USA > California > History of California, Volume III > Part 11
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17 Feb. 23d, Echeandía reported to min. of war the pacification of the terri- tory, begged most earnestly for aid, and announced the fact that the revolution had really been in the interests of Spain. St. Pap., Sac., MIS., x. 61-3. April 7th, order from Mexico that Solis and his seven companions be tried for treason. Also thanks to E. for having suffocated the revolt. Sup. Gort St. Pap., MIS., vi. 8. Miscellaneous communications respecting the trial in addition to those contained in the Proceso, in Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 127-130; Dept. Rec., MIS., viii. 13, 22, 32, 36, 78.
48 May 7, 1830, receipt of Jones for the 15 prisoners, as follows: José María Herrera, Joaquin Solis, Meliton Soto, Serapio Escamilla, Raimundo de la Torre, Pablo Véjar, Victoriano Altamirano, Gonzalo Altamirano, Leonardo Arceo, Mariano Peguero, Andrés Leon, Máximo Guerra, Antonio Guevara, Gracia Larios, Ines Polanco. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxii. 17-18. Sailing of the Volunteer on May 9th. Id., Ixii. 28. Pattie, Narr., 238-9, also sailed on the Volunteer, and names Capt. Wm. H. Ilinckley as having been on board and leaving the vessel at S. Blas. The prisoners reached Tepic May 22d. Guerra, Doc., MS., vi. 129. Those belonging to the Monterey cav- alry company were dropped from the company rolls in 1836. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mit., MS., lxxxii. 65. Six other men had been sent away from Sta Bar- bara in February in the Emily Marsham, 3 of them, Joaquin Garcia, Jose M. Arenas, and Antonio Peña, for complicity in the Solis affair. Dept. Rec., MIS., viii. 74.
49 Torre, Reminis., MS., 19-21, says that his brother Raimundo was tried by court-martial and acquitted; whereupon the rest were discharged without trial.
50 The Solis revolt is described more or less fully in the following narratives, in addition to such as have been cited in the preceding pages: Arilu, L'ose , MS., 25-8; Bandini, Ilist. C'al., MIS., 71-2; Amador, Mem., MS., 8G-90; Rir- nandez, Cosas de Cal., MS., 59-64; Pico, Hist. C'al., MS., 20; Castro, R. l., MS., 19-23; Pinto, Apunt., MS., 2; Valdes, Mem., MIS., 18-20. It is men-
SS
ECHEANDÍA AND HERRERA-THE SOLIS REVOLT.
Respecting the management of the revenues in 1829-30 there is little or nothing to be said beyond noting the fact that Osio, Jimeno, and Bandini are mentioned as comisarios during 1830, without much regard to chronology. It would seem that after the revolt Jimeno was restored to his old position, and that Bandini was appointed before the end of the year, though there is inextricable confusion, not only in dates, but in the offices of comisario, administrador, and contador.51
tioned in print by Mofras, Explor., i. 293-4; Petit-Thouars, Voy., ii. 90-1; La- fond, Voy., 209; Pickett, in Shuck's Rep. Men, 227; Wilkes, Narr., v. 173-4; Capron, Hist. Cal., 37-S; Tuthill, Hist. Cal., 130-1; Robinson, Life in Cal., 69-70; and Flint, Pattie's Narr., 222-30.
51 See Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 155-6; iii. 209-10; Id., Ben. Mil., Ixii. 22; Ixxiii. 53; lxxiv. 6; Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 246-8; Leg. Rec., MS., i. 269, 281- 90. Apr. 25, 1830, the Californian diputado in congress urged the useless- ness of sending special officers to manage the revenues. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 898. Jimeno was appointed contador on Sept. 30, 1829, by the min. de hacienda, but declined the place in Nov. 1830. Oct. 21, 1830, Echeandía, Bandini, and Jimeno met at Monterey, and decided on the following custom- house organization at Monterey: administrador, with duties of comisario, at $1,000 per year; contador, with duties of vista, at $800; commandant of the guard, with duties of alcalde, at $800; guarda and clerk at $400; servant at $144; patron and two sailors at $144 and $96. Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 155-6.
