History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 9

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756

USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 9

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

1900-02-I. F. Purser.

1899-1900-N. P. Renfro.

1893-7-J. C. Rich.

1911-23-John A. Rogers.

1902-07, 1915-27-T. D. Samford.

1872-5-J. B. Scott.

1911-23-C. M. Sherrod.

1893-7-William Smaw.

1872-93-M. L. Stansel.

1889-1927-W. K. Terry.

1894-1898-J. O. Turner, Ex-officio as Su- perintendent of Education.

1911-13-H. J. Willingham, Ex-officio as Superintendent of Education.

REFERENCES .- Catalogs of the Institute; Bul- letins; Circulars; Quarterly Institute Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 2, September, 1906, Alabama Poly- technic Institute, 1872-1906; Manuscript data in Alabama Department of Archives and His- tory.

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE LIBRARY. See Polytechnic Institute, Ala- bama.

ALABAMA POWER COMPANY. A public utility corporation, incorporated under gen- eral laws of Alabama, December 4, 1906; de- velops and sells hydroelectric power and light; capital stock authorized-$40,000,000 common, and $10,000,000 preferred, out- standing May 1, 1916, $18,751,000 common; all stock, except directors' quallfying shares, owned by the Alabama Traction, Light & Power Co. (Ltd.); value of each share $100; funded debt outstanding, $4,000,000; office: Birmingham. The company owns by merger or purchase the property of the Alabama Elec- tric Co .; Wetumpka Power Co .; Alabama Power & Electric Co .; Alabama Power De- velopment Co .; Anniston Electric & Gas Co .; Huntsville Railway, Light & Power Co .; De- catur Light, Power & Fuel Co .; Etowah Light & Power Co .; Leeds Light & Power Co .; Little River Power Co .; Lincoln Light & Power Co .; Alabama Power & Light Co .; and Pell City Light Power Co.

The promoters of the organization of the Alabama Power Co. were for the most part citizens of Gadsden, Ala., who were interested primarily in the development of water power at the supposed Government navigation dams on the Coosa River. Several years passed before sufficient capital could be enlisted to undertake any construction work. Local capital was not equal to the task and north- ern capitalists looked askance on the scheme because of the large investments required and the great risk involved. Finally foreign capital was secured, and the construction of plants for developing hydroelectric power was started. A dam and power plant were

erected at Lock No. 12 on the Coosa River, having a possible capacity of about 100,000 horsepower. The plant has been in opera- tion for two or three years, and electric power from it is distributed to numerous towns and industries in northeastern Ala- bama. In addition to this plant, the com- pany owns the following water-power sites and power plants in Alabama: Coosa River- Lock No. 7, 45,000 horsepower; Lock No. 14, 100,000; Lock No. 15, 80,000; Lock No. 18, 100,000; Tallapoosa River-Cherokee Bluffs, 115,000 horsepower; Tennessee River-Mus- cle Shoals, 400,000 horsepower; Sautty Creek, 6,000 horsepower; Town Creek, 7,000; Little River, 52,000; and Choccolocco Creek, 2,000 horsepower. Of these, only the plant at Jackson Shoals, on Choccolocco Creek is in operation. The company has a supple- mentary steam plant at Gadsden for the pro- duction of electricity. From the plants now in operation the company transmits, by means of its system of 675 miles of steel-tower transmission lines, electric power for light- ing and industrial purposes to Anniston, Attalla, Talladega, Huntsville, Decatur, and New Decatur, besides several smaller places. Moreover, it supplies electric power for the street railways in Anniston and Huntsville, and does all the gas business in Anniston, Decatur, and New Decatur ( Albany). It also furnishes under contract all the electric cur- rent used by the Birmingham Railway, Light and Power Co. in Greater Birmingham and Bessemer, and by the public service com- panies in Gadsden, Tuscaloosa, and Alex- ander City. In addition to the foregoing, it serves a number of large industrial power consumers. Altogether the population of the territory served by this company, directly or indirectly, probably exceeds 325,000 persons.

REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of public util- ities, 1916, p. 825; Alabama Traction, Light & Power Co., Ltd., Report of work in progress (Feb., 1913) ; Memorandum relating to water power developments of Alabama Power Co., (n. d.) ; Veto message relating to the building of a dam across the Coosa River, Ala. (in S. Doc. No. 949, 62d Cong. 2d sess.) ; The water power bill, speech of Hon. Oscar W. Underwood, in the U. S. House of Representatives, July 18, 1914; Leon W. Friedman, in Birmingham News Maga- zine Section, Aug. 2, 1914.

ALABAMA RIVER. One of the two main streams of the Alabama-Tombigbee drainage basin, which converges into Mobile Bay. The Alabama is 31512 miles long; from 400 to 700 feet wide; and has a minimum depth at extreme low water of 2 feet. It is formed by the junction of the Coosa (q. v.) and the Tallapoosa (q. v.), 2212 miles above Mont- gomery, and flows southwestwardly to its confluence with the Tombigbee (q. v.), 45 miles north of Mobile Bay, to form the Mobile River (q. v.).

The river is wholly within the Alabama Coastal Plain, and there are no falls nor rapids on its course; neither is there an exces- sive current at any of the sand bars and shoals. This is due to the slight fall of the

BREECH-BLOCK OF SPANISH CANNON, BROUGHT BY DE SOTO ON HIS EXPEDI- TION, 1540; THOUGHT TO BE THE OLDEST EUROPEAN RELIC IN AMERICA

ONE OF EIGHT FRENCH CANNONS MOUNTED AT FORT TOULOUSE, 1714, RESTING ON IMPROVISED CARRIAGE

Both the Spanish breech-block and the French cannon are in the museum of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History

Vol. 1-8

HISTORY OF ALABAMA 1175331

river, which averages, above Montgomery, slightly over 512 inches per mile, and below Montgomery, 4 inches per mile. The follow- ing counties are traversed by or contiguous to the river: Elmore, Montgomery, Autauga, Lowndes, Dallas, Wilcox, Monroe, Clarke, and Baldwin, though Elmore, Montgomery, and Baldwin border on the river only for very short distances.

The Alabama River has always been navigable for boats of light draft throughout its entire length, but navigation for larger boats has been obstructed by sunken logs. snags, and gravel shoals. Over many of these obstructions the maximum depth of water at low stages of the river was, before improvement, less than 2 feet. The actual head of navigation is Wetumpka, on the Coosa River, though boats seldom go above Montgomery, and frequently, even now, navigation above Selma, especially by night, is retarded by low water on the shoals and bars.

The original project for the improvement of the Alabama was adopted by the Govern- ment in 1878. It provided for securing a channel 4 feet deep and 200 feet wide during low water by snagging and dredging opera- tions, the construction of jetties to control the channel, and cutting overhanging trees. A total of $185,000 was spent, with marked improvement in the condition of the channel. A low-water depth of 41% to 5 feet was se- cured. In 1891 the plan was altered so as to provide for a low-water channel 6 feet deep, at an estimated cost of $386,251. How- ever, the annual appropriations were small and the existing condition of the channel was not maintained. In the summer of 1906, the maximum draft that could be carried to Mont- gomery was about 312 feet. The total amount spent under these projects, both for new work and maintenance, was $419,445.69. In 1905 the present project was adopted. It calls for the securing by open channel work and the maintenance of a channel 4 feet deep at extreme low water and 200 feet wide be- tween Wetumpka and the mouth of the Alabama, at an estimated original cost of $650,000 and $50,000 a year for maintenance. Up to June 30, 1915, there had been spent under this project, $403,590.44 for improve- ment, and $375,559.83 for maintenance. The aggregate expenditure by the Government upon the Alabama River up to the date men- tioned was thus $1,198,595.96. As a result, the river is navigable from its mouth to Mont- gomery during the entire year for boats of 4 feet draft except at times of unusually low water.

From the earliest period of discovery this stream has played an interesting part in the history of the Gulf region. It has been the scene of Indian, Spanish, French, English and American exploits, and has given the name to the State whose territory it drains. See Pickett's "Alabama," Monette's "Valley of the Mississippi," Hamilton's "Colonial Mo- bile," and "Transactions of the Alabama His- torical Society," for many details.

