USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 129
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. REFERENCES .- Smith and McCalley, Index to mineral resources of Alabama (Geol. Survey of Ala., Bulletin 9, 1904), pp. 58-59; U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral resources of United States, 1902, pp. 975-982; 1913, pp. 181-251, with select bibliography; 1914, pp. 159-174.
GRASSES AND FORAGE. Annual or per- rennial herbs, irrespective of their botanical consideration, whose individual stock or stem, and leaves or foliage, are suitable, first for grazing, and secondly, for harvesting as hay or forage. They are both native and imported; and grow wild or are cultivated.
The principal forage crops in Alabama are Johnson grass, Timothy (small yield), blue, crab, orchard and red-top grass, peanut hay, pea vines, alfalfa, Lispedeza, Japan clover, (all over the state and also wild), clovers (burr, crimson, mellilotus, white, and red clover-the two latter wild in North Ala- bama), the sorghums, millet, corn fodder, and cut green corn.
Forage is herbage food, whether used green or after being cured. "The forage crops are grasses ( whether utilized in mead- ows, pastures, or otherwise), all coarse, na- tural grazing crops such as animals are likely to find provided in nature, and miscellaneous roots and vegetative parts grown specifically for feeding purposes." Roughage is the coarser forms of forage products. Fodder is dried or cured forage. It is also applied in Alabama, to the foliage of maize or In- dian corn. Soiling is the feeding of green forage direct from the field to the animals. Silage is green or uncured forage that is preserved in a tight receptical or silo.
History .- The grasses at present common to the southern section of the United States were found in Alabama by the early ex- plorers. DeSoto found the vegetation lux- uriant along his whole route through the borders of the State, including canes, grasses and vines. The pioneers through the col- onial and territorial periods found water and wild verdure abundant, and cattle flourished in large numbers on the open ranges. Little effort for years was made to reap the native wild grasses for use in stock feed.
The wealth of the native grasses can only be realized by an examination of the lists carefully compiled, from extensive field work, by Dr. Charles Mohr in his "Plant life of Alabama." Reference must also be made to an elaborate discussion by Dr. P. H. Mell, then botanist of the agricultural experiment station at Auburn, on "Grasses and their cul- tivation."
It would be valuable to trace the introduc- tion of the non-native grasses, but data is not at hand. It is of interest to here note
that the now famous Johnson grass was first so named or called by Prof. L. B. John- son, long a noted teacher of Selma.
Statisties .- As with other crops, statistics of hay and forage are imperfect and limited. Census takers and farmers alike have largely relied on estimates, and the differentiation of subdivisions has been poorly returned. For 1840, the census showed Alabama to have reported 12,718 tons; 1850, 32,685 tons; and for 1860, 55,219 tons. In 1910 the returns are as follows: Hay and forage -238,656 acres, with 251,403 tons; all tame or cultivated grasses, 121,143 acres, with 133,381 tons; wild, salt or prairie, 27,853 acres with 30,079 tons; grains cut green, 71,- 116 acres, with 66,946 tons; and coarse forage 18,554 acres, with 20,997 tons.
A survey made early in 1918 by State authorities reports for 1917-hay 765,840 acres, and for 1918 an intended acreage of 881,970. All forms of forage were included, which largely increased the acreage over the more restricted classification of the census.
REFERENCES .- Bailey, Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 4th ed. (1912), vol. 2, pp. 303, 365; Mohr, Plant Life of Alabama (1901) pas- sim; Dr. J. F. Duggar, Agriculture for south- ern schools (1908), p. 174; Ibid, "Crimson clover and hairy vetch," in Agricultural Exten- sion Station, Bulletins (1898), vol. 6, p. 181 (Bull. 96); Ibid "Winter pasturage, hay and fertility afforded by hairy vetch," in Ibid (1899), vol. 7, p. 127 (Bull. 105) ; Ibid "Alfalfa," in Ibid (1904), vol. 12, p. 1 (Bull. 127) ; Ibid "Crimson clover, in Ibid (1909), vol. 17, p. 103 (Bull. 147); Cauthen, "Southern bur clover," in Ibid (1912), vol. 20, p. 161 (Bull. 165); Dr. P. H. Mell, "Grasses and their cul- tivation," in Ibid (1889), vol. 2, pp. 147-186, 29 plates; Hunt, Forage and fibre crops in America (1911).
GRAY ORE. See Iron and Steel.
