History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 123

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756

USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I > Part 123

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On Bartram's trip through Alabama in 1777 he found along the lower Alabama River peach and fig trees, "the figs a dark-blue pur- ple and the size of pears."

The horticultural records of Alabama do not disclose details of production or varie- ties, or many points in connection with this historic tree, which the student would like to know. However, even the most casual observer from one end of the State to the other, but principally in the southern sec- tions, has observed in almost every yard, garden and outlot clusters of fig bushes, mak- ing miniature groves in many cases. The yield is abundant.

Fig statistics: 1900-18,485 trees, yielding 140,970 pounds; and 1910-on 15,219 farms there were 52,731 trees, yielidng 1,773,126 pounds, valued at $80,960.

Berries .- The berries cultivated in this State are the strawberry, blackberry, dew- berry, raspberry, loganberry, gooseberry and cranberry. In the census returns they are classed as small fruit. Although the statis- tics below indicate only a small number of farms reporting, and a comparatively small area cultivated throughout the entire State, on almost every farm some one or more ber- ries are cultivated. In recent years they have become profitable commercially. Again, many quarts are put up in preserving jars or in cans.

Strawberries are the most important of all the small fruits of Alabama. They can be grown throughout the entire State, but ac- cording to Mohr the Upper Coast Pine Belt of about 9,000 square miles, situated in the south central part of the State, "is found especially favorable for the cultivation of the strawberry." The strawberry interests at York, Thorsby, Castleberry, Cullman, Hunts- ville and a few other points have assumed large proportions, and hundreds of carloads are annually shipped to the northern mar- kets. The home demand also offers an ex- cellent market. The State horticultural so- ciety has systematcally urged greater atten- tion to the cultivation of berries of all kinds. Available statistics are as follows:

Strawberries: 1900-607 acres, with a yield of 804,480 quarts; 1910-on 1,958 farms of a total of 1,167 acres, there was a

yield of 1,848,537 quarts, valued at $160,026.

Blackberries and dewberries: 1900-104 acres, with a yield of 98,500 quarts; 1910- on 632 farms of a total of 53 acres, there was a yield of 44,954 quarts, valued at $3,- 726.

Raspberries and loganberries: 1900-13 acres, with a yield of 14,390 quarts; 1910- on 169 farms of a total of 11 acres there was a yield of 10,546 quarts, valued at $1,380.

Gooseberries: 1900-2 acres; 1910-On 40 farms, with a total area of one acre, there was a yield of 2,452 quarts, valued at $177.

Cranberries: 1910-1 farm with less than one acre, 96 quarts, valued at $10.

Nurseries .- In the early development of the growing of fruit trees, vines and plants, stocks were produced locally from the seed. Many fine orchards and excellent varieties of fruits were developed in this way, but with enlarged experience it was found that successful fruit growing could not be maintained from seed- ling stocks. Fruit growers and farmers, therefore, with the improvement of trans- portation facilities, began the importation of plants and grafted stock. Local grafting came also to be very generally practiced.

In the late forties and in the fifties the agricultural journals show large numbers of commercial nurseries, cultivated for the grow- ing of trees, vines, flowering plants and vege- tables for transplanting. The American Cot- ton Planter, March, 1857, says that "It Is but a few years since it was a difficult thing to obtain a nursery tree of Southern origin. Now, from the catalogues sent us, from all directions South, not only good trees may be found, but rare and choice fruits are origi- nated here."