Appropriations .- The dates, amounts, and the aggregate of appropriations by the Fed- eral Government for improvement of this stream, as compiled to March 4, 1915, in Ap- propriations for Rivers and Harbors ( House Doc. 1491, 63d Cong., 3d sess., 1916), are shown in the appended table:

June 18, 1878 $ 25,000.00

Mar. 3, 1879. 30,000.00

June 14, 1880

25,000.00

Mar. 3, 1881.

20,000.00

Aug. 2, 1882.

20.000.00

July 5, 1884.

10,000.00

Ang. 5, 1886.

15,000.00

Aug. 11, 1888 20,000.00

Sept. 19, 1890

20,000.00

July 13, 1892 70,000.00

Aug. 18, 1894.

50,000.00

June 3, 1896

40,000.00

Mar. 3, 1899.

50,000.00

June 13, 1902

20,000.00

June 13, 1902 (allotment) 4,000.00

Mar. 3, 1905.

100,000.00

Mar. 2, 1907.

200,000.00

Mar. 3, 1909 (allotment).

110,000.00

June 25, 1910 85,000.00

Feb. 27, 1911 75,000.00

July 25, 1912 75,000.00

Mar. 4, 1913 100,000.00

Oct. 2, 1914.

50,000.00

Mar. 4, 1915.

75,000.00

$ 1,289,000.00

From the nature of the river bed and the topography of the country through which It flows, the question of water power does not enter into the problem of improving the Alabama River.

REFERENCES .- U. S. Chief of Engineers, An- nual report. 1876, App. I, pp. 14-23; 1896, App. O, pp. 1396-1407; 1906, App. Q, pp. 349-350, 1259- 1261; 1909, App. Q, pp. 404-406, 1401-1403; 1915, pp. 743-746; U. S. Chief of Engineers, Report on examination of Alabama River between Mont- gomery and Selma (H. Doc. 1115, 62d. Cong., 3d sess.).

ALABAMA SOCIETY OF NEW YORK CITY. A voluntary social and patriotic organization, formed "to conserve interest and pride in Alabama history, to celebrate the anniversaries of important events in the State, and to cultivate social and friendly relations among the members of the associa- tion." It was founded in 1906. It has three classes of membership-regular, associate and honorary. "Every regular member shall be a male and either (a) be an Alabamian, by birth or descent, or (b) have lived in Ala- bama sufficiently long to become identified with the interests and traditions of that state. Every associate member shall be either a female possessing one of the foregoing quali- fications (a) and (b), or a person who shall have married one eligible to election under such qualifications. Honorary members shall be those who shall be elected as such by the executive council."

Its officers are a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer, "elected from and by the vote of the regular members in 1906

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

and thereafter at the annual meetings." The government of the association is vested in an executive council of nine regular members. Annual meetings are held on December 14, the anniversary of the admission of Alabama into the Union. The annual meetings usually combine a business session with a public re- ception, or other social function. Among the distinguished Alahamians resident in New York, who have served as president, are Dr. John A. Wyeth and Judge Henderson M. Somerville.

REFERENCES .- Constitution and by-laws (1906, 1910); Roster of Membership (1911, 1913).

ALABAMA STEEL AND SHIPBUILDING COMPANY. See Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.

ALABAMA STEEL & WIRE CO. This is one of the more important constituent com- panies of the Southern Iron & Steel Co. (now Gulf States Steel Co.) and was organized under charter of the legislature of December 12, 1898. Its capital stock was soon afterward acquired by the Alabama Steel & Wire Cor- poration of Hartford, Conn. This was the first company in Alabama to manufacture wire rods, wire fencing and wire nails. The name of the company was changed in 1906 to the Southern Steel Co. A complete re- organization of the company was effected in New York in September, 1906, when the capital stock was increased to about $25,- 000,000. In the reorganization, the Lacey- Buek Iron Co., among others was absorbed. In October, 1907, the Southern Steel Co. was placed in the hands of receivers-T. G. Bush, Edgar Adler, J. O. Thompson, and E. G. Chandler. The receivers discontinued the operation of all plants. A reorganization committee, formed by the bondholders, ar- ranged to refund the company's securities and to provide working capital. This plan took effect February 15, 1908. The properties of the old company, sold at bankrupt sale in 1909, were bid in by the reorganization com- mittee. The new company, known as the Southern Steel Co., was incorporated under the laws of New Jersey. On January 31, 1913, the property of the company was taken over by the Standard Steel Co., and hy It transferred to the Gulf States Steel Co., as shown above.

REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of industrials, 1916, pp. 552-555; Armes' Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910), passim.

ALABAMA, TENNESSEE AND NORTH- ERN RAILWAY COMPANY. A consolida- tion, on May 1, 1913, of the Tombigbee Val- ley Railroad Co., organized March 1, 1904; the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Railroad Co., organized September, 1906; and the Mobile Terminal & Rallway Co., organized September 1, 1910. The consolidated line ex- tends from Nannahubba to Reform, with trackage rights over the Southern Railway from Mobile to Calvert, 34 miles; mileage operated June 30, 1915-main track and branches, 222, side tracks, 9.06, total 231.06;

capital stock authorized-common, $25,000,- 000, no preferred; actually issued, $6,198,- 500; shares, $100; voting power, one vote a share; and funded debt, $4,436,087.05 .- Annual Report of Company to Alabama Pub- lic Service Commission, 1915.

The Tombigbee Valley Railroad Co. was the successor of the Tombigbee & Northern Rallway Co., itself the successor of the Sea- board Railroad of Alabama. The latter com- pany was chartered under the general laws of the State, January 20, 1890; and Its road constructed from Nannahubba to Turners, 33 miles, the following year. It went into the hands of a receiver, July 6, 1896, was sold under foreclosure May 10, 1897, and pur- chased for the bondholders. The receiver was discharged June 7, but continued for some time to operate the road as the agent of the purchasers. On January 17, 1900, the Tom- bigbee & Northern Railway Co. was chartered as the successor of the Seaboard Railroad. On March 5, 1904, the company was reorgan- ized as the Tombigbee Valley Railroad Co. At the time of the reorganization the line ex- tended from Nannahubba to Penny MIIl, 50 miles. During 1908 and 1909 it was ex- tended 2 miles to Silas; and in 1912 it was further extended to a connection with the Alahama, Tennessee & Northern Railway. On May 1, 1913, these two companies were consolidated as the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Railway Co.

The old Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Rallroad Co. was chartered as the Carrollton Short Line Railroad Co. in July, 1897, under the general laws of the State. On September 29, 1906, the name of the company was changed to the Alabama, Tennesee & North- ern Railroad Co., which company completed the line between Reform and York, 75 miles, in December, 1910. The company was in- cluded in the merger of May 1, 1913, and became a part of the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Rallway Co.

The Mobile Terminal & Railway Co. was incorporated under the general laws, Sep- tember 1, 1910, in the interest of the Tom- bigbee Valley, and the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern railroad companies. The termi- nal facilities for these two companies were constructed under the charter and it was also included in the merger of May 1, 1913, as shown above, and became a part of the pres- ent Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Rail- way Co.

REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of railroads, 1905 et seq.

ALABAMA TERMINAL COMPANY. See Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railroad Company.

ALABAMA UNIVERSITY ALUMNI SO- CIETY. An organization of former graduates and students of the University of Alabama, with headquarters at Tuscaloosa, the 1921 officers are: President, Cecil H. Young, 1902, Anniston; First Vice President, Edgar L. Clarkson, 1904, Tuscaloosa; Second Vice President, C. H. Van de Graaf, 1914, Tusca-

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

loosa; Third Vice President, Mrs. Washington Moody, 1906, Tuscaloosa; Secretary, Tom Garner, 1888, Tuscaloosa; Treasurer, Shaler C. Houser, 1898, Tuscaloosa.

The Society meets annually at commence- ment, is addressed by an orator chosen for that occasion, and Its main object is the promotion of interest in, and work for the University of Alabama.

Tom Garner, the secretary, is editor of the official publication, University of Alabama Alumni News.