GRAYSVILLE. An incorporated town in the mineral district of western Jefferson County. Population: 1900-319; 1910- 428. It was incorporated by the legislature, February 23, 1899, with corporate limits described as follows: "Beginning at the southeast corner of the southeast one-fourth of Section 20, Township 16, Range 4, west; running north one-half mile, west one-half mile, south one-half mile and east one-half mile to point of beginning."
REFERENCES .- Local Acts, 1898-99, pp. 1780- 1787; Alabama Official and Statistical Regis- ter, 1915.
GREAT SOUTHERN HOME NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE. Private school for the education of colored males and females. This school is an outgrowth of the Great Southern Home Industrial Association, an organization founded and operated by Rev. W. L. Lauderdale, (col.) for the purpose of assisting its members in illness, distress, accidents and death. The school buildings, including a three story recitation hall, a teacher's hall and dormitories for boys and
669
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
girls, are located in North Birmingham, and were opened to students on Monday, February 22, 1904. Primary, high school, and normal departments are maintained, while courses are offered in penmanship, shorthand, type- writing, music, sewing, fancy and art needle- work, manual labor, dressmaking, and cook- ing. A library containing the latest maga- zines and reference books is also within easy access of the students.
REFERENCES .-- Catalogues, 1904; Annual re- port for 1903 of the Great Southern Home Industrial Association, of Birmingham, Ala.
GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH. A re- ligious body, being a branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is of ancient origin, and traces to the Church of the Byzantine Empire. Its advent to the United States is comparatively modern.
Little is known concerning the organiza- tion in Alabama. The U. S. census report for 1906 gives the total number of organi- zations as 10; total number of members, 1,505; one church and 9 halls, the former with a seating capacity of 200.
REFERENCES .- U. S. Bureau of the Census, Re- ligious Bodies, 1906 (1910), p. 266.
GREEN CREEK AND COLVIN MOUN- TAINS. These are the names given respec- tively to the southwest and the northeast halves of the mountain situated at the ex- treme northwestern edge of Calhoun County, being separated merely by Davis Gap, where they lap for about two miles. The former is from 10 to 12 miles long and from 900 to 1,100 feet above sea level; the latter about 15 miles long and from 1,000 to 1,200 feet above sea level. There are several seams of red iron ore in both mountains, some of them thick enough to work profitably. These mountains are much steeper on their north- west than on their southeast sides, and much higher above the country to the northwest than above that to the southeast of them. Their tops are formed of massive sandstone which occurs in high ledges and bluffs.
REFERENCES .- McCalley, Valley regions of Ala- bama, Pt. 2, Coosa Valley (Geol. Survey of Ala., Special report 9, 1897), pp. 16, 729-734.
GREENE COUNTY. Created by the first State legislature, December 13, 1819. Its territory was originally a part of the Choc- taw cession of October 24, 1816, but nomi- nally from Marengo and Tuscaloosa Coun- ties, which had been formed in 1818. 1ts boundaries remained as originally established until the formation of Hale County, January 30, 1867, which embraced all of the county lying east of the Black Warrior River. On the reorganization of boundaries at this date, that portion of Pickens County south of Sip- sey River was added to Greene. Its present area is 635 square miles, or 406,400 acres.
It bears the name of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary hero.
Location and Physical Description .- It is located in the west central section of the State. To the north lie Pickens and Tusca-
loosa, to the east Hale, to the south Marengo and south and west Sumter.
It lies wholly in the fork of the Tombig- bee and the Black Warrior Rivers. The di- viding ridge between the rivers is about 350 to 400 feet above the water level. The aver- age prairie elevation is about 170 feet above sea level. The northeast section of the coun- ty is broken and hilly. To the southwest it is gently undulating, "with here and there a ridge or hill," according to Dr. E. A. Smith, State Geologist, "capped with the sands of the Drift, the relics of a covering which once probably was spread over the whole prairie region."
The bottom lands of the Warrior River are about one mile in width. The prairie region of the county is similar to that of Hale and Sumter. In the fork the lands are calcareous or prairie lands, alternating with sandy ridges. The county shows two agri- cultural divisions, the upper with its brown loam soils, and the lower with the prairie or calcareous soils referred to. The tim- ber consists of pine, the different species of oak, hickory, ash and gum. Along the river bottoms are found poplar and other hard- woods.