Among the early nurseries doing business in the State, or growing stock for the Ala- bama market, were the Peachwood Nurseries, at State Line, Miss .; Downing Hill Nurseries, William H. Thurmond, proprietor, Atlanta, Ga .; the Pomaria Nurseries, Pomaria, S. C .; Van Buren's Nurseries, near Clarksville, Ga .; C. B. Swasey & Co. Nurseries, Yazoo City, Miss .; Affleck's Southern Nurseries, Washing- ton, Miss .; Troup Hill Nurseries, Robert Nel- son, proprietor, Macon Ga .; Fruitland Nurs- ery, D. Redmond, proprietor, Augusta, Ga., and Charles A. Peabody Nurseries, Columbus, Ga .; but whose farms were in Russell County, Ala. Brown and Weisinger of Montgomery advertised trees in 1856. William Brassfield and Co. of Montgomery were awarded a prize at the Alabama State Agricultural Fair of 1856 for ornamental plants. In 1860 the American Cotton Planter notes the following Alabama nurseries: Joseph W. Wilson, Mont- gomery; Robert Harwell, Mobile; C. C. Lang- don and Co., Mobile; J. N. Weisinger, Cit- ronelle; and J. C. Courtney, Raymer's P. O. The "Catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, plants, etc., cultivated and for sale at the 'Montgomery Nurseries,' on Mildred Street, Montgomery," 1860, is- sued by Joseph W. Wilson, is altogether as creditable as modern publications. The Cit- ronelle Wine, Fruit and Nursery Company

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was chartered by the legisalture October 3, 1864, with Edward L. Trigg, Milton Bowen and Thomas Duckett as incorporators, formed as declared in the act, "for the object and purpose of the cultivation of the vine, fruit and ornamental trees, and for the making of wine and all other products from the grape, and of raising fruits and such agricultural and horticultural products as they may think proper and for the sale thereof."

In 1872 the Huntsville Nurseries, W. F. Heikes, proprietor, was founded. Its proprie- tor exercised a marked influence on later nursery development, and his plant continues to be successfully operated as the Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries, Milton Moss, proprie- tors. Later the Alabama Nursery Company was formed, to be organized as the Chase Nursery Company, which operates extensive nursery farms at Chase, Madison County. The success of Mr. Heikes brought attention to the superior attractions of Madison County for the growing of nursery stock, and in addition to the Chase Nurseries a number of other important companies have been organ- ized and are in successful operation in Hunts- ville and vicinity.

In Baldwin and Mobile Counties there are several first-class establishments, many of which are devoted exclusively to the growing of citrus stocks. Nursery establishments are also operated at Frulthurst, Fort Payne, Lockhart, Birmingham, Atmore and Thorsby.

The annual report of the State Horticul- turist for 1917-1918 shows 149 nurseries of all kinds operating in Alabama, including the growing and the sale of tree stock, vines, ornamental shrubs and flowering plants Of these 84 have their headquarters in Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Tennesee, while 65 establishments are in Alabama, and of which 26 are devoted to citrus trees exclu- sively. A

Fruit Growers' and Shipping Organizations. -The fruit industry has long reached a point in its development in Alabama calling for lo- cal organization. Out of this demand have come fruit growers' and shipping organiza- tions in various parts of the State. These act as clearing houses in marketing, secur- ing railroad rates, shipping facilitles, etc. For lists see Alabama State Horticultural Society, Reports.

Wild Fruits .- The foregoing relates to cul- tivated domestic fruits. Wild fruits have al- ways grown luxuriantly in all parts of the State, but their cultivation for the market has been so limited as to be without record. They include the muscadine, blackberry, dew- berry, huckleberry, crabapple, plums, persim- mons and perhaps a few others. In season they are extensively gathered in rural sec- tions, or in the vicinity of cities and towns, and sold in the local market. It is well to recall here that these wild fruits made up much of the subsistence of the Indians of the State. All of the chroniclers of the early history of the region describe the richness of their growth and yield. Pickett thus speaks of the Province of Cosa, covering the pres-

ent Talladega County and surrounding sec- tion, in the summer of 1540: "In the plains were plum trees peculiar to the country, and others resembling those of Spain. Wild fruit clambered to the tops of the loftiest trees, and lower branches were laden with delicious Isabella grapes."