REFERENCES,-Alabama University bulletins; Alumni News.

ALABAMA-WEST FLORIDA LUMBER MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION. A vol- untary commercial association whose object was "the bringing together of the manufac- turers of the State, to the end that they may know each other better, and have an oppor- tunity of discussing at regular intervals mat- ters of interest to those engaged in the man- ufacture of yellow pine lumber, and thus be enabled to act intelligently on any questions affecting the industry." Membership was open to any yellow pine manufacturer in the States of Alabama or West Florida. Not- withstanding its very praiseworthy objects and fair beginning, it had only a short lived existence.

REFERENCES .- Alabama-West Florida Lumber Manufacturers' Association, Constitution and by-laws (n. p., n. d., pp. 9); Manufacturers' Convention, Proceedings, May 5, 1899, pp. 8.

ALBERTVILLE. Post office and incor- porated town in the southeastern part of Marshall County, on the Nashville, Chatta- nooga & St. Louis Ry. It is situated in T. 9, Mountains, 10 miles south of Guntersville. Altitude: 1,054 feet. Population: 1880- S., R. 4, E., on the plateau of the Raccoon 165; 1910-1,544.

Banks: The Bank of Albertville; and J. F. Hooper, Banker. Newspaper: The Albert- ville Banner, W. Dem., established 1897. In- dustries:' A ginnery, oil mill, cottonseed meal plant, and grist mill.

The Seventh District Agricultural School, a handsome brick structure, with steam heat and other modern equipment, is located at Albertville, and it also has city public schools. Churches: Baptist; Presbyterian; Episco- pal; and Methodist. The Methodist was the first established, its building known as Jones Chapel, being erected in 1856. The church was organized by the missionary "circuit- rider," W. D. Nicholson.

The locality was settled while the Indians still held the lands. Among the earliest settlers were Thomas Albert and his brother, Dr. W. T. Albert, Gran Hall, James King, Samuel Garard, Agrippa Scott, L. S. Emmett, Cicero Miller-the first merchant, and post- master in 1858. The log cabin in which the first store was opened is still standing. The first mayor of the town was W. M. Coleman. Cicero Miller, the first merchant and post- master, was killed in the Seven Days Battle, Richmond, Va., 1862; his son, E. A. Miller,

is an educator, now in Government service at Washington.

Albertville is surrounded by a prosperous agricultural country, and its merchants do a large business in farm products, and in im- plements and supplies.

REFERENCES. - Berney, Handbook (1892) ; Brewer, Alabama (1872), p. 383; Northern Ala- bama (1888), p. 58; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1887-8, p. 69; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

ALEXANDER CITY. Post office and in- corporated town in the northwestern part of Tallapoosa County, on the Central of Georgia Railroad, about 17 miles northwest of Dade- ville, and about 25 miles southeast of Syla- cauga. Altitude: 747 feet. Population: 1888-750; 1890-679; 1900-1,061; 1910 -1,710. The town was incorporated, March 19, 1873, and the name changed from Young- ville to the present name. The corporate limits embrace "the SW. 14 of sec. 34; the NE. 14 of sec. 33; the SE. 14 of sec. 28; the W. 12 of SE. 14 and S. 12 of SW. 14 of that sec., T. 23, R. 21."

Its financial institutions are the Asheville Savings Bank (State), and the First Na- tional Bank. The Alexander City News, established in 1892, and the Alexander City Outlook, established in 1914, both Democratic weekly newspapers, are published there; and the town has several cotton ginneries, cotton warehouses, a cottonseed oil mill, a gristmill, a planing mill, a wagon factory, and other industries.

REFERENCES .- Acts, 1872-73, pp. 416-422; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 169; Polk's Ala- bama gazetteer. 1887-8, p. 70: Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

ALEXANDER CITY COTTON MILLS, Alexander City. See Cotton Manufacturing.

ALEXANDRIA. Post office and station, in the central part of Calhoun County, secs. 34 and 35, T. 14, R. 7, E., on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 10 miles northwest of Anniston, and 25 miles southeast of Gadsden. It was first called Coffeeville, in honor of Gen. Coffee, who fought a battle with the Indians in 1813, 212 miles west of Alex- andria. Later it was changed to the present name. Altitude: 565 feet. Population : Alexandria Precinct, 1870-1,689; 1880- 121; 1888-100; 1910-90; Alexandria Pre- cinct, including the town, 1910-2,219.