The mean annual temperature is 64.9º F., with a maximum of 106° F., and minimum of 9º F. The usual annual precipitation is about 49.44 inches. Details of the extent and character of production are noted in the statistics below.
Aboriginal History .- The county is rich in aboriginal evidences. Within its borders was located Maubilla, the head town of. Tusca- loosa's domains. DeSoto entered the county, crossing the Black Warrior River at or near old Erie, in the fall of 1540, arriving at the town on October 18, after coming down the high dividing ridge between the Warrior and the Tombigbee. Mauvilla was located on the Tombigbee River, a half mile above Bras- field Landing.
On both rivers, and on the Sipsey River in the northern part of the county are lo- cated mounds, many of which are associated with town sites. Clarence B. Moore says of the mound at Maubilla, just above Brasfield Landing: "This mound and the Grant mound near the mouth of the St. John's River, Flor- ida, are the most impressive in appearance it has been our fortune to meet with. The mound on land high above the wash of fresh- ets, has today as sharp an outline, practically as when it was completed."
In the northeastern part of the county, near Knoxville, is a group of mounds, doubt- lessly connected with those just across Black Warrior River in Hale County at Moundville. These have not been thoroughly investigated. On the Warrior River a half-mile below Stephens' Bluff is a mound. Near McAlpin's woodyard, at Colvin's Landing on the War- rior; at Cook's Landing and at Coles Land- ing on Tombigbee River are mounds. A vil- lage site is at East Bluffport Landing on the Tombigbee. Near Sardis church, in 1875, the plough unearthed a burial of twenty- five bodies in a circle, the heads pointing to
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
the center. A town site adjoins the ceme- tery. On Tombigbee River, three miles south- west of Forkland is an old fortification. doubtless of Indian construction.
Farm, Livestock and Crop Statistics, 1918. -The statistics helow are given for illustra- tive purposes, and, in tabular form, without any attempt at comparison or analysis. They were gathered under the direction of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Number of all farms (1917), 2,000. Acres cultivated (1917), 151,000. Acres in pasture (1917) 187,000.
Farm Animals:
Horses and mules, 8,000.
Milk cows, 8,700.
Other cattle, 14,000.
Brood sows, 3,800.
Other hogs, 31,000.
Sheep (1917), none.
Selected Crops (Acres and Quantity .-
Corn, 80,000 acres; 720,000 bushels.
Cotton, 25,000 acres; 5,200 bales.
Peanuts, 4,500 acres; 90,000 bushels.
Velvet Beans, 20,000 acres; 9,000 tons.
Hay, 24,000 acres; 18,000 tons.
Syrup cane, 400 acres; 60,000 gallons. Cowpeas, 14,000 acres; 56,000 bushels. Sweet potatoes, 1,800 acres; 162,000 hushels.
Irish potatoes, 300 acres; 24,000 bushels. Oats, 2,700 acres; 40,000 bushels. Wheat, 1,500 acres; 18,000 bushels.
Post Offices and Towns .- Revised to July 1, 1919, from U. S. Official Postal Guide. Figures indicate the number of rural routes from that office.
Baltzell
Mantua
Boligee
Mount Hebron
Clinton-1
Pleasant Ridge
Eutaw- (ch)-1
Tishabee
Forkland-1
Union
Hairston
Watsonia
Knoxville-1
West Greene-1
Lizzieville
Population .- Statistics from decennial pub- lications of the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
White
Negro
Total
1820
2,861
1,693
4,554
1830
7,585
7,441
15,026
1840
7,556
16,468
24,024
- 1850
9,265
22,176
31,441
1860
7,251
23,608
30,859
1870
3,858
14,541
18,399
1880
.3,765
18,165
21,930
1890
3,235
18,771
22,007
1900
3,307
20,875
24,182
1910
3,012
19,705
22,717
Delegates to Constitutional Conventions .- 1861-James D. Webb, Thomas H. Hern- don.
1865-William P. Webh, A. S. Jeffries.
1867-Charles Hayes, Benjamin F. Alex- ander (negro).
1875-Wiley Coleman.
1901-Thomas W. Coleman.
Senators .- 1819-20-Thomas Ringgold.
1821-2-Patrick May. 1822-3-John Coats.
1825-6-Zachary Merriwether.
1828-9-Zachary Merriwether.
1831-2-John Erwin (1833).
1834-5-John Erwin.
1835-6-Thomas Riddle. 1837-8-Thomas Riddle.
