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1. The Governor, presiding, will call the assembly to order.
2. Invocation by Dr. Robert H. McCaslin, Chairman of the State-Wide Executive Com- mittee.
3. Song, "America"-By entire assembly, led by Mr. J. J. Moriarity.
4. Recitation, "Home Again"-Miss Jean McDonald, of the Woman's College of Ala- bama.
5. Greeting for the State-By His Excel- lency, Hon. Thomas E. Kilby, Governor of Alabama.
6. "Southern Melodies"-By Shrine Band, led by W. D. Hallowell.
7. Address-By Hon. J. Thomas Heflin, Representative Fifth Alabama Congressional District, LaFayette.
8. Response-By Col. William P. Screws, commanding 167th Regiment.
entire 9. Song, "Camp Melodies"-By
assembly.
10. Presentation of Testimonial to Col. Screws-Hon. John H. Wallace, Jr.
11. Acceptance-By Col. Screws.
12. Presentation of Distinguished Service Crosses to Sergeant Ralph M. Atkinson of Montgomery, and Sergeant Jack W. Milner of Alexander City, by Col. Screws.
13. Public expression of thanks to Sid-
ney E. Manning of Flomaton, Escambia County, for winning Congressional Medal of Honor-By Governor Kilby.
14. Presentation of Medal on behalf of the people of Dothan to Talmage May, Co. F 167th Infantry-By E. H. Hill, Esq.
15. Presentation of flowers to Colonel Screws from Rosemont Gardens-By Mr. E. R. Holt.
16. Invocation - By Lieutenant E. P. Smith, Chaplain of the Regiment. 17. "Star-Spangled Banner" - By the
167th, Shrine, and Auburn Bands.
After the parade the men were marched to the city auditorium where a bountiful dinner was served. From 3 to 6 o'clock a street festival was held on Court Square. The War Mothers entertained at a reception from 4 to 7 o'clock at the Elks Club.
The following exercises preceded a military ball which was held at the auditorium from 9:30 to 11 o'clock.
Direction of Entertainment Committee, Mr. William Taylor Elgas, Chairman.
The orchestra will play from 7:30 p. m., while the audience is gathering.
At 8 p. m., formal welcome exercises will be held as follows:
1. Song, "America"-By audience, led by Mr. J. J. Moriarity.
2. Address-By Dr. Robert H. McCaslin, Chairman of the Executive Committee.
3. "Dixie"-By orchestra.
4. Response for the Regiment-By Colonel William P. Screws.
5. "Star-Spangled Banner"-By orchestra.
At 8:30 p. m. the Grand March will be- gin, led by Gov. Thomas E. Kilby, and Mrs. William P. Screws, followed by Col. William P. Screws and Mrs. Thomas E. Kilby. Only soldiers of the 167th Infantry and their part- · ners will take part in the Grand March.
The Military Ball will follow the Grand March immediately, and will continue until 11:30 p. m. Soldiers and civilians alike will join in the dancing.
The members of the Entertainment Com- mittee and of the Committee on Halls and Auditorium, will act as a special floor com- mittee under the direction of Mr. David Cross- land, Chairman.
"Rainbow" ice cream and "Rainbow" punch will he served to all present by a com- mittee of ladies, directed by Mrs. Charles A. Thigpen, Chairman. Home-made cake will be a special delicacy, served only to soldiers in uniform.
No special invitations have been issued, and no tickets of admission are required. All soldiers and civilians are invited to attend.
An open air festival was held on Perry street from 8 to 11 o'clock p. m. Dancing was participated in and refreshments were served. At 9:30 a formal reception was held at the Governor's mansion.
Sometime after midnight the regiment left for Hattiesburg, Miss., via Mobile.
On Tuesday, May 13, 1919, under the direction of the Mobile Home coming com- mittee, another huge celebration was held at
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
Mobile. The following was the program of the exercises:
Prayer of Thanksgiving at the depot by Rev. J. W. Phillips.
Address of Welcome, Wm. H. Armbrecht. Presentation of flag donated by Mrs. Alex Strauss.
Breakfast the depot platform-Red Cross.
Parade of the Regiment on Government Street.
Presentation of medals-Bienville Square. Dinner in Bienville Square-Red Cross.