REFERENCES .- Berckman's "History of fruit growing in Alabama," in Ala. State Hort. So- ciety, Fifth Annual Report, 1908, pp. 103-107; Walker, "Commercial fruit growing in Ala- bama," Ibid, 1915, pp. 32-38; Ala. Ex. Station, Bulletins, 1888-1914, Nos. 4, 10, 28, 29, 34, 47, 79; . Ala. Ag. and Ind. Dept., Bulletins, Nos. 27, 34; Pickett, History of Alabama (Owen's ed, 1900) ; Hawkins, Sketch of the Creek coun- try (1848); American cotton planter, 1853, et seq .; Earle and Austin, "Grapes," in Alabama Experiment Station, Bulletins, vol. 8, p. 53 (Bull. No. 110); Mohr, Plant Life of Alabama (1901); Bailey, Cyclopedia of American hor- ticulture (1900), index to vol. 6; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 105, 123, 299. Citrus Fruits: Bailey, Cyclopedia of Horticulture (1914), vol. 2, p. 780; Scott, "Satsuma orange and its culture" in Ala. State Hort. Society, Proceedings, 1910, p. 186; Dew, "Citrus fruit insects," In Ibid, 1913, p. 11; Beatty, "Citrus trifoliata as a hedge plant" in Ibid, 1913, p. 47; Imura, "History of the satsuma," in Ibid, 1914, p. 35; Williams, "The satsuma orange," in Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins, vol. 19, p. 143 (Bull. No. 157); Winburg and Starcher, "Report on freeze injury to citrus trees for 1916 and 1917, with notes on orange culture in south Alabama," in Ibid, vol. 26, p. 1, (Bull. No. 199). The Vine and Olive: Pickett, History of Alabama (Owen's ed. 1900), p. 623; Ala. Hist. Society, Transactions, 1899- 1903, vol. 4, p. 321; and Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), p. 463.

FULLEMMY'S TOWN. A Seminole set- tlement, occupied by Chiaha Indians, and believed to be located in Henry County, but particular site not identified. It was also called Pinder Town, from the dialect word for "peanut."

See Chiaha (Creek).

REFERENCES .- Gatschet, in Alabama History Commission, Report (1901), p. 396; Drake, Book of Indians (1848), p. x .; Handbook of American Indians (1907), vol. 1, p. 258.

FULLER BILL. See Temperance Organiza- tions and Movements.

FULTON. Post office and station on Southern Rallway, at its junction with the Alabama & Tombigbee Railroad, in Clarke County, 12 miles northeast of Grove Hill. Altitude: 243 feet. Population: 1900-140; 1912-518.

FULTON COTTON MILL CO., Athens. See Cotton Manufacturing.

FUNACHA. A small creek in Pickens and Sumter Counties. It is spelled Fenacha by LaTourrette The word is Choctaw. Fun asha, "squirrels are there." ,

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REFERENCES .- LaTourrette, Map of Alabama (1838); manuscript data in the Alabama De- partment of Archives and History.

FUNGI. Plants having a definite life his- tory, heing devoid of chloraphyll, possessing a simple structure and reproducing them- selves by means of spores. Alabama is rich in this form of vegetation. The parasitic type predominates. The hilly wooded coun- try very probably produces more examples, though the sandy southeastern section and the southern moist section of the State are quite rich. The black belt country does not produce numerous examples.

From an economic standpoint edible fungi are not fully appreciated. Thousands of dol- lars worth of mushrooms are allowed to go to waste each year. So far as is known there is no market in the State for them, and few are raised privately.

The late Judge Thomas M. Peters of Lawrence County, was the first Alabamian to make a study of the fungi of the State. His collections were made between the years 1854 and 1864, at the "Roost," on his plan- tation in Winston County, and at his home in Lawrence County, just across the line. His earliest specimens were contributed to H. W. Ravenel of Aiken, S. C. The main collection went to Rev. Moses A. Curtis of North Caro- lina; and other specimens were sent to Rev. M. J. Berkeley of England. His private col- lections and his library are now in the museum of the Geological Survey of Ala- bama. In addition to these the university has some other specimens.

John F. Beaumont, a citizen of Lawrence County, who died later in Pike County, also sent numerous specimens to Mr. Curtis. His specimens are thought to have been collected in the southeastern part of the State.

