History of California, Volume III, Part 44

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824

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Voyagers to California had frequently spoken and written of its natural advantages and its great pros- pective value as a national possession, and they had also pointed out clearly the ease with which it might be wrested from Spain or Mexico. But while indi- vidual foreigners probably-Americans and Russians certainly-thought and spoke of the time when Cali- fornia might belong to their respective countrymen,81 I doubt if any scheme of encroachment had yet taken definite form in the councils of any nation. There was, however, a proposition for the purchase of northern

29 April 12, 1833, F. to min of war. St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., ii. 303-1. In March P. Gutierrez of Solano had complained of dangers to be ap- prehended from foreign settlers on lands in that region, but this was with a view to local mission interests rather than those of the nation. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 101-2. June 5, 1834, F. sends to Mex. an account of the foreign- ers in Cal .- document not extant-but believes the number to be really much greater than appears, since many are not registered. Id., iii. 139.

30 Zavalishin, Delo o Koloniy Ross, 13-14. The Russian American governor in April 1834 mentioned the coming of 163 armed Americans with their families to settle, and Baron Wrangell, in a report of his mission to Mexico, stated that the U. S. minister had openly said, 'Oh, this part of California we will not lose sight of. We have parties there who gather and forward all possible information; and the time is not far off when northern California will come into our confederation.'

31 Morrell, in his Narrative, published in 1832, draws in print a glowing picture of Cal. as it would be under the rule of the U. S.

400

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

California by the United States during the adminis- tration of General Jackson. August 6, 1835, Forsyth, secretary of state, wrote to Butler, chargé d'affaires in Mexico, "it having been represented to the president that the port of St Francisco, on the western coast of the United Mexican States, would be a most desirable place of resort for our numerous vessels engaged in the whaling business in the Pacific, far preferable to any to which they now have access, he has directed that an addition should be made to your instructions relative to the negotiations for Texas. The main ob- ject is to secure within our limits the whole bay of St Francisco. If you can induce the Mexican government to agree to any line which will effect this, you are au- thorized tooffer a sum of - in addition to the sum you were directed to offer, etc. You are to endeavor first to obtain the following boundary, which is considered the most eligible: Beginning at the gulf of Mexico, proceed along the eastern bank of the Rio Bravo del Norte to the 37th parallel of latitude, and thence along that parallel to the Pacific. This line may probably be supposed to approach too near, if not to include, the Mexican settlement of Monterey. If this objection should be urged, you can obviate it by explaining that we have no desire to interfere with the actual settle- ments of Mexico on that coast, and you may agree to any provision effecting the great object of securing the bay of St Francisco, and excluding Monterey and the territory in its immediate neighborhood."32 The sum offered is given by some authorities as $5,000,000. The reply of the Mexican government has eluded my search, but Dwinelle tells us that the proposition was favora- bly received, and would have been accepted had it not been for the efforts of British diplomates. 33

32 U. S. Govt. Doc., 25th cong., Ist sess., H. Ex. Doc. No. 42; Congres- sional Debates, xiv., append., p. 131; South. Quart. Rev., xv. 93-4.

33 Drinelle's Address before Pioneers, p. 19. In the South. Quart. Rev., viii. 197, it is stated that Forsyth offered $5,000,000 'for the whole country of California.' In Niles' Register, Ixviii. 211 (1845), is quoted from the London Times the statement that $5,000,000 was offered 'for the port of San Francisco,

401

SPANIARDS AS FOREIGNERS.

Forbes has a chapter on 'Upper California consid- ered as a field for foreign colonization,' written as carly as 1835, though published later. He is enthu- siastic in praise of the natural advantages of the country; but while he deprecates the Mexican re- strictive policy and lack of energy, and indulges in brilliant dreams of what California would be under the rule of such a power as England, he evidently believes that there was no immediate danger of en- croachment by any foreign power. He believes, how- ever, that Russian policy on the Pacific coast should receive some attention from the American and Euro- pean powers. 34

Spaniards were still regarded as foreigners; but the attempts to enforce Mexican restrictions on the subject in California were so few and slight as hardly to merit mention. Victoria brought instructions to cxpel the Spaniards not legally entitled to remain, and he issued a circular on the subject in October 1831, a document not intended to apply to the padres, and not enforced at all, except that Cáceres, the only Spaniard in the San Francisco district, was ordered by Vallejo to leave the republic. Moreover, a citizen granted a license to take otter was forbidden to em- ploy a Spaniard in his crew. That Victoria had failed to carry out his orders in this respect was one of the charges presented against him by the diputacion in 1832; but Figueroa adopted no more radical policy, though for political reasons he recommended the ex- pulsion of padres Sarría and Duran, and his orders from Mexico seem not to have required any greater precautions in the case of Spaniards than other for- cigners. 35

one of the finest naval positions of the world,' and the editor thinks the Times mistaken about the date, and that the proposition was made carlier by Pres- i lent Adams, the price including Texas. He says: 'At that time Mexico was revelling in an unlimited credit with English capitalists, and for the sake of a few millions would not entertain a project for dismembering her empire.' 84 Forbes' Ilist. Cal., 146-9, 309-25.

