress, reaching its present form in 1905.

Prior to the World War, the American Red Cross directed its energies to disasters and epidemics, or to alleviate suffering wher- ever it was called.

In 1916, when the great preparedness movement swept the country, the association laid plans for active war work, and Red Cross chapters sprang up everywhere. Alabama was one of the first in the matter of organi- zation, and when America entered the World War in 1917, it rallied in numbers to the call of the "Greatest Mother" and did some of the best work of the war. Chapters were organized all over the state, and men, women,

and children gave their time, their money, and the labor of their hands to do their part in the struggle, The absolute devotion of Alabama women to the cause, and the high standards of the bandages, dressings, and hos- pital garments turned out were difficult to match anywhere.

In the war drives for funds, in every case, the state went over the top. As an example of their loyalty, $450,000 was the quota for the drive in 1918, and $1,500,000 was raised without difficulty, Walker County alone ex- ceeding its quota 1,100 per cent. From the Tennessee line down to the Gulf, there was not a community, however remote it might be, that did not respond to the call for labor, money or membership, and when the Armistice was signed in 1918, nearly 150,000 Alabamians wore the emblem of the Red Cross.

Two big camps, Sheridan and Mcclellan, sheltered about 50,000 men. Taylor Field was crowded with aviators, while Wright

Field, supposed to be devoted to repair work, also gave instruction to recruits. Camp serv- ice was given to these men and to the marines at Fort Morgan. This service involved the distribution of comfort articles, the render- ing of service to men in hospitals, the opera- tion of communication service between men and their families, and work of similar na- ture. The Cantonment Zone work in Annis- ton was in charge of Alabama nurses. When influenza broke out in the camps in 1918, a call for nurses and nurses' aids was sent out and answered by more than 50 nurses and 25 aids. Some went to the cantonment, and others did work under Red Cross chap- ters all over the state.

When the movement of troops to camps and ports of embarkation began in 1917, it he- came evident that a vast opportunity for service had been opened to the Red Cross, and Canteen Service was established to meet these emergencies, thousands of volunteer workers offering full-time service. Coffee, cigarettes, sandwiches or meals were served to men en route, and those taken sick or suf- fering from injuries were given medical aid or else transferred from trains to hospitals.

The Bureau of Motor Corps Service was established at National headquarters in Feb- ruary, 1918, but in Alabama, Motor Corps service was already in operation as a hranch of the League for Woman's Service. This service was also rendered hy full-time volun- teer workers; automobiles and operating ex- penses, except ambulances, being provided by the members without cost.

An important phase of the work given by Alabama women was Home Service. This was literally service at home to the families of soldiers and sailors, to prevent, as far as possible, trouble and sorrow to the families of the men overseas or in camps. During the period of the war, thousands of difficult cases were handled, and much misery and privation was avoided.

During the fall of 1917, the Junior first commenced to enroll as members, and the work done by them involved many kinds of war activities, including the production of relief articles, the operation of war gardens, the conservation of second-hand articles, and assistance to the Red Cross in many other lines of work.

Since the adoption of the peacetime pro- gram of the organization, carefully planned to meet every social problem of communi- ties, Alabama has continued its activities un- ceasingly. There are 77 active chapters in the state; in 45 of these, Home Service exten- sion has been granted, which enables them to broaden the scope of their work to the homes of those in the community.

There are more than a dozen Public Health nurses, teaching health in the public schools, giving instruction in nursing, and looking after the general health of the community. Two nurses are working out from the Ala- bama State Board of Health, making examina- tion of children in schools and institutions and doing supervisory work; and 224 Red Cross nurses, most of whom did war work,

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

are enrolled throughout the state, doing priv- ate or community work.

The enormous mortality during the flu epi- demic, partly caused by lack of nurses and doctors or ignorance of those forced to nurse the sick at home, showed the absolute need of instruction to meet such conditions. As a result, Red Cross classes in Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick have been the result in about a dozen communities, while plans have been approved to include the course in many High Schools in the state.

Sixteen chapters have Disaster Relief de- partments, ready for instant work. This means that, in case of flood, fire, or other community trouble, the Red Cross stands ready to send out immediate aid, doctors, nurses, relief workers, tents, food, cloth- ing and medical supplies. Within 12 hours, a complete working organization hospital, food supply depot, and other necessities can be in working order. Since 1909, there have been disasters of peace to meet in Alabama-mine explosions, floods, boll weevil, tornadoes; in each case the Red Cross was called upon to minister relief.