From 2 to 6 p. m. there will be receptions and dances given at the following places:
K. of C. Hall, Fidelia Club, Mobile Relief Hall, Red Circle Club, Lahor Temple, Battle House, Moose Hall, Athelstan Club ( Officers' Headquarters. )
REFERENCES .- Programs, newspapers, letters; Alabama's Own in France, by W. H. Amerine, and manuscript records in Alabama State De- partment of Archives and History.
FOURTH DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. (Sylacauga. ) One of the nine agricultural schools and experiment stations organized in the several Congressional dis- tricts of the State. The purpose of this sys- tem of schools is free scientific instruction in agriculture and allied branches, as indicated by section 67 of the Code of 1907:
"Scientific and practical agriculture shall be taught at all the agricultural schools, and all male pupils over ten years of age who receive free tuition therein shall be required to take the course in scientific agriculture and horticulture, and all other pupils over the age of ten years receiving free tuition shall be required to take the course in flori- culture and horticulture."
The courses of study, work in the experl -. ment station, and administration generally are directed by a central board of control, consisting of the governor, commissioner of agriculture and industries, superintendent of education, and two bona fide electors of the district, the latter appointed by the governor with four year terms of office.
The school building occupies what was originally Park Inn, a three-story structure of the Queen Anne style of architecture. About 400 yards away is the experiment sta- tion of 40 acres. The original cost of the building was $32,000. The prescribed course of study is carefully followed, including four years' academic work, and schools of music, expression, art and manual training. The latter includes geometrical drawing, wood- working, bent iron, cord working and raffia. There is no tuition fee. Literary societies include the Philomathic and the Yancey, in which students are trained in parliamentary rules and usages, readings, recitations and debates. Athletics are encouraged. The li- brary includes 1,500 volumes, selected with special reference to school work. Lists of the alumni and alumnae appear in the cata- logues.
History .- The school at Sylacauga, in Tal- ladega County, was established by the legis-
lature, February 18, 1895, along with four others. A commission consisting of the gov- ernor, superintendent of education and com- missioner of agriculture, however, fixed the location, real estate and buildings for the use of the school, not less than $5,000 in value, having been donated and conveyed to the State. A board of control was provided, including the commissioner of agriculture, the director of the experiment station at Auburn, and "five progressive farmers, ac- tually engaged" in farming, three of whom were required to reside within 10 miles of the school. General power was conferred to elect a director, a principal and teachers. Authority was given to purchase not exceed- ing 50 acres of land, "taking title to the State," on which to erect necessary build- ings.
The legislature, January 30, 1897, in or- der to secure uniformity of support, admin- istration and ideals, provided a new system of regulation of the several agricultural schools. The governor, within 30 days was required to appoint new boards of five mem- bers each, "a majority of whom shall be men whose principal business is farming," and of which the superintendent of education and the commissioner of agriculture were to be ex-officio members. The president or prin- cipal was made director of the experiment station. Among other things the act con- tained section 67 of the Code of 1907, be- fore quoted. In 1903, September 30, the system was still further reorganized by pro- viding for a new board of three ex-officio and two appointive members, as at present con- stituted.
Support .- The act of establishment, Febru- ary 21, 1895, provided annually, for equip- ment and improvements, "an equal amount to the sum appropriated to each of the other agricultural schools" in the State, but limited the expenditure for lands and the erection of buildings to $1,000 from the appropriation. At the same session the tag tax law was amended, February 4, 1895, so as to appro- priate 25 cents a ton, or one-half of such tax, for equal division among the several branch agricultural experiment stations and schools. Under act of January 30, 1897, the annual appropriation for maintenance was fixed at $2,500, but not less than $500, was to "be used in maintaining, cultivating and improving" the farm, and "making agricul- tural experiments thereon." The appropria- tion was increased to $4,500, March 2, 1907, of which $750 was to be used in the work of the experiment station. In 1911, April 22, the legislature further increased the an- nual appropriation to $7,500, but of this amount $3,000 was available only on the approval of the governor, in whole or in part from time to time as the condition of the treasury might warrant. This sum, however, the governor has never released. An appro- priation of $3,500 was made, September 15, 1915, "for necesary repairs and needed im- provements."