The locality was settled about 1834, or earlier. Among its prominent settlers and citizens have been Dr. Atkinson Pelham, Dr. John H. Vandiver, Col. John M. Crook, S. D. McClelen, Elisha McClelen, Robert A. Mc- Millan, Daniel Crow, Jacob R. Green, Lewis D. Jones, Seaborn Whatley, Floyd Bush, Daniel Bush, Rev. J. J. D. Renfroe, and Frank Woodruff. "The Gallant Pelham," son of Dr. Pelham, was born and reared near Alexandria.

REFERENCES. - Brewer, Alabama (1872) ; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 112; Polk's Ala- bama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 71; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

ALEXANDRIA VALLEY. A small, fertile valley, extending from a point 2 miles north of Alexandria for 7 miles southwestwardly to Martin's Crossroads, in Calhoun County. Its average width is about 2 miles, making its area between 10 and 15 square miles. Prac- tically the entire valley is in a high state of cultivation.

REFERENCE .- McCalley, Valley regions of Ala- bama, Pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897), p. 23.

ALFALFA. See Grasses and Forage.

ALGER-SULLIVAN LUMBER COMPANY. An industrial corporation, incorporated June, 1900, in Alabama; capital stock-authorized, $1,000,000, outstanding, $975,000; shares, $100; funded debt, $940,000; property in Alabama-lumber mills and timber lands at and near Foshee, and private line of railroad connecting them with the main plant at Cen- tury, Fla; offices: Century, Fla.

This company was organized by Gen. R. A. Alger, of Detroit, Mich., and associates, who purchased the extensive tracts of Alabama timberlands owned by Martin H. Sullivan, of Pensacola, Fla., and later acquired other large bodies of timberlands in the State, all heavily forested with long-leaf yellow pine. The lumber mill at Century, Fla., was com- pleted in February, 1902, and has since been in continuous operation except from May 16, 1910, to January 16, 1911, while it was being rebuilt after a disastrous fire. The new plant is modern and commodious, having a capacity of 150,000 feet per day of 10 hours. An auxiliary plant is maintained at Foshee, Ala., under the same management, and served by the company's industrial railroad, known as the Escambia Railway, extending from Cen- tury, Fla., to Fowler, Conecuh County, Ala., with numerous branches connecting the log- ging operations with the mills. In addition to log trains, local freight and passenger trains are handled on the railroad, which is equipped with 10 locomotives, 200 modern logging cars, passenger, box, and flat cars, steam shovel and wrecker. The company conducts well- stocked commissaries In connection with both plants.

REFERENCES .- Poor's manual of industrials, 1916, p. 2342.

ALICEVILLE. Post office and station on the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Railroad, in the southern part of Pickens County, about 12 miles south of Carrollton, in Fran- conia Precinct. Population : 1910-640. The town was incorporated in 1907. Its financial institutions are the Aliceville Bank & Trust Co. (State), and the Merchants & Farmers Bank (State). The Aliceville News, a Democratic weekly, established in 1910, is published there.

REFERENCES .- Nelson F. Smith, Pickens Coun- ty (1856), pp. 181-184; Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

ALIENS. The status of aliens, whether temporary or permanent residents of Ala-

bama, is fixed by international law, by the statutes of the United States, and by local regulations. The policy of the State from the very beginning has been one of extreme lib- erality, and the stranger has always had a welcome place within her gates. So far from having a restrictive or exclusive policy, the people have eagerly invited desirable visitors, and many agencies have been systematically fostered for securing immigration. The only exceptions to this policy existed during the period of sectional agitation prior to 1861, when public opinion protested the presence of abolitionists and anti-slavery agitators; and during the Knownothing campaigns of 1854, 1855 and 1856. The constitution of 1875 contains a provision which is section 31 of the constitution of 1901,

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History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 9

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869- Publication date: 1921 Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company Number of Pages: 756

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756