Junior Red Cross .- Because the children of the Red Cross devoted much of their energy to wartime activities, such as the making of simple garments for the children of Europe, the knitting of socks and sweaters, the sell- ing and buying of thrift stamps, the idea be- came prevalent that the Junior Red Cross was purely a wartime organization, and im- mediately after the Armistice, school enroll- ment in Alabama fell off considerably. Gradually this opinion is being eradicated, and at present the Junior Red Cross is be- coming more and more known as a Service Organization. During 1919-20, Alabama en- rolled 31,635 children in 102 schools, These schools contributed $1,693.63 to the National Children's fund, a fund that makes possible relief and education for destitute boys and girls in other countries, particularly those devastated by war.

The activities of the Alabama Juniors are many and varied. Last year, playgrounds were installed in seven counties. Two coun- ties financed hot lunches in their schools, while one county furnished clothes the year round for local poor. One splendid phase of Junior work that is planned for Alabama is the furnishing of scholarships to needy chil- dren who would be forced otherwise to stop school and go to work.

First aid occupies an important part of Junior work, and classes are constantly being formed along the same lines laid down by Red Cross First Aid instructors in industrial life. Water First Aid particularly has been stressed, and since its installation by the Red Cross, figures on drowning have been re- duced one-half.

Up to date, the enrollment for Alabama in the Junior Red Cross is 37,164 children. The schools of Birmingham alone have con- tributed $1,664.82 to the National Children's fund.

Alabama has been one of the pioneer South- ern states to commence Red Cross community

and social work. At present there are three community centers, with rest rooms and trained workers in charge; one chapter open- ing a recreational center for children, with a playground in connection, as part of its com- munity work.

Important among Alabama's present peace- time activities is its after-war work, 75 chap- ters being engaged in attending to the wants of the ex-service men and their families. The Red Cross acts as a connecting link between the man and the Federal Board for Vocational Education, the Bureau of War Risk Insur- ance, and various other departments of the government, which are attending to the wants of the ex-service man.

REFERENCES .- Statistics supplied by Ameri- can Red Cross, Gulf Division, New Orleans, through letters from Mrs. A. B. Gihon, assistant director of publicity, in Alabama State De- partment of Archives and History.

AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELE- GRAPH COMPANY. A public utility cor- poration, incorporated February 28, 1885, in New York; capital stock authorized, $500,- 000,000, outstanding, $380,477,100; shares $100; funded debt, $120,182,700. This is the parent company of the "Bell System," which operates telephone and telegraph lines throughout the United States and Canada. It controls among others, the Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., which in turn owns a large amount of the capital stock of the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Co. The company carries on its operations in Ala- bama through its subsidiaries, the Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., and the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Co .; offices: New York and Boston.

REFERENCE .- Poor's manual of public utili- ties, 1916, p. 899.

AMERICAN WORKINGMEN. See Insur- ance, Fraternal.

AMPHIBIANS. Two of the three orders, and eight of the nine families of amphibians are represented in Alabama. The greater number is found in the more temperate sec- tions of the south and central parts of the State. They are as follows:

Frog:

Bull, Rana catesbiana.

Common, Rana clamata.

Tree, Hyla versicolor.

Wood, Rana sylvatica.

Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis. (menopoma)

Congo "Snake," Amphiuma means.

Newt, Triton viridescens.

Spotted Salamander, Amblystoma punctatum. Toad:

American, Bufo lentiginosus.

Spade foot, Scaphiopus, holbrooki.

Mud puppy, Necturus maculatus.

Mud "Eel," Siren lacertina.

ANATITCHAPKO. A Hillabi village on a northern tributary of the creek of that name. It is 10 miles above Hillabi town. The name

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

means "long swamp," or "long thicket." In Creek the term anati means a brushy, swampy place, where a person can hide. The word is usually written Enitachopko, which see for account of the engagement between the Americans and the Indians here on Janu- ary 24, 1814.

REFERENCES .- Handbook of the American In- dians (1907), vol. 1, p. 53; Gatschet, In Alabama History Commission, Report (1901), p. 392.