Dr. George F. Atkinson after election as head of the department of biology at the Ala- bama Polytechnic Institute in 1889, collected a large number of specimens, especially of parasitic forms. B. M. Duggar and C. L. Newman. graduate students, materially assisted him. Prof. J. M. Stedman, 1893- 1895, Dr. L. M. Underwood, 1895-1896, and Prof. F. S. Earle, 1896-1901, all successors to Dr. Atkinson for the years noted, made large contributions to the collections in the Institute museum, which are now nearly com- plete. There are no known private collections In the State.

REFERENCES .- L. M. Underwood and F. S. Earle, A preliminary list of Alabama fungi (Ala. Agricultural Ex. St., Bulletin, No. 80, April, 1897), vol. 5, pp. 111-283, 10, xvil. A bibliography of 35 titles accompanles the paper.

FURMAN. Post office and interior village in the eastern edge of Wilcox County, 2 1/2 miles east of Snow Hill and 23 miles east of Camden. Population: 1888-150; 1890- 195; 1900-184; 1910-125. An old settle- ment renamed because its name, Snow Hill, had been used for the railroad station 2 1/2 miles away. Among the early settlers were the Hall, Simpson, Palmer, Purifoy, and

Spiers families. Dr. Ross Spiers, Dr. W. B. Palmer and Robt. Hall are among its promi- nent citizens.

REFERENCES .- Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888- 9, p. 367; Alabama Official and Statistical Reg- ister, 1915.

FUSI-HATCHI, OR FUS'-HATCHI. An Up- per Creek Indian town in Elmore County, situated on the right or north bank of the Tallapoosa River, two miles below Hoithle- walli. It was located on "a narrow strip of flat land." Of this town Hawkins says: "The cornfields are on the opposite side of the river, and are divided from those of Ho-ith- le-wau-le by a small creek, Noo-coose-chepo. On the right bank of this little creek, half a mile from the river, is the remains of a ditch, which surrounded a fortification, and back of this for a mile, is the appearance of old settlements, and back of these pine slashes." On De Crenay's map, 1733, the name is spelled Foutchachy, and is noted as on the south side of the Tallapoosa River, apparently opposite the site of the town of later date. Its people very evidently moved their townsite to the north of the river sub- sequent to the date of the map, and the re- mains of the old walls are doubtless those of the first location.

A French census of 1760 states that this town was situated four leagues from Fort Toulouse. It appears that some of the Kusa had united with them, and that together they reported 60 warriors or gunmen. The name is spelled in this census as Fouchatchis et Touchas. By the English trade regulations, agreed on at Savannah July 3, 1761, Fus- hatchi and Kusa, with their combined strength of 50 hunters, was assigned to the trader James Germany.

REFERENCES .- Gatschet, in Alabama History Commission, Report (190I), vol. 1, p. 396; Handbook of American Indians (1907), voi. 1, p. 480; Hawkins, Sketch of the Creek Coun- try (1848), p. 33; Bartram, Travels (1791), p. 461; Mississippi Provincial Archives (1911), vol. 1, p. 94; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910). p. 190; Colonial Records of Georgia (1907), vol. 8, p. 523.

GADSDEN. County seat of Etowah County, on the west bank of the Coosa River, and on the main line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, Southern Railway, Nash- ville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, Ala- bama, Tennessee & Georgia Railroad, and Alabama Great Southern Railroad, 5 mlles east of Attalla, 212 miles east of Alabama City, 52 miles southwest of Rome, Ga., 69 miles north of Birmingham, 92 miles south of Chattanooga, and 190 miles west of Atlanta, Ga. It is situated on a plateau at the southern extremity of Lookout Mountain, with Sand Mountain to the west, Red Moun- tain to the south, and the Colvin Mountains to the east. Altitude: 536 feet. Population: 1872-1,500; 1880-1,697; 1890-2,901; 1900-4,282; 1910-10,557. It was incor-