CHAPTER IV.
ECHEANDÍA AND THE PADRES-MISSION AND INDIAN AFFAIRS.
1826-1830.
MISSION PREFECT AND PRESIDENTS-THE QUESTION OF SUPPLIES-THIE OATII OF ALLEGIANCE-SARRIA'S ARREST-FRIARS STILL MASTERS OF THE SITUATION-COUNCIL AT SAN DIEGO-SOUTHERN PADRES WILL- ING-NORTHERN PADRES' REFUSE-FLIGHT OF RIPOLL AND ALTIMIRA- THE FRIARS AS SPANIARDS-ECHEANDIA'S CONCILIATORY POLICY-PE- TITIONS OF THE PEOPLE-EXILE OF MARTINEZ-PROGRESS TOWARDS SECULARIZATION-MEXICAN POLICY-DIFFICULTIES-JUNTA OF APRIL 1826-DECREE OF JULY-EXPERIMENTAL FREEDOM-MISSION SCHOOLS AND LANDS -- PLAN OF 1829-30-APPROVAL OF THE DIPUTACIÓN-AC- TION IN MEXICO-INDIAN AFFAIRS-SANCHEZ'S EXPEDITION-VALLEJO'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST ESTANISLAO-NORTHERN FORT-SEASONS.
VICENTE FRANCISCO DE SARRIA retained the position of comisario prefecto of the missions, and was not dis- turbed in the performance of his official duties from 1826 to 1830, though nominally in a state of arrest as a recalcitrant Spaniard. Narciso Duran retained the presidency until September 1827 when he was suc- ceeded by José Bernardo Sanchez. The latter re- tained possession of the office until 1831, though Duran was re-elected in May 1830.1
The old controversy between government and friars respecting supplies for the troops continued of course during these five years, but with no novel aspects. In addition to commercial imposts, a secular tithe of
1 Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 350, 358-60, 400; xii. 369. The guardian sent Sanchez his patent June 9, 1827; and Duran notified him Sept. 30th. San- chez was at first unwilling to accept. Duran was elected the second time May 26, 1830, Peyri and Antonio Jimeno being named as second and third suplentes. Both Duran and Sanchez held the title of vicar under the bishop.
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83
ECHEANDÍA AND THE PADRES.
all mission products was exacted, citizens having pre- sumably to pay this also in addition to their ecclesias- tical tithes.2 The method of collection was to exact from each mission the largest possible amount of sup- plies for escoltas and presidial garrisons, and at the end of each year to give credit on account for the excess of amounts thus furnished over the taxes. I find no evidence that any part of the balance was paid in any instance.3 The padres gave less willingly than in for- mer years, when there had been yet a hope of Spanish supremacy, but the quarrels in local and individual cases were much less frequent than might naturally be expected, or at least such controversies have left little trace in the records.+
2 According to the plan de gobierno of Jan. 8, 1824, citizens paid 10 per cent in kind on all produce, while the missions were to pay a fixed rate per head of cattle or fanega of grain. By decree of Jan. 1, 1826, Echeandia, with the consent of Prefect Sarria, ordered that the tax be equalized between cit- izens and missions, the latter apparently to pay in kind. Decree of Jan. 1, 1826. S. José, Arch., MS., iv. 13; Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 47-8; Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 123; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxviii. 81, 84, 86, including orders for circu- lation of the decree and some directions for the keeping of accounts. Aug. 25, 1827, Echeandía to Sarria, urging the importance and justice of this tax, which here and elsewhere in official accounts is spoken of as a 'loan.' Dept. Rec., MS., v. S0; Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt i. 37; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xix. 138. April 22, 1826, Echeandía to min. of war. Argues that the missions should also pay tithes. He is informed that some of them have $70,000 or $100,000 in their coffers. St. Pap., Sac., MS., xix. 30-1. Oct. 31st, Herrera to Estrada on mission accounts. Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 98.