ANDALUSIA. County seat of Covington County, in the central part of the county, on the Central of Georgia R. R., and about 3 miles from the Conecuh River. It is located in parts of secs. 17, 18, 19, 20, T. 4, R. 16, E. Population: 1880-625; 1888-250; 1890- 270; 1900-551; 1910-2,480; 1916-3,600. It was incorporated by the legislature In

1901. Churches: Baptist and Methodist. Banks: the Bank of Andalusia, the First National Bank, and the Andalusia Bank & Trust Co. Newspapers: The Andalusia Star, s .- w., Dem., established 1896, and The Anda- lusia Standard, w., Dem., established 1914. Industries: packing plant, established in 1916, valued at $150,000; cottonseed oil mill; two turpentine distilleries; a lumber plant, 12 miles south of the town, incorporated, with $1,000,000 capital.

In 1847, the name of this community was New Site, and its selection as the county seat was due to the destruction of Monte- zuma, the old county seat, by an overflow of Conecuh River. The land on which Anda- lusia is located was entered by John W. Robinson, who gave 40 acres to secure for the town the permanent establishment of the county seat. In 1878 the courthouse and all the county records were destroyed by fire. A new building was completed In 1916, at a cost of $10,000.

Among the early settlers of this section were Jeremiah Jones, W. T. Acree, Lorenzo Adams, Alford Holley, Ephraim Liles and George Snowden. In the establishment of the town, a lot for a union church was set aside. It is now the property of the Baptists. On the Conecuh River, near Andalusia, there are several large Indian mounds.

REFERENCES .- Brewer, Alabama (1872), p. 202; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 233.

ANDELUVIA, OR POPE MOUNTAIN. A high, conical peak just west of Sycamore, in Talladega County, and actually a bent-around end of the Kahatchee Mountains (q. v.) from which it is separated by a narrow gap. The peak Is very rugged, its strata being much broken and faulted. Limonite occurs on the mountain, in the top strata and in the hills and ridges surrounding its base. There are also some small occurrences of scales and pieces of black and gray magnetic ore.

REFERENCE .- McCalley, Valley regions of Ala- bama, Pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897), pp. 20, 558.

ANIMALS. See Cruelty to Animals; Live Stock and Products; Mammals.

ANNISTON. County

seat of Calhoun County; on the main lines of the Southern Railway, the Seaboard Air Line Railway, and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It is situated in an amphitheatre of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in the southern part of the coun- try, in secs. 5 and 6, and 7 and 8, T. 16, R. 8; 63 miles northeast of Birmingham, 148 miles north of Montgomery, 104 miles west of Atlanta, and 142 miles south of Chattanooga, Tenn. Altitude: 800 feet. Average tem- perature: 80° in summer and 40° in winter. Population: 1880-942; 1890-9,998; 1900 -9,695; 1910-12,794; 1915-20,000.

The town was first known as Woodstock. It was incorporated as Anniston in 1873, under the general laws, and by the legisla- ture, February 4, 1879. The town was cre- ated as a separate school district by act of February 3, 1883. The charter was amended and greatly amplified by act of February 23, 1889. The Woodstock company threw the town open to outsiders in 1883, and its growth to 1890 was phenomenal. The cor- porate limits comprise a 3-mile circle, whose center is at the crossing of Noble Avenue, and 17th Street. It has waterworks, built in 1881; fire department, consisting of 3 sta- tions, each with a motor truck; privately owned electric light and power plant, and gas plant; city hall; jall; 30 miles of sanitary sewerage; 2 miles of bithulitic and 35 miles of macadamized streets; cement sidewalks; and 15 miles of electric street railway.

Banks: Anniston City National; First Na- tional; City Bank & Trust Co.

Newspapers: The Evening Star and Daily Hot Blast, d. eve. & Sun. morn., Dem., estab- lished, Hot Blast, 1873, Star, 1896, consoli- dated Oct. 1912; The Pred., m., Student, established November, 1914.

Industries: 7 pipe plants-one of them the largest in the world; 3 foundries; 1 boiler factory; 2 tile plants; 2 pig-iron furnaces; 1 ammunition plant-using hydroelectric power to produce 6" shells for the British Govern- ment; 1 electric steel plant; 1 ornamental- iron foundry; 2 knitting mills; 7 cotton mills; 2 wagon factories; 1 cotton gin; 1 cotton- seed oil mill; 1 fertilizer plant; 1 grain mill; 1 gas plant; 1 electric plant; 1 ice factory; 3 lumber mills; 1 sawmill; 1 harness factory; several iron-ore mines; 3 cotton warehouses. There are two hospitals, and modern hotels.

Schools: 6 graded public schools; county high school; Noble Institute for Girls; Ala- bama Presbyterian College; St. Michael Parochial School; Barber Memorial College for colored girls.