On September 30, 1918, its report to the State superintendent of education showed
623
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
buildings and site valued at $30,000; equip- ment $500; 4 teachers; 150 pupils; 700 vol- umes in library, valued at $600; and State appropriation $4,500.
Presidents .- John Dewberry, 1897-1900; Alexander G. Seay, 1900-1902; Thomas A. Anderson, 1902-1905; T. C. Moore, 1905- 1907; George H. Thigpen, 1907-1912; Joseph S. Ganey, 1912-1914; J. E. Cheatham, 1914- 1915; George H. Thigpen, 1915-1918; E. L. Williamson, 1918 -.
See Agricultural Schools.
REFERENCES .- Code, 1907, secs. 59 et seq; Owens, Secondary agricultural education in Ala- bama (1915); Acts, 1894-95, pp. 368, 581; 1896- 97, p. 465; General Acts, 1903, p. 259; 1907, p. 198: 1911, p. 627; 1915, p. 379; Catalogues, 1897- 1917; Rules and regulations (1914).
FOWL RIVER. A small stream in the southeastern part of Mobile County, flowing northeast and southwest, and connecting the waters of Mobile Bay with those of Missis- sippi Sound. It is about 9 miles in length, varies in width from 500 to 1,000 feet, though the channel in places is not over 100 feet wide, and in depth from 3 to 912 feet. The river has two mouths, known as East Fowl River and West Fowl River, the first emptying into Mobile Bay near Mobile Bay Light-House; the second, into Fowl River Bay, an estuary of Mississippi Sound. The eastern and western forks are connected by what is known as the Narrows, which is about 2 miles in length, from 5 to 10 feet in width, and of an average depth of about 2 feet. The river traverses a low, marshy country, only partially developed agriculturally, and in which there are but few industries. Most of the inhabitants of the section derive their living from oyster fishing. There is little uncut timber, and the output of lumber from the contiguous country has never exceeded 40,000 feet a day. There is no commerce on the river.
An examination of the stream was made by United States Government engineers in 1909. Their report showed that 9 miles of expensive river dredging and about 6 miles of dredging through shoals at either end would be re- quired to make the stream of any value to shipping. Therefore an adverse report on the project was made.
REFERENCE .- U. S. Chief of Engineers, Report of preliminary examination of Fowl River, Ala. (H. Doc., 299, 61st Cong., 2d sess.).
FOX HUNTERS ASSOCIATION, ALA- BAMA. A social organization formed at Furman, December 5, 1915. Its object is the improvement of the fox hound by holding field trials, the encouragement of better breeding, and the stimulation of public opin- ion to bring about legislation for the protec- tion of the fox in the State. On organization, J. Marvin Moore was elected president, and H. C. Fountain, secretary. They have been retained in office to date. The initial meet- ing was held at Furman, December 6, 1915; the second meeting, at the same place, De- cember 5, 1916; the third at Gary Springs,
Bibb County, October 29, to November 3, 1917. and the fourth in 1918.
REFERENCES .- Constitution, Rules and Regula- tions, 1916; and manuscript data in the Ala- bama Department of Archives and History.
FRANKLIN COUNTY. Created by the territorial legislature, February 4, 1818. Its territory was a part of the ancient seats of the Chickasaws, although claimed by Chero- kees. With the final Chickasaw cession of October 20, 1832, the county boundaries were extended westward to the Mississippi line. On February 6, 1867, its entire northern por- tion was formed into a new county, to which the name Colbert was given. It has an area of 647 square miles, or 414,080 acres.
It bears the name of Benjamin Franklin, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States, and one of the most distinguished of Revolutionary patriots.
Location and Physical Description .- It is located in the northwestern part of the state. It lies south of Colbert, west of Lawrence, and north of Marion and Winston. Its west- ern boundary is the eastern line of Tisho- mingo and Itawamba Counties in Mississippi.
Russell Valley comprises the northern hall of the county. The southern half is a high table land, representing the northern edge of the Warrior coal field. The principal streams rise at the foot of the ridge sepa- rating the valley from the table land, and flow northward into the Tennessee River. Big Bear Creek lies to the south of the ridge, flows to the southwest, thence westward and northwest into the Tennessee. The ridge referred to forms an irregular crescent, over- lying the coal measures, and forms a very noticeable feature in the topography of the county.