3 June 23, 1826, circular from president received at S. Rafael to effect that the Mex. govt was going to pay all drafts presented within six months from Jan. Ist, and those not so presented would be outlawed. This news reached Cal. just after the expiration of the time ! Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxviii. 94. July 28, 1827, Echeandia notifies the prefect and comandantes that all cred- itors of the national treasury must present their claims to the comisario. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 71.
June 10, 1826, P. Duran to Herrera. Protests against furnishing the diezmo of cattle branded for the national rancho, when there has already been delivered during the year a much larger amount than that of the tithe. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pti. 13-16. Nov. 30th, P. Viader, upbraiding Lieut Martinez for not send- ing money to pay for blankets, says, 'My friend, we have now arrived at a point of date et dabitur robis.' Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxix. 94. Dec. 18th, Duran says he likes to see the soldiers fill their bellies with meat, and not feel hungry. Id., 95. April 19, 1827, draft by Habilitado Maitorena on habilitado general in favor of Sta Bárbara mission for $8, 725, the amount of supplies furnished apparently before 1825. Arch. Misiones, MS., ii. 177-S. Feb. 27, 1827, gov. orders Lieut Ibarra, since all conciliatory and courteous means have failed, to go with a foree to S. Diego mission, and bring away all the grain the mules can carry. Resistance will be regarded as an overt act against the nation. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 27. Many certificates to effect that a padre has delivered provisions 'en calidad de préstamo para que se le reintegre por cuenta del
89
OATH OF ALLEGIANCE.
Meanwhile the missions got nothing from the pious fund through the Mexican treasury, in addition to the stipends of 1819-22, the payment of which has already been noted. It is not certain even that any of the latter amount, about $24,000, ever came to California, but probably some cargoes of mission goods were paid for by the síndico at Tepic out of that sum. Only fragments of the mission accounts have been preserved for these years.5
We have seen that the padres as a rule refused to take the oath of obedience to the constitution of 1824, or to solemnize by religious exercises any act of the republican government; and that Prefect Sarria had been put under arrest, though it had not been deemed wise to carry into effect the orders requiring the reverend prisoner to be sent by the first ship to Mexico. In fact, the friars were yet, in a great meas- ure, masters of the situation, because they could keep the neophytes in subjection, and above all make them work. The great fear was that the missionaries
supremo gobierno.' Arch. Arzob., MS., vii. passim. A large number of drafts of comandantes in favor of missions, 1825-30, in Id., v. pt 2. June 7, 1828, Echeandia proposes that the expense of maintaining friendly relations with the Indians be deducted from the sums due the nearest missions. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 27. Oct. 7th, E. instructs Capt. Argüello to borrow $800 of the mission of S. José. Id., vi. 109-10. Oct. 22d, E. orders Lient José Fernandez and 30 artillerymen just landed to be quartered at S. Diego mission. Id., vi. 115. Jan. 8, 1829, E. to Duran, urging him to ' lend' supplies, or sell them for a draft on the comisario of Sonora, which he doubts not will be paid promptly. Id., vii. 53. May 4th, Vallejo complains of destitution at Monterey, and no aid from the missions. St. P'ap., Sac., MS., x. SO. Nov. 24th, similar com- plaints from Castro. Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MS., v. 369-70. Dec. 6th, P. Duran says he has paid $200 on menace of force being used. S. José Arch., MS., ii. 48. Jan. 15, 1830, P. Viader refuses to aid directly or indirectly in matters pertaining to war. Id., i. 37. April 25th, congressman urges the in- justice of imposing such heavy burdens on the missions. Doc. Ilist. C'al., MIS .. iv. 897-8. July 17th, com. of Sta Barbara complains that the padre will neither give nor sell supplies. Dept. Rec., MS., viii. 55.