35 Dept. Rec., MS., ix. 60, 113; Vallejo, Doc., MIS., i. 278; Leg. Rec., MS., i. 250; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 24.

HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 26

402

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

Exclusive of transient visitors and of men about whom the records show only their presence in Cali- fornia at one date, the number of foreign residents, properly called pioneers, who came to the country be- fore 1830 was 180, as per lists that have been already given.36 Of this number 140 are known to have been in the country after 1835. Meanwhile in 1831-5, as named in the annual lists given later in this chapter, there came 170 more of the same class, of whom 160 left records of their presence after 1835. Therefore we may take 300 as a near approximation to the foreign male population in 1835, including sons but not daughters of pioneers by native wives. The number includes visitors who did not become residents until later; but there were doubtless a few whose presence after the year mentioned has left no trace in the records. It was the new-comers who a little later were to cause the authorities so much trouble rather than the older foreign residents. The latter were for the most part well-behaving citizens, many with Californian families, and all with Californian habits of life more or less deeply rooted. Now, as before and later, the trade of the country was largely in their hands, and as yet they meddled but slightly in territorial or local politics. They were as a rule well liked by the Californians; and though 'taking life easy,' they still exhibited a degree of energy that ex- cited admiration, if not imitation. There are no startling adventures or great achievements to be noted in connection with any name in the list; neither did any fall into especial disgrace or misfortune. Some were married, and others baptized; a few ob- tained naturalization papers, and many got passports; several received land grants, the foundation of future fortunes; of many we have nothing at this time be-

36 See list at end of vol. ii., this work; also annual lists for 1825-30 in chap. i., vi. of this volume. See also, for brief biographic notices of foreign residents and visitors, the Pioneer Register at end of vol. ii .- v., this work, which will serve also as index, including references to all that is written of any early Californian in any part of the work.

403

DOUGLAS THE BOTANIST.

yond the bare record of their presence; and some are not mentioned at all, though known to have been in the country earlier and later.

Under date of 1831 may be noticed the visit of David Douglas, the famous Scotch botanist. He had spent five or six years in the north in an earnest and adventurous search for botanical specimens, as else- where related,37 and he came down from the Columbia on the Dryad to investigate the flora of California, arriving at Monterey in December 1830. He brought letters from Captain Beechey to Hartnell, with whose family he became very intimate, and by whose aid he easily obtained in April a carta de seguridad to prose- cute his researches for six months.38 He remained in the country twenty months. His name appears on the rolls of the compañía extrangera in January 1832; and in a table of latitudes and longitudes promised to Governor Victoria and subsequently furnished to Figueroa, the variation of the compass at Monterey is dated August 1832.30 Parry quotes a letter to Hooker, written at Monterey November 23, 1831, in which is given a slight description of the country and of the writer's botanical discoveries, but nothing of his per- sonal adventures. He hoped to secure a passage to the Columbia River direct, but was obliged to wait until August 1832, and sail on an American schooner for Honolulu, and thence to Vancouver in October. There was a current rumor in later years that he had

37 See ITist. Northwest Coast. Douglas' journal was published by Hooker in the Companion to the Botanical Majasine, ii. 79, etc., which I have not seen. An account of his adventures was published by Somerville in the Orer- land Monthly, vii. 105-13; and more briefly by Stillman in Id., ii. 262. Whether the journal was seen by those writers I do not know; if so, it can have contained but very meagre details of Douglas' experience in California. A more complete account, quoting some of Douglas' letters to Hooker and referring to others, taken I suppose from the Bot. Mag. as above, is found in Parry's Early Botanical Explorers of the Puc. Coast, in the Overland, 2d ser., i. 409-14.

38 Dryad at Monterey in Jan. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxi. 15. Carta, dated April 20, 1831, in Dept. Rec., MIS., ix. 97. Sept. 1, 1829, Beechey to Hart- nell, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxix. 407. He writes from London, and speaks of having met Guerra at Tepic.