As indicated the streams to the north flow into the Tennessee, and those to the south into the Tombigbee River. An interesting fact is that the waters of Big Bear Creek on the north are some 50 feet or more higher than those of the streams flowing into the Tombigbee on the south, although not more than a few miles apart. Other streams are Cedar, Hurricane, Tollison, and Little Bear Creek. Geological formations in the struc- ture of this county are the Sub-Carbonifer- ous, the Coal Measures, and the Stratified Drift. The first forms the valley lands, and the second the table lands. The drift over- lies both in the western part of the county. The four predominating soils are the red or mulatto lands, the hill country with thin red or buff clay sub-soils, the black sandy al- luvial lands, and black lime lands. The red lands form most of Russell Valley. The prin- cipal timbers are red, white and black oak, poplar, hackberry, black walnut, cherry and hickory.
The mean annual temperature is 60.3º F., with a maximum of 105°, and a minimum of 9º F. The average mean annual precipita- tion is 48.66 inches, comparatively well dis- tributed. Details of the character and extent
624
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
of production are noted in the statistics be- low.
Aboriginal History .- Few aboriginal sites or evidences of Indian habitation can be noted in this section. It is too far removed from the larger watercourses. Chicasaw set- tlements doubtless extended into its borders, but they were of no importance. The place names in the county do not suggest Indian origin. The creeks all drain to the Tennes- see, and the settlements which might have existed here were from seats in northwest- ern Mississippi or possibly along the Ten- nessee River in Colbert County. During the two years past, however, many town sites have been identified on the Tennessee River, and they may have had outlying posts in Franklin County to the south.
· Farm, Livestock and Crop Statistics, 1918. -The statistics below are given for illustra- tive purposes, and, in tabular form, without any attempt at comparison or analysis. They were gathered under the direction of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Number of all farms (1917), 1,550. Acres cultivated (1917), 76,660.
Acres in pasture (1917), 41,410. Farm Animals:
Horses and mules, 4,800.
Milk cows, 4,800.
Other cattle, 6,000.
Brood sows, 1,900.
Other hogs, 18,000.
Sheep (1917), 340.
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity) .-
Corn, 42,000 acres; 620,000 bushels.
Cotton, 22,000 acres; 10,700 bales.
Peanuts, 600 acres; 13,000 bushels.
Velvet Beans, 1,200 acres; 600 tons.
Hay, 9,000 acres; 6,000 tons.
Syrup cane, - acres; - gallons.
Cowpeas, 4,500 acres; 16,000 bushels. Sweet potatoes, 1,200 acres; bushels.
101,000
Irish potatoes, 400 acres; 24,000 bushels. Oats, 3,100 acres; 45,000 bushels.
Wheat, 800 acres; 4,000 bushels.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Figures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Atwood
Red Bay-2
Belgreen-1
Russellville (ch)-7
Hodges-2
Spruce Pine-1
Phil Campbell-4
Vina-2
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White
Negro
Total
1820
3,308
1,680
4,988
1830
6,069
5,009
11,078
1840
8,236
6,034
14,270
1850
11,398
8,212
19,610
1860
. 10,119
8,508
18,627
1870
6,693
1,313
8,006
1880
8,079
1,076
9,155
1890
9,520
1,160
10,680
1900
14,353
2,158
16,511
1910
17,527
1,842
19,369
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .-
1819-Richard Ellis, William Metcalf.
1861-John A. Steele, R. S. Watkins.
1865-Christopher C. Tompkins, J. Burns Moore.
1867-William Skinner.
1875-William Burgess.
1901-John A. Byars.
Senators .-
1819-20-William Metcalf.
1821-2-William Lucas.
1822-3-William Metcalf.
1825-6-Theophilus Skinner.
1828-9-Theophilus Skinner. 1829-30-Quin Morton.
1832-3-Quin Morton.
1835-6-Benjamin Hudson.
1838-9-Benjamin Hudson.
1841-2-Benjamin Hudson.
1844-5-Benjamin Hudson.
1847-8-B. R. Garland.
1851-2-Richard H. Ricks.
1853-4-Henry C. Jones.
1857-8-Robert B. Lindsay.
1859-60-William M. Jackson.
1861-2-William M. Jackson.