5 May 31, 1827, guardian to president, stipends of 1819-21 and most of 1822 paid. Certificates should be sent in for those of 1825-6. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 400. June 27th, news received at S. Rafael; amount, $24,000. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xviii. 97. The brig Braro with mission goods was wrecked at Acapulco late in 1827, but the cargo was saved. SS. Luis Obispo, Lib. Mision, MS., 7. Aug. 25, 1828, 86,861 in goods sent from Tepie to S. Blas for shipment, consisting of woollen and cotton stuffs, rice, sugar, rebocos, metates, and 23 pounds of cinnamon, shipped by the Maria Ester. Id., 8-9; Doc. Ilist. Cal., MIS., iv. 827-S.
90
ECHEANDÍA AND THE PADRES.
would leave the territory en masse if too hard pressed. Had the situation of affairs, from a financial and mil- itary point of view, been more reassuring, the terri- torial authorities would not have been averse to assuming entire and immediate charge of all the missions; while the people, for the most part, would have rejoiced at the prospect of getting new lands and new laborers. But as matters stood, the rulers and leading citizens understood that any radical and sudden change, effected without the aid of the friars, would ruin the territory by cutting off its chief re- sources, and exposing its people to the raids of hostile Indians. Thus a conciliatory policy was necessary, not only to the government, but to the friars them- selves. The latter, though they knew their power and often threatened to go, were old men, attached to their mission homes, with but a cheerless prospect for life in Spain, fully determined to spend the rest of their days in California if possible.
Sarría's condition of nominal suspension and arrest continued for five years or more. Once, in 1826, his passport was made out, and he went so far as to call upon his associates for prayers to sustain him on his voyage. There was no countermanding of the orders, but a repetition of them in November 1827, yet the padre remained. He seems to have been included with the rest in the proceedings against the friars as Spaniards, and the special orders in his case were allowed to be forgotten,6 though as late as the middle
6 May 1826, one of the padres claimed to have refused to perform mass, etc., by Sarria's order, and he signed a certificate to that effect. Dept. Rec., MS., iv. 39. Oct. 31st, Echeandía notifies S. that he must leave Mexican territory. Nov. 13th, Sarria says he is ready. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt i. 24. Beechey, in 1826, speaks of S. as waiting at Monterey to embark. Voy- age, ii. 12. Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 56-8, speaks of a personal interview between the gov. and prefect at Sta Bárbara. Oct. 31st, E. notifies S. that a successor will be named and a passport issued. Dept. Rec., MS., iv. 11. Nov. 30th, sends the passport from S. Diego to Capt. Gonzalez at Monterey. Id., iv. 17. Dec. 11th, S. to the padres. Has received his passport from the pres. of Mex. Is resigned, but asks for prayers. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxviii. 89. 1827, Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, i. 254-5, found S. kept as a kind of pris- oner, and was asked to take him away, but declined, much to the gratification of the padres. Nov. 21, 1827, order from Mex. that S. be made to obey the
91
FRIARS AGAINST THE REPUBLIC.
of 1828 the governor still pretended to be waiting for a vessel on which to send him away.
On the 28th of April, 1826, Echeandía with Zamo- rano as secretary and the alcalde of Los Angeles met padres Sanchez, Zalvidea, Peyri, and Martin at San Diego to take counsel respecting the taking of the constitutional oath by the friars. The representatives of the latter said there was no objection to the oath except that it compelled them to take up arms, or use their influence in favor of taking up arms, for differ- ences of political opinion. They would take the oath with the supplement "So far as may be compatible with our religion and profession;" but Echeandía would not agree to any change in the formula, and directed that a circular be sent out requiring each padre to explain his views on the subject.7 June 3d the circular was issued through the comandantes to the friars; but it was not so much a call for views and arguments as for a formal decision in writing whether each would take the oath or not.8 The an- swers of the five padres of the San Diego district were sent in on the 14th. Padre Peyri was willing to take the oath, and was enthusiastic in his devotion to the national cause. Martin had already sworn, and did not approve of taking two oaths on the same subject. The rest were ready to take the oath in the manner indicated at the junta of April 28th; that is, to be republicans so far as was compatible with their profession and so long as they might remain in Cali- fornia. Replies from the Monterey jurisdiction, sent
orders of July 9, 1825, and Nov. 15, 1826, to depart. Supt. Govt St. Pap., MS., xix. 43. June 30, 1828, E. to min. of justice. S. will be sent away as soon as there is a vessel for Europe or the U. S. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 30.