1840-1-Harry Innes Thornton.
1843-4-Solomon McAlpine. 1847-8-Zachary Merriwether.
1849-50-William M. Murphy. 1851-2-George G. Perrin.
1853-4-James Daniel Wehb.
1855-6-Joseph W. Taylor.
1857-8-Allen C. Jones.
1861-2-William E. Clarke.
1865-6-C. C. Huckabee. 1868-Charles Hays.
1871-2-A. M. McIntosh.
1872-3-Lloyd Leftwich.
1873-Lloyd Leftwich.
1874-5-Lloyd Leftwich.
1875-6-Lloyd Leftwich.
1876-7-J. A. Billups.
1878-9-Jerome Clanton. 1880-1-Jerome Clanton. 1882-3-J. A. Billups.
1884-5-J. A. Billups. 1886-7-Jerome Clanton.
1888-9-Jerome Clanton.
1890-1-Norfleet Harris.
1892-3-Norfleet Harris.
1894-5-Wm. M. Browder. 1896-7-W. M. Browder. 1898-9-Amos Horton.
1899 (Spec.)-Amos Horton.
1900-01-Amos Horton. 1903-William Micajah Spencer.
1907-Amos Horton.
1907 (Spec.) .- Amos Horton.
1909 (Spec.)-Amos Horton.
1911-A. M. Tunstall.
1915-J. T. Denson.
1919-R. B. Evins.
Representatives .-
1822-3-Hiram Shortridge; Zachary Merri- ‘ wether.
1823-4-Julius H. Sims; Zachary Merri- wether.
1824-5-Ezekiel Pickens; Zachary Merri- wether.
1825-6-Julius H. Sims; R. H. Warren; James C. Neill.
1826-7-Julius H. Sims; Mathew F. Ra- ney; J. C. Neill. 1827-8-Edward B. Colgin; Mathew F. Ra- ney; D. B. Richardson.
1828-9-Edward B. Colgin; James B. Gage; D. Richardson.
1829-30-John Gayle; George Hays; D. B. Richardson.
1830-1-John Gayle; Thomas Riddle; Thomas Chiles.
1831-2-James Snedecor; Thomas Riddle; Walter N. Moffett.
1832 (called)-William T. Fortson; Wal- ter N. Moffett.
.
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HISTORY OF ALABAMA
1832-3-William T. Fortson; Walter N. Moffett.
1833-4-W. C. Fortson; A. C. Horton.
1834-5-Patrick May; A. C. Horton; D. B. Richardson.
1835-6-John May; James Gage; John J. Winston.
1836-7-John May; W. B. Gage; John Er- win.
1837 (called)-John May; W. B. Gage; John Erwin.
1837-8-Solomon McAlpin; Daniel P. Bes- tor; John Erwin.
18389- S. McAlpin; John M. Bates; E. Young.
1838-9-S. McAlpin; John M. Bates; E. Young.
1840-1-S. McAlpine; William M. Murphy; E. Young.
1841 (called)-S. McAlpine; William M. Murphy; E. Young.
1841-2-S. McAlpine; James Chiles; E. Young.
1842-3-William G. Jones; J. M. Wither- spoon; John Erwin.
1843-4-Stephen F. Hale; J. M. Wither- spoon; J. D. Webb.
1844-5-Pleasant w.
Kittrell; Isaac Croom; George G. Perrin.
1845-6-Pleasant W. Kittrell; Joseph W. Taylor.
1847-8-Pleasant W. Kittrell; Joseph W. Taylor.
1849-50-Attaway R. Davis; Alexander . Gates.
1851-2-Allen C. Jones; J. D. Webb.
1853-4-Richard F. Inge; A. Benners.
1855-6-William H. Fowler; G. N. Carpen- ter.
1857-8-Stephen F. Hale; Robert D. Huck- abee.
1859-60-Stephen F. Hale; Robert D. Huckabee.
1861 (1st called)-Stephen F. Hale; Rob- ert D. Huckabee.
1861 (2d called)-Wiley Coleman; Augus- tus Benners.
1861-2-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Ben- ners.
1862 (called)-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Benners.
1862-3-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Ben- ners.
1863 (called)-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Benners.
1863-4-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Ben- ners.
1864 (called)-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Benners.
1864-5-Wiley Coleman; Augustus Ben- ners.
1865-6-Jolın G. Pierce; R. B. Waller.
1866-7-John G. Pierce; R. B. Waller.