1865-6-Robert B. Lindsay.
1868-D. V. Sevier.
1871-2-D. V. Sevier.
1872-3-J. C. Goodloe.
1873-J. C. Goodloe.
1874-5-J. B. Moore.
1875-6-J. B. Moore.
1876-7- John H. Bankhead.
1878-9-W. A. Musgrove.
1880-1-W. A. Musgrove.
1882-3-A. L. Moorman.
1884-5-A. C. Moorman.
1886-7-George C. Almon.
1888-9-George C. Almon.
1890-1-L. D. Godfrey.
1892-3-E. B. Almon.
1894-5-E. B. Almon.
1896-7-Walter H. Matthews.
1898-9-W. H. Matthews.
1899 (Spec.)-W. H. Matthews.
1900-01-W. I. Bullock.
1903-William Isbell Bullock.
1907-G. T. McWhorter.
1907 (Spec.)-G. T. Mcwhorter.
1909 (Spec.)-G. T. McWhorter.
1911-E. B. Fite.
1915-W. H. Key.
1919-A. H. Carmichael.
Representatives .- 1819-20-Temple Sargent; Anthony Win- ston.
1820-1-Temple Sargent; John Duke. 1821 (called)-Temple Sargent; John
Duke.
1821-2-William W. Parham; Theophilus Skinner. 1822-3-Anthony Winston; Theophilus Skinner.
1823-4-Temple Sargent; Theophilus Skin- ner.
1824-5-William W. Parham; Theophilus Skinner.
1825-6-Peter Martin; James Davis.
Madame Octavia Walton Le Vert Author of "Madame Le Vert's Travels"
Mrs. Col. N. N. Clements Tuscaloosa
Vol. 1-40
ANTEBELLUM COSTUMES
627
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1826-7-William W. Parham; James Da- vis.
1827-8-Tempel Sargent; John L. McRae. 1828-9-John M. Lewis; Benjamin Hud- son. 1829-30-Robert C. Horton; Benjamin Hudson. 1830-1-Robert C. Horton; Benjamin Hudson.
1831-2-William Winter Payne; John L. McRae.
1832 (called)-Benjamin Hudson.
1832-3-Benjamin Hudson.
1833-4-Benjamin Hudson; John L. Mc- Rae.
1834-5-Temple Sargent; Gregory D.
Stone.
1835-6-John A. Nooe; Theophilus Skin- ner. 1836-7-Robert A. Baker; Theophilus Skinner.
1837 (called)-Robert A. Baker; Theo- philus Skinner.
1837-8-Robert A. Baker; Theophilus Skinner.
1838-9-Robert A. Baker; Joseph T. Cook.
1839-40-Robert A. Baker; Benjamin Rey- nolds; J. T. Richardson.
1840-1-Robert A. Baker; Benjamin Rey- nolds; Elijah Mccullough.
1841 (called)-Felix G. Norman; Benja- min Reynolds; Elijah Mccullough.
1841-2-Felix G. Norman; Benjamin Rey- nolds; B. R. Garland.
1842-3-Felix G. Norman; John Riche- son; B. R. Garland.
1843-4-Felix G. Norman; Henry C. Jones; Lemuel Cook. 1844-5-Felix G. Norman; Henry C. Jones; F. C. Vincent.
-Felix G. Normand; Wesley M. Smith; B. R. Garland.
1847-8-Felix G. Norman; John Richeson; Richard H. Ricks.
1849-50-R. S. Watkins; Thomas Thorn; Samuel Corsbie.
1851-2-R. S. Watkins; Wesley M. Smith; William H. Petty.
1853-4-R. S. Watkins; Robert B. Lind- say; Charles A. Carroll.
1855-6-L. B. Thornton; Wesley M Smith; Thomas Thorn.
1857-8-William M. Jackson; Robert E. Bell.
1859-60-William C. Oates; William P. Jack.
1861 (1st called)-William C. Oates; Wil- liam P. Jack.
1861 (2d called)-O. O. Nelson; Adolphus A. Hughes. 1861-2-O. O.
Nelson; Adolphus A. Hughes.
1862 (called)-O. O. Nelson; Adolphus A. Hughes.
1862-3-O. O. Nelson; Samuel K. Hughes (vice A. A. Hughes, deceased).