39 Nov. 23, 1833, Douglas to Figueroa, in Vallejo, Doc., xxxi. 52, with tho table of geographical positions on the same sheet, as follows:

404

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

found on the roots of his California plants gold enough to make a watch-seal !40 In November 1833 a vessel en route from the Columbia to Honolulu with Doug- las and Chief Factor Finlayson on board touched at San Francisco in distress; and the botanist from his 'tent on the hill at Yerba Buena' wrote to Hartnell, recounting some of his later hair-breadth escapes in the far north, sending warm regards for friends at Monterey, and expressing his hope of meeting them again-"though not, God willing, before I see the 'land o' cakes." He never saw either Scotland or California again; for in July 1834, during one of his solitary excursions at the Islands, he fell into a pit

Latitude.

Longitude.

Sta Bárbara (landing)

.34° 23' 41"

119° 14' 0"

Sta Bárbara (Noriega's house).

.34° 25'

119° 14' 30"

Sta Ines.

34° 36' 4"

119° 52' 57"

Purísima.

.34° 40' 14"

120° 8' 54"

S. Luis Obispo.

16' 20"

120° 22' 21"

S. Luis Obispo (anchorage).

.35° 10' 56"

120° 19' 0"

S. Miguel.

35° 45' 5"

120° 29' 47"

S. Antonio.

36°

121° 5' 1"

Sta Lucía (summit)

36° 11' 49"

121° 10' 14"

Soledad.

36°

(' 19"

]21° 11' 30"

Monterey (anchorage) .

36° 36' 0"

121° 44' 0"

Monterey (Hartnell's house).

36° 35' 43"

121° 44' 21"

Monterey (Pt Pinos)

36° 38' 30"

121° 46' 37"

Monterey (Pt Carmelo)

36°

40"

121° 48' 42"

Monterey (North Pt Carmelo).

36° 33' 23"

Monterey (Cipres Pt).

36° 34' 47"

121° 45' 42" 121° 46' 9" 121° 45' 33"

Cerro de Buenaventura (top.).

.36° 31' 32"

121° 25' 39"

Sta Cruz ..

.36° 58' 14"

121° 40' 2"

Sta Cruz (Pt Año Nuevo).

37°

0' 52"

121° 41' 21"

S. Juan. .

.36° 50' 55"

121° IS' 4"

Cerro del Gavilan (top.)

.36° 31' 32"

121° 20' 0"

Sta Clara.

37° 21' 4"

121° 45' 53"

S. José

.37° 31' 47"

121 48'

S. Francisco (Yerba Buena)

.37° 48' 15"

122° 20' 27#

S. Rafael.

.37° 58' 26"

122° 38' 27"

S. Francisco Solano.

38° 17' 9"

122° 18' 26"

Monterey (S. Carlos)

36° 32' 19"

' 33"

121° 40' 0"

Sta Cruz (mouth of river).

40 Roberts' Recollections, MS., p. 10, the writer being personally acquainted with Douglas, but not elaiming to have heard the story from him. A similar rumor seems to have reached England, where it was reported after the gold discovery that flakes of gold were found on the roots of pines sent home by Douglas and others, who were blamed for not having found the gold or an- nounced the discovery. Quart. Review, 1850, no. 87, p. 416.

41 Douglas's Letter to Hartnell, 1833, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxi. 49. The letter was dated Nov. 11th, and on Nov. 25th, as we have seen, another was sent to Figueroa. Parry notes also from his letters that he anchored in Drake Bay, and landed at Whalers Bay, or Sauzalito.

405

PIONEERS OF 1831.

and was trampled to death by a wild bull that had fallen in before him. The botanical results of his trip in California, that is, descriptions of the specimens sent to England, were published by Sir William Hooker in 1841.42

New-comers in 1831, as named in various records, number fifty-four, and half of them, or twenty-seven, as named in the appended list, are entitled to be con- sidered pioneer residents. 43 Many spent the rest of their years in California, and were locally well known, but the most prominent names in later annals were those of Burton, Davis, Forbes, Vignes, Warner, Wolfskill, and Yount. Three of the whole number, Davis, Warner, and Weeks, were living in 1884, all of whom contributed their reminiscences for my use. In that part of this chapter devoted to the overland immigration from New Mexico, and of a former chapter to the maritime annals of the year, all has been said that is known respecting the actions of for- cigners in 1831. As a class, they took no part in the political disturbances of that year, though Abel Stearns was one victim of Victoria's wrath who con- spired for his overthrow; and Captain Bradshaw of the Pocahontas was employed to carry away the fallen governor.