1868-A. R. Davis; Benjamin Alexander.
1869-70-Benjamin Alexander; J. W. Cole- man (to succeed A. R. Davis).
1870-1-James M. Bullock; Israel G. Smith. 1871-2-J. M. Bullock; J. G. Smith.
1872-3-S. W. Cockrill; T. C. Hawkins.
1873-S. W. Cockrill; T. C. Hawkins.
1874-5-W. E. Cockrell; J. R. Wither- spoon.
1875-6-W. E. Cockrell; J. R. Wither- spoon.
1876-7-W. E. Cockrell; Nimrod Snoddy.
1878-9-M. W. Hand; T. J. Patton.
1880-1-M. T. Brassfield; T. C. Clark.
1882-3-A. W. S. Anderson; W. J. Craw- ford.
1884-5-J. P. McQueen; J. M. Bullock.
1886-7-T. J. Patton; A. M. S. Anderson.
1888-9-Thos. J. Patton; Wm. Smaw.
1890-1-H. M. Judge; Wm. Smaw.
1892-3-William Smaw.
1894-5-J. J. A. Smith.
1896-7-A. Y. Glover.
1898-9-Bernard Harwood.
1899 (Spec.)-Bernard Harwood.
1900-01-Bernard Harwood.
1903-Alfred Young Glover.
1907-W. B. Baltzell.
1907 (Spec.)-W. B. Baltzell.
1909 (Spec.)-W. B. Baltzell.
1911-J. A. Flanagan.
1915-M. T. Sumner.
1919-A. P. Smith.
REFERENCES .- Toulmin, Digest (1823), index; Acts 1819, p. 50; Brewer, Alabama, p. 259; Ber- ney, Handbook (1892), p. 296; Riley, Alabama as it is (1893), p. 144; Northern Alabama (1888), p. 195; Alabama, 1909 (Ala. Dept. of Ag. and Ind. Bulletin 37), p. 129; Alabama Landbook (1918), p. 73; Ala. Official and Sta- tistical Register, 1903-1915, 5 vols .; Ala. An- thropological Society, Handbook (1910); Geol. Survey of Ala., Agricultural features of the State (1883); The valley regions of Alabama, parts 1 and 2 (1896, 1897), and Underground water resources of Alabama (1907) ; Snedicor, Directory of Greene County, 1855-6 (8vo. pp. 74); Ibid, map, 1856.
GREENE SPRINGS SCHOOL. A former high grade preparatory school for young men, located in the hill country of Hale County (then Greene), near the village of Havana, and about six miles from Stewart's Station on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. It is referred to by one chronicler as a "famous classical, scientific, and practical high school for boys." It was founded in 1847 by Prof. Henry Tutwiler. This distinguished educa- tor, after five years' training at the Univer- sity of Virginia, where he graduated in law, and where he was the first A. M. graduate, came to this State as professor of ancient languages in the University of Alabama. For six and one-half years he retained that posi- tion. He taught a brief season at Howard College, after which he served seven and one- half years as professor of languages in La- Grange College. With ripened experience in these two institutions, he founded this new venture which he himself characterizes in a circular issued in September, 1877, as being at the time "the first and only school of the kind in Alabama."
No institution in Alabama or elsewhere ever attained a more marked success. In methods of discipline and modes of instruction Dr. Tut- wiler showed remarkable skill. From time
672
HISTORY OF ALABAMA
to time there were associated with him as teachers many who later themselves became distinguished as educators, including Dr. Car- los G. Smith, Maj. James W. A. Wright, Dr. Alonzo Hill, Gen. John Gregg, and Prof. Henry F. Meek. Miss Julia S. Tutwiler and his other daughters were also his assistants. It had a fine chemical and physical apparatus, and also a high magnifying power telescope. It possessed a library of several thousand well selected volumes.