1863 (called)-A. Orr; A. W. Ligon. 1863-4-A. Orr; A. Ligon.
1864 (called)-A Orr; A. W. Ligon.
1864-5-A Orr; A. W. Ligon.
1865-6-F. LeBaron Goodwin; Thomas Thorn.
1866-7-F. LeBaron Goodwin; Thomas
Thorn.
1868-C. P. Simmons; H. C. Tompkins.
1869-70-H. C. Tompkins.
1870-1-J. A. Steele; W. W. Weatherford. 1871-2-John A. Steel; W. W. Weather-
ford.
1872-3-W. W. Weatherford.
1873-W. W. Weatherford.
1874-5-W. M. Smith.
1875-6-W. M. Smith.
1876-7-W. W. Weatherford.
1878-9-W. P. Jack.
1880-1-R. M. Cunningham.
1882-3-A. J. Underwood.
1884-5-W. J. Bullock.
1886-7-R. H. Clarke.
1888-9-E. R. Richardson.
1890-1-B. E. Finch.
1892-3-Joseph Stocton.
1894-5-C. P. Banks.
1896-7-W. T. Gast.
1898-9-J. A. Byars.
1899 (Spec.)-J. A. Byars.
1900-01-J. A. Byars.
1903-William Joseph James.
1907-B. H. Smith.
1907 (Spec.)-B. H. Smith.
1909 (Spec.)-B. H. Smith.
1911-Charles C. Richeson.
1915-Dr. W. W. White.
1919-J. W. Partridge.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), Index; Ala. Territory, Acts, 1818, p. 8; Brewer, Ala- bama, p. 254; Berney, Handbook (1892), p. 295; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 50; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 102; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Agr. and Ind., Bulletin 27), p. 126; Alabama land book (1916), p. 72; Ala. Official and Statistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. Anthropological Society, Handbook (1910) ; Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural features of the State (1883) ; The valley regions of Ala- bama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Under- ground water resources of Alabama (1907.)
FRATERNAL AID UNION. A fraternal. benefit order with headquarters at Lawrence, Kan. The Improved Order of Heptasophs, incorporated under the General Laws of Maryland, September 4, 1878, was merged with the Union, May 16, 1917. The former entered Alabama in 1900, and the latter suc- ceeded to its business.
REFERENCE .- Manuscript data In Alabama De- partment of Archives and History.
FRATERNAL DAY. See Special Days.
FRATERNAL INSURANCE. See Insur- ance, Fraternal.
FRATERNAL ORDERS. Voluntary or- ganizations, formed among their members, all having substantially similar objects, and employing the same general principles in gov- ernment and administration. Practically all are modelled upon the Masons, the oldest of the fraternal bodies. That order entered
628
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
the State in territorial times, and many local or blue lodges were established at various points until 1821, when the Grand Lodge of Alabama, Ancient Free and Accepted Ma- sons, was instituted. The second was the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The Independent Order of Good Templars, and The Sons of Temperance, with secret features, enjoyed a short-lived popularity in the late forties and during the fifties. The Knights of Pythias was the next to enter the State.
During the last quarter of a century these orders have multiplied very rapidly. Several causes have contributed to this. One of the principal is a general growth of interest in secret and fraternal bodies, as affording so- cial and recreational opportunity, and benefit privileges. Again, the development of fra- ternal insurance in various forms has at- tracted many who prefer such protection to old line insurance. The older orders, un- able or unwilling to respond to the increased demands for expansion, left large numbers without opportunity, and this condition brought about new orders. Two of the most popular subjects, employed in the develop- ment of the newer orders, has been knight errantry and animal life. The former has given the name to those bodies in which the title word "Knight" is prominent. Of the latter may be mentioned the Elks, the Eagles, the Beavers, the Owls and the Moose, in which the characteristics of their subject animal, are thoughtfully and carefully worked out in initiatory exercises, terminol- ogy, etc.
All of the fraternal orders have homes or meeting places known as lodges, castle halls, camps, dams, dens, nests, etc. Meet- ings are usually held weekly. All members pay dues. Sick benefits, and both death and funeral benefits, are in many cases allowed. In the case of the Woodmen, monuments are erected, with formal ceremonies, over the graves of deceased members.
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