7 Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 128-9. The old trouble was still active in 1826, for on May Ist Capt. Arguello reported that yesterday having called on P. Abella to take part in the celebration of the pope's recognition of national independence, the padre refused. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mit., MS., Ivii. 13-14. Next day it was complained that P. Estenega declined to perform religious services in connection with the publication of certain bandos. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt i. 4. April 28th, record of the council referred to in the text. Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 128-9.
8 June 3, 1826, E. to com. of Monterey. Dept. St. Pap., MIS., i. 134.
92
ECHEANDÍA AND THE PADRES.
in on July 7th, were to the effect that the friars could not take the oath, and were ready to endure the pen- alty, though some of them promised fidelity and re- spect to the constituted authorities. The response from San Francisco and Santa Bárbara is not so far as I know extant.9
There was no further agitation of this matter dur- ing the year, though a warning was received from the comisario general against the disaffected friars, and especially against the president, who, as the writer had heard, talked of nothing but his religion and his king, protesting his willingness to die for either. "If this be true, it would be well to grant him a passport to go and kiss his king's hand, but to go with only bag and staff, as required by the rules of his order." I am not certain whether this referred to Duran or Sarría. 10
During 1827 politico-missionary matters remained nearly in statu quo. No disposition was shown to disturb the padres further on account of their opposi- tion to the republic, though there were rumors afloat that some of them were preparing to run away. Mar- tinez, Ripoll, and Juan Cabot were those named in June as having such intentions, and Vicente Cané
9 The position taken by the other padres will, however, be learned from a subsequent document. Answers of the S. Diego and Monterey friars in Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt i. 5-9, 17-20. Among the latter Sarria was not included, not being regarded as the minister of any particular mission. Abella 'came to this country for God, and for God will go away, if they expel him;' Fortuni 'no se anima á hacer tal juramento, pero sí guardar fidelidad;' Arroyo de la Cuesta 'was born in the Peninsula, and is a Spaniard; swore to the indepen- dence only in good faith to the king of Spain; has meditated upon the oath de- manded, and swears not;' Uría 'finds it not in his conscience to take the oath;' Pedro Cabot 'has sworn allegiance to Fernando VII .; ' Sancho, the same, and 'cannot go back on his word;' Juan Cabot 'cannot accommodate his conscience to such a pledge;' and Lnis Martinez says 'his spirit is not strong enough to bear any additional burden.' Aug. 7th, Sarria addresses to the padres a circular argument on the subject, similar to that addressed in former years to Gov. Argüello, and called out by an argument of P. Ripoll, who it seems had wished to accommodate his conscience to the oath by bringing up anew the allegiance sworn to independence and Iturbide. Id., v. pt i. 10-13.
10 Aug. 16, 1826, com. gen. to Echeandía. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Com. and Treas., MS., i. 36-8. Beechey, Voyage, ii. 12, speaks of the dissatisfaction caused by the exacting of the oath, and says many padres prepared to depart rather than violate their allegiance to Spain.
93
FLIGHT OF RIPOLL AND ALTIMIRA.
gave evidence on the mysterious shipment of $6,000 in gold on the Santa Apolonia by Padre Martinez, an act supposed to have some connection with the plans for flight. Captain Gonzalez took a prominent part in the charges, and this was perhaps a reason why Echeandía and others paid very little attention to the subject.11
The rumors had some foundation, for at the end of December, or perhaps in January 1828, padres Ripoll and Altimira went on board the American brig Har- binger, Captain Steele, at Santa Bárbara, and left California never to return. They went on board the vessel on pretence of examining certain goods, and such effects as they wished to carry with them were embarked by stealth. Echeandía was there at the time, and David Spence tells us he was for some mys- terious purpose invited to take breakfast on the brig before she sailed, but was prevented by other affairs from accepting.12 Orders were at once issued to seize the Harbinger should she dare to enter any other port; but Steele chose to run no risks. The fugitives left letters in which they gave as their reason for a clandestine departure the fear that their going might be prevented otherwise, prompt action being necessary for reasons not stated. They were among the young- est of the Franciscan band, and in several respects less identified than most others with the missionary work in California, the reader being already familiar with certain eccentricities on the part of each. Their destination was Spain, which they seem to have reached in safety. A suspicion was natural that the two padres carried away with them something more than the ' sack and staff' of their order, that they took enough of the mission treasure to insure a comfortable voyage,
11 Statement of Cane to E. about the $6.000 shipped in August 1826. St. Pap., Sac., MS., xiv. 14-15. June 4, 1827, Gonzalez to E. Id., xiv. 26-30. G. was very violent in his charges against the padres.