In the following extract, Clark, History of Education in Alabama, p. 207, admirably states some of its ideals and practical work: "The home life of the students at Greene Springs left lasting impressions upon their memories. Owing to the distance from churches, Professor Tutwiler undertook more of the religious instruction of his students than he probably otherwise would have done, and it was his custom to meet the whole body of students three times on every Sunday- before breakfast, at noon, and after tea. He managed to make the instruction on these occasions of such a nature as not to be in the least irksome. On the other hand, even the most obdurate student looked forward with positive pleasure to the short moral Iec- ture or extract from some interesting ser- mon, or other exercises with which he was accustomed to vary these meetings. At the meeting after tea it was his custom to call the roll, and every student was expected, though not required, to respond by reciting some line, stanza, or short poem conveying a moral or religious idea or sentiment, or, if he preferred, a quotation from the Bible. Speaking of these Sunday meetings, one of his former students says of Professor Tut- wiler: 'It seems to me impossible to convey in any words to one who never knew him a conception of that sweet, benign, tender, sun- shiny presence.' It was this presence that made every scholastic task a pleasure to his students. 'He could invest even the most abstract problems of mathematics with the interest of a novel,' says a prominent public man who in boyhood enjoyed his instruc- tion. He endeavored to enlist, as far as pos- sible, the interest of his students in current literary, scientific and political thought; and with this end in view it was his custom after the morning chapel exercises to read and briefly comment upon some extract from a newspaper or some magazine article upon whatever subject was at the moment upper- most in the world's mind. In this way he excited and fostered a taste for reading in all classes of students."
The school continued without intermission under Dr. Tutwiler as principal from its es- tablishment in 1847 until June, 1877, after which the exercises were suspended for two years in order to afford him a necessary rest. In April, 1898, a fierce tornado destroyed the chapel, library, and a number of the cot- tages, besides severely damaging the main building, occupied by Dr. Tutwiler's family. The chemical and physical apparatus were largely destroyed and the library was badly damaged by exposure to rain after the storm.
There was no loss of life notwithstanding the great loss of property. In October, 1879, the exercises were resumed and continued until the death of Prof. Tutwiler in 1884.
REFERENCES .- Tutwiler, Sketch of Greene Springs School for thirty years, 1877; Cata- logucs, 1850, 1866, 1870, 1873; Circular an- nouncements, 1872-1884; Clark, History of edu- cation in Alabama (1889), pp. 205-211; Alabama Historical Society, Transactions, vol. 2, pp. 16n, 63; vol. 4, pp. 142n, 448; vol. 5, pp. 100, 104n; DuBose, Sketches of Alabama History (1901), p. 160; DuBose, Alabama History (1915), p. 210.
GREENSBORO. County seat of Hale County, in the central part of the county, on the headwaters of Little Prairie Creek, and on the Southern Railway, 18 miles north- west of Marion, 20 miles northeast of Demop- olls, 20 miles southeast of Eutaw, and 38 miles northeast of Livingston. Altitude: 220 feet. Population: 1870-1,760; 1880- 1,833; 1888-1,800; 1890-1,759; 1900- 2,416; 1910-2,048.
It was incorporated by the legislature, De- cember 24, 1823. The charter was amended in 1832, again in 1845, 1850, 1856, and 1858. As first established, Greensboro was divided into three wards-the "White Settlement," the "Black Settlement," and "Dogsboro." In 1867, the town became the county seat of the new county of Hale. It is now operated under the municipal code of 1907. It has pri- vately owned electric light and waterworks plants, volunteer fire department, 11/2 miles of cherted streets, and paved sidewalks in business section. Its tax rate is 5 mills, and its bonded indebtedness $25,000, issued for streets and schools. Its banks are the First National and the Peoples Bank (State). The Greensboro Watchman, established in 1876, the Greenboro Record, established in 1902, both Democratic weeklies, and the Bulletin of Southern University, a quarterly estab- lished in 1907, are published there. Its in- dustries are a cottonseed oil mill, a cotton ginnery, a cotton warehouse, an ice plant, a lumber mill, a brick kiln, general stores, and the public-service enterprises mentioned above. In addition to the city schools, it has the Southern University, established in 1856, by the Alabama Conference, Methodist Epis- copal Church, South.
Its churches are the First Baptist, estab- lished in 1819, by Rev. Joseph Ryan, as "Sa- lem Church"; the Methodist Episcopal, South, established in 1822; the Presbyterian, estab- lished in 1822 by Rev. James Hillhouse, and St. Pauls Episcopal, established in 1830.
The locality was settled in 1816 by a large family connection named Russell, and their settlement was known for several years as the "Russell Settlement." In 1817 James Yeates, Louis Stephens, Benjamin Baldwin, Frederick Peck, William Lovell, M. Kinnard and his sons-in-law McConnico and Corzine, T. A. Kinnard and the Davis and Bennett families, moved in. The settlement was thereafter called Troy. The first United States mail received at "Troy" was brought
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