Churches: Anniston has been called "the Brooklyn of the South," or "the City of Churches." In 1881 the Episcopalians estab- lished a mission under Rev. W. Carnahan, and soon afterward erected a $35,000 build- ing. They now have two churches-Grace Church, and St. Michael and All Angels. In 1883, the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, under Rev. T. H. Davenport, established the First Methodist Church. Later the McCoy Memorial, Oxanna, St. Pauls, and Wesley Chapel were bullt. In the same year the

Iberville First Governor of Louisiana Province and founder of Fort Louis de la Mobile

Bienville Second Governor of the Province and founder of the present Mobile

Monument marking site of Fort Louis de la Mobile, erected at 27 Mile Bluff, Ala- bama River, by the people of Mobile, ded- icated January 23, 1902, to commemorate the original site founded in 1702.

Monument marking site of French Fort Toulouse, on Coosa River, 4 miles south of Wetumpka, erected by Alabama Colonial Dames.

Vol. 1-4

LOUISIANA PROVINCE

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

Baptists built the Parker Memorial, The First Baptist Church, Blue Mountain, Glen Addie and West End churches. In 1884, the Pres- byterians established their first church organ- . ization in the town. They now have the First, Second, and Glen Addie Churches. Besides these, there are Northern Methodist, Congregational, Cumberland Presbyterian, Church of Christ, Catholic, Jewish, 7 negro Baptist, 8 negro Methodist, and 2 negro Pres- byterian Churches. Anniston has 18 small parks and playgrounds distributed over the city; Oxford Lake park; the country club and golf links.

In 1862, the land on which Anniston now stands was owned by D. P. Gunnells of Ox- ford, who sold it to the Oxford Furnace Com- pany. In 1872, Samuel Noble and Daniel Tyler bought the ruins of old Oxford Fur- nace, and rebuilt it, and organized the Wood- stock Furnace Co., which was one of the few southern industries that survived the finan- cial panic of 1873. Its fires were never banked, and its product always found a market. Samuel Noble, to whom Anniston has erected a fitting memorial, laid out its broad streets, conserving the parks, provid- ing sewerage and waterworks, planting its splendid avenues of trees and making a model city. In 1883, the demand from outside was so insistent, that the manufacturing city was formally opened to the public. Henry W. Grady the gifted Georgia editor, of Atlanta, presided for the company. The county seat was removed to Anniston in 1895.

The earliest settlers of this region were the Gunnells and Edmondson families. The most notable residents were Samuel, James, John and William Noble, and Daniel, Alfred L. and E. L. Tyler. General Daniel Tyler died in New York City, 1882, but his body was brought to Hillside Cemetery, Anniston. He was the grandfather of Mrs. Theodore Roose- velt, sr. (Edith Carew).

REFERENCES .- Acts, 1878-79, pp. 353-359; 1882- 83, pp. 335-337, 461; 1888-89, pp. 601-624; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910), pp. 179, 180-185, 310 et seq .; Northern Alabama (1888), pp. 470-477; Anniston Chamber of Com- merce, Folders and pamphlets.

ANNISTON BUSINESS COLLEGE. See Commercial Education.

ANNISTON COLLEGE FOR YOUNG LADIES. A former private institution for the education of young women, located at Annis- ton. The Southern Female University at Birmingham was destroyed by fire in 1892. Its president, Mr. Henry G. Lamar, then se- cured the Anniston Inn, where the school was reopened and its name changed to Anniston College for Young Ladies. A preparatory de- partment, as well as conservatories of music and art were added. It closed its doors in 1906. Among others associated in the ad- ministration of the college were E. W. and C. Janes, Rev. Dr. A. J. Battle, Rev. Hiram G. Davis and Dr. Clarence J. Owens. The last named is at present the managing director of the Southern Commercial Congress.

REFERENCES. - Catalogues 1894-1906; An- nouncements, etc.

ANNISTON CORDAGE CO. See Cotton Manufacturing.

ANNISTON KNITTING MILLS CO. See Cotton Manufacturing.

ANNISTON MANUFACTURING CO. See Cotton Manufacturing.

ANNISTON YARN MILLS. See Cotton Manufacturing.