12 Spence, in Taylor's Discor. and Founders, if. no. 24. Alvarado, Hist. Ci'., MS., if. 131-2, claims that while Ripoll and Altimira were making their es- cape with the mission wealth, Echeandia was being feasted by the other pa Ires to avert suspicion. Vallejo, Ilist. Cal., MS., ii. 59-60, gives the same version.
.
94
ECHEANDÍA AND THE PADRES.
and perhaps future comforts across the sea. The truth can never be known. An investigation brought to light nothing more suspicious than the transfer of cer- tain barrels and boxes of wine, soap, and olives, with perhaps other packages of unknown contents, from San Buenaventura to Santa Barbara. 13 In their own let- ters, the padres said they had left the mission property intact. Duhaut-Cilly, however, had lately sold Ripoll an English draft for 7,000 francs,14 which he said came to him legitimately from his stipend. Though Alvarado and Vallejo accuse the padres of having stolen large sums, and their method of flight favored the suspicion, I suppose that a few thousand dollars was probably all they took, and that they had but lit- tle difficulty in justifying the act to their own satisfac- tion, in view of their past stipends either unpaid or invested in supplies for the Indians.15
In reporting the flight of Ripoll and Altimira, Echeandía suggested the expediency of granting passports to those who had asked for them, with a view to avoid such scandals; and he did send a pass to Padre Martinez in September to prevent the dis- grace of his intended flight.16 There was also a scandal respecting the actions of President Sanchez, whose letters and some goods being conveyed by John Lawlor from San Gabriel to the sea-shore were stopped
13 Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixvii. 5-9, containing the testimony of several men and the letters of Altimira to Geo. Coleman, the llavero of S. Buenaventura, dated Jan. 23d from on board the vessel. They contain kind wishes for all in Cal., instructions about mission affairs, and good spiritual counsels for Coleman. The padre, according to Coleman's testimony, took a small box of cigars and some books.
14 Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 184-5.
15 Mrs Ord., Ocurrencias, MS., 22-4, says they took no money at all. Ripoll wept as he took leave of some of his Indians who went on board in Steele's boat. Jan. 25, 1828, Echeandia announces the flight, and orders the Harbinger to be seized. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 174. Jan. 28th, Alf. Pliego or- dered secretly to investigate the robbery said to have been committed by Al- timira. Id., vi. 175. Feb. 5th, Luis Argüello alludes to the flight. St. Pap., Sac., MS., x. 102-3. Mar. 26th, the authorities at S. Fernando college disa- vowed having authorized or even known the flight. Arch. Sta. B., MS., ix. 90-1. Mar. 20, 1829, the Zacatecas college will replace Ripoll and Altimira. Sup. Gort St. Pap., MS., iv. 2-3.
16 Jan. 29, 1828, E. to min. of rel. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 22. Sept. 23d, E. to Martinez. Dept. St. Pap., MS., xix. 6-7.
95
PRESIDENT SANCHEZ ACCUSED OF SMUGGLING.
and searched by Alcalde Carrillo of Los Angeles, on suspicion of complicity in smuggling. Sanchez was indignant at what he deemed an insult, and demanded his passport; but Echeandía, by declaring the suspicions unfounded, and by conciliatory methods, succeeded in calming the worthy president's wrath.17
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