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porated by the legislature, March 9, 1871, and a new charter was granted by act of January 27, 1883, which with amendments, is still in force. It has a city hall and jail, which cost $35,000; incinerator, $4,000; public library, costing $22,000, 6 school buildings, costing $121,000, 24 miles sanitary sewerage, costing $120,000, fire department, partly volunteer, partly paid, and equipped with 2 combination chemical and hose motor- trucks; privately owned gas and electric light systems, 100 miles of improved streets with 2 1/2 miles paved at a cost of $95,000, 30 miles paved sidewalks, costing $110,000, munici- pally owned waterworks constructed in 1908 at a cost of $250,000, 16 miles of electric street car lines, established from 1886 to 1913. Its bonded indebtedness is $510,000 maturing from 1931 to 1945. Its banking institutions are the First National, Gadsden National, Alabama Bank & Trust Co. (State), Etowah Trust & Savings Bank (State), and the Gadsden Loan & Trust Co. (State). The Times-News, an evening daily, except Sun- day, established in 1867, the Evening Journal, an evening daily, except Sunday, established in 1900, both Democratic newspapers, and the Bulletin of the Alabama Educational Association, a quarterly established in 1913, are published there. Its industries are a car works, the Southern Lumber Co., 3 pipe works, stove and hollow-ware factory, an iron furnace, cooperage works, electric rail- way system, an ice factory, a brick kiln, an overalls factory, cotton ginneries, gristmill, 3 fertilizer plants, a flour mill, machine shop and carriage works, marble and stone works, concrete works, a steam laundry, a mattress and comfort manufactory, 3 warehouses, and 5 iron ore mines in the immediate vicinity. It has 6 public schools, including the high school, grammar schools, and negro school, 2 parks, and a country club and golf links. Its churches are the First Methodist, McTier Memorial Methodist Episcopal, South, First Baptist, Second Baptist, First Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Christian, Episco- pal, Catholic, and 8 negro churches. It also has a Masonic hall, an Odd Fellows hall, Knights of Pythias hall, and a Y. M. C. A. building. There is also a Federal post office building.

The first name of Gadsden was "Double Springs." The present courthouse was built in 1870, the jail in 1874. Daniel Turrentine, of Georgia, came in 1845, and built the first house on the land now embraced in the cor- porate limits. He was the first merchant and tavern-keeper.

The county was formed in 1867, and Gads- den was soon after chosen as the county seat. Among the earlier settlers were the Turren- tine, Walker, Hughes, McMichael, Lafferty, Lay, Sansom, Hollingsworth, Woodliff, and Moragne families.

REFERENCES .- Acts, 1870-71, pp. 130-137; Ibid, 1882-83, pp. 281-301; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910); Northern Alabama (1888), pp. 137-140; and Age-Herald, Birming- ham, Ala., October 10, 1915.

GADSDEN AND BIRMINGHAM RAIL- ROAD COMPANY. See Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad Company.

GADSDEN PUBLIC LIBRARY. See Li- braries.

GAINES, FORT. An American fortified post and reservation on Dauphin Island, Mo- bile Bay, latitude 30° 15', longitude 88° 4', in Mobile County. The present fortifications were completed between the years 1901 and 1904. The old brick casemate fort is in good state of preservation, and is cared for by the garrison at Fort Morgan. The following bat- teries are on the reservation, placed there under General Orders 78, Adjutant General's office, U. S. A., May 25, 1903:

Battery Stanton, in honor of Captain Henry W. Stanton, 1st U. S. Dragoons, who was killed January 19, 1855, in action with Apache Indians in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico.

Battery Terrett, in honor of 1st Lieutenant John C. Terrett, 1st U. S. Infantry, who was killed September 21, 1846, at the battle of Monterey, Mexico.

Title and Jurisdiction .- Its present area is about 267 acres, with metes and bounds as announced in General Orders 155, U. S. War Department, November 27, 1911. The orig- inal area was 983.9 acres, but was reduced to its present dimensions by the sale under Act of Congress March 4, 1911, to the Dau- phin Island Railway & Harbor Co. The prop- erty was acquired under condemnation pro- ceedings by final decree of the Court of Chan- cery for the First District of the Southern Chancery Division of Alabama, January 20, 1853. Jurisdiction was acquired under gen- eral act of cession by the legislature, and by deed of the governor, November 25, 1853.