ANNIVERSARIES. See Special Days.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ALA- BAMA. A scientific organization, for the pro- motion of the study of anthropology in its broadest sense, as it applies to the Alabama field, with general references to Gulf States connection therewith. Organized May 13, 1909, 129 meetings have been held to date (March 1, 1921), in eight different counties in the State, the route of DeSoto from Chero- kee County through to Marengo County, has been mapped, nearly all of the aboriginal towns to which there is a historical refer- ence, have been geographically located, an archaeological survey of the State is under way, and thousands of objects suggestive of primitive culture in the State have been brought together.

The Society is actively co-operative with the Alabama Department of Archives and His- tory, makes reports to the Department, from time to time, and the Department issues its Handbook.

The Archaeological Collections are de- posited in the State Museum at Montgomery and several individual collections are being now formed by its members.

Organization.

The organization of the society grew out of several conferences in the spring of 1909 between Dr. Thomas M. Owen, Director of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History, Mr. Peter A. Brannon, long an interested student and collector, and Prof. Henry S. Halbert, an authority on the Ab- original history of the lower South. The need of some agency, broadly projected, through which students might be brought together for study and research, in an orderly and syste- matic way, seemed so urgent, that a plan of organization was outlined. Later confer- ences were held with others interested, not- ably those subsequently enrolled.

A preliminary meeting for organization was held at the residence of Dr. Owen, No. 1, North Jackson street, Montgomery, May 13, 1909. There were present Dr. Herbert B. Battle, Prof. Henry S. Halbert, Peter A. Brannon, Buckner Beasley, Edgar C. Horton and Dr. Owen. Although not present, four others, J. T. Letcher, Will T. Sheehan, J. H. Paterson and Sidney Shulein, having signified their desire for participation, were enrolled. Dr. Owen presided, and Mr. Brannon acted as secretary.

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

After a full discussion, the formation of a society was formally agreed upon; and officers were elected: President, Dr. Thomas M. Owen; vice-president, Dr. Herbert B. Bat- tle; secretary, Peter A. Brannon; and treas- urer, Buckner Beasley. The officers were named as a committee to submit a constitu- tion and plan of work.

At a subsequent meeting, May 27, held with Dr. Owen, at which the original members and also J. T. Letcher, were present, a con- stitution was adopted. The name "Alabama Anthropological Society" was agreed upon unanimously. The selection of the name, rather than one restricting work to narrower limits, indicates the feeling and aspiration of the members.

The plan of organization involves monthly and annual meetings. The monthly meetings are for the presentation of papers, the discus- sion of topics of interest to the Society, the exhibition of specimens, etc, etc. At the an- nual meetings to be held in December each year, officers are to be elected, a course of study and work for the ensuing year adopted, and reports are to be made by officers and committees.

The executive committee consists of the four officers of the Society. Five standing com- mittees are to be appointed annually by the president, to consist of four members, each, namely, Field exploration, Collections and relics, Publicity, Promotion of Anthropological study in Alabama schools and colleges, and Transportation.

Membership is active, non-resident active, associate, and honorary. The sole control of the affairs of the Society is in the active members.

Membership.

The present membership is thirteen Honor- ary members, twelve Associate members, three Non-resident Active, and thirty-three Active members. The Active membership has always been limited, first to twelve residents of Montgomery, and by subsequent amendments to the Constitution, to twenty-four, and at present to thirty-six. Oher classes are not limited.

Officers.

The officers elected on organization in 1909, were re-elected for 1910, and each succeed- ing year through 1915. Dr. J. Porter Bibb was elected treasurer to succeed Mr. Beasley, on the latter's removal to Honduras, on De- cember 22, 1915. These officers were re- elected each year, serving until the death of Dr. Thomas M. Owen, on March 25, 1920, when Mr. Brannon was made president, and Robert B. Burnham, secretary, at an election held on April 15, 1920. The 1920 officers were re-elected for 1921.

Publications.

Handbook 1910; 1920. Bulletins ( occasional).

Miscellaneous Papers, No. 1. Aboriginal Remains In the Middle Chattahoocheealley

of Alabama and Georgia, by Peter A. Bran- non; No. 2 (Not yet published); No. 3. The route of DeSoto from Cofitachequi in Geor- gia to Cosa in Alabama, by D. M. Andrews.

Arrow Points ( Monthly Bulletin) Vol 1. July to December, 1920. Vol. 2. January to June, 1921.

REFERENCES .- Handbook 1910, 1920; Arrow Points, vols. 1 and 2, 1920, 1921; Mss. minutes deposited in Alabama Department Archives and History, and in hands of the secretary.

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History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 11

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869- Publication date: 1921 Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company Number of Pages: 756

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756