History .- In the early years of colonization the French planned a fort on Dauphin Island, known as Fort Tombigbee, probably about 1712, but it was hardly more than a palisade or palisaded barracks. Imperfect records of the U. S. Engineer Department show that the United States contracted for a fort at this point in 1818. Work was begun and con- tinued until 1821, when it was suspended for lack of funds. In 1848 the present brick fort was laid out, but progress toward completion was slow. After issuing the call for the as- sembling of the Secession Convention, Gov. A. B. Moore, anticipating the action of that body, caused Fort Gaines to be occupied by State troops. The fort was soon thereafter completed by the Confederate Government. It was occupied by a garrison until surren- dered in 1864, after a fierce bombardment by naval vessels, and investment by land.

See Forts and Defenses; Mobile Bay, Battle of; Morgan, Fort; United States Government -Cessions to, Jurisdiction, Reservations.

REFERENCES. - Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), p. 166; Ibid, Mobile of the five flags (1913), p. 292; Brewer, Alabama (1872), p. 388; Pickett, Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900) ; pp. 186, 201, 703, 708-709; U. S. Statutes at

ALABAMA'S STATE HOUSE, TUSCALOOSA From La Tourrette's Map of Alabama, 1838

JOURNAL AIFISK

BURNING OF THE CAPITOL OF ALABAMA, MONTGOMERY, DECEMBER 14, 1849 Vol. 1-41

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Large, vol. 36, p. 1350; Hay, U. S. Military Reservations, Cemeteries and Military Parks (1916); and manuscript data in the Alabama Department of Archives and History.

GAINESTOWN. Postoffice and interior vil- lage, in the southern part of Clarke County, on the north bank of the Alabama River, about 12 miles southeast of Jackson, and 20 miles south of Grove Hill. Population: 1888 -200; 1910-110.

This was a notable lumbering point early in the settlement of the county. Its present industries include sawmills, lumber yards and planing mills, cotton ginneries, cotton ware- houses, grist mill, tanyard, and a wagon fac- tory. It was named in honor of the early Indian Factor, George S. Gaines, and his brother. Gen. E. P. Gaines

REFERENCE .- Ball, Clarke County (1882), p. 479.

GAINESVILLE. Post office and incor- porated town, on the western bank of the Tombigbee River, in the northeastern edge of Sumter County, 18 miles north of Livings- ton, and about 10 miles southeast of Geiger, on the Alabama, Tennessee & Northern Rail- road, the nearest shipping point. Popula- tion: 1870-1,000; 1880-1,000; 1890- 1,017; 1900-817; 1910-532. It is incor- porated under the municipal code of 1907, with mayor and council. Its industries are cotton ginneries and warehouses, wagon fac -· tory, sawmill, planing mill, cottonseed oil mill, fertilizer plant, and steamboat trade on the Tombigbee.

The land where Gainesville now stands was once owned by a Choctaw Indian, named John Coleman, to whom the Treaty of Danc- ing Rabbit gave 640 acres, including this town site. He owned three negro slaves and culti- vated 50 acres of his land. He agreed to sell his holdings to Col. George S. Gaines; but later sold to Col. Moses Lewis, for $2,000. Between 1832 and 1836 Lewis laid out the town and named it Gainesville for George S. Gaines. John C. Whitsett and Moses Lewis were the first settlers, arriving in the early twenties. The first frame building in the town, erected in 1832, is still standing.

Among the earliest settlers were the Wood- son, Brantly, Mobley, Colgin, Hatch, Dand- ridge, McMahon, Hall, Bliss, Williams, Allen, Harwood, Van de Graff, Reavis. Pettus, Bald- win, Stillman, Kirkpatrick, Hutton, Paschal, Roberts and Morse families. It was there that Joseph G. Baldwin gathered the material for his "Flush Times in Alabama." Before the construction of railroads in that section of the State, Gainesville was the most im- portant cotton shipping point on the Tom- bigbee. Flatboats and poleboats conveyed about 6,000 bales annually to the Mobile market. Between 1832 and 1838 the popu- lation grew to nearly 4,000.

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History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume I, Part 123

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869- Publication date: 1921 Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company Number of Pages: 756

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 756