In the spring of 1832 the foreign residents of Mon- tercy were induced to take part in politics, so far as

42 Hooker and Arnott's Botany of Capt. Beechey's Voyage, California Sup- plement, p. 316-409. Robinson, Life in C'al., 107, who met Douglas at Mon- terey, says: 'I was told he would frequently go off', attended by his little dog, and with rifle in hand search the wildest thicket in hope of meeting a bear; yet the sight of a bullock grazing in an open field was more dreadful than all the terrors of the forest. He once told me that this was his only fear, littlo thinking what a fate was in reserve for him.'

43 Pioneers of 1831: Wm Bale, Francis Z. Branch, Lewis T. Burton, Jos O. Carter, Cooper (died), Wm II. Davis, Geo. A. Ferguson, James A. Forbes, Thos Fuller, Jos Gibson, John Gorman, Wm L. Hill, Henry Kelley, James Kennedy, Wm McMichael (?), Jolm Matthews, Wm Matthews, John Rhca, Pierre Romero, Sam. Shields, Smith (died), Wmn Stenner, Louis Vignes, John J. Warner, James W. Weeks, Wm Wolfskill, and Geo. (. Yount. For somo particulars about these men and others who visited Cal., see the Pioneer Register at end of vol. ii .- v., this work.

406

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

to band themselves as the Compañía Extranjera, under command of Hartnell, in support of Zamorano's movement against Echeandía and the diputacion, so far as the defence of the capital was concerned. Enough has been said elsewhere of this matter;# and its only interest in this connection lies in the fact that the rolls of the company furnish the names of forty- one foreigners, about half of them new-comers.

The second name on the list was that of Thomas Coulter. He was an English scientist, who after ex- tensive travels in Mexico had arrived in California in November 1831, by what route or conveyance I have been unable to learn, but probably by sea.# Of Dr Coulter's travels in California, not extending north of San Francisco Bay nor east of the Tule lakes, we know only what may be learned from a paper com- municated to the London Geographical Society in 1835, which is, that from March to July of 1832 he made a trip from Monterey via San Gabriel to the Rio Colorado and back.46 His notes are for the most part geographical in their nature, and are sufficiently indicated on his map, which I here reproduce. One

4+ See chap. viii. of this vol.

45 Stillman, in Overland Monthly, ii. 262, quotes a letter written at Mon- terey in 1831, in which Douglas speaks of having met Coulter. He had been in Sonora in the winter of 1829-30. Parry, Early Bot. Expl., 413, also quotes the letter, and says C. returned to England in 1833.

46 Coulter's Notes on Upper California. Communicated by Dr Thomas Coul- ter. Read 9th March 1835, in Lond. Geog. Soc. Jour., v. 59-70, with a map. Also extract in Nouv. An. Voy., lxxv. 30-52. The author corrects the ' great popular error' respecting the Tule lakes which has ' raised these comparative- ly insignificant ponds to the rank of a great inland sea.' He was unable to explore the eastern regions, but questioned the hunters about them. Some geographical positions are given by the use of the chronometer, based on Beechey's longitude of Monterey. The remains of one of the two Colorado missions were found 'on a point of rock projecting a little into the river, and constituting the extreme southern point of the Rocky Mountains.' The re- gion from S. Pedro to S. Bernardino is described as ' the only point of either Californias, south of S. Francisco, capable of sustaining a large population.' 'Any efforts for the purpose of colonizing Upper California should be directed towards the portion north and east of S. Francisco and cast of the Tule lakes, which is fertile, well wooded and watered, and of sufficient extent to make its colonization worth while as a speculation.' The white population is esti- mated at 6,000; while the author notes the rapid decrease and approaching annihilation of the Indians. The neighborhood of S. F. Bay is declared to be the 'only part of the country likely ever to become of much interest to Euro- peans.'

407

CALIFORNIA IN 1832.

San

Franciscoo

Rio Sacramentu

Rio Jenta Maria

San Francisco Bay

193

Rio San Joaquin

Monter u Bay

MAP OF

UPPER CALIFORNIA

SNOWY

'S. Luis Obispo

La Purissima;

121

Point Concepcion

. S. Ynes

. S.Barbarra

= V QUELS.

· S,Buenaventura

S.ROSA

S. CRUZ

.S. Fernando /"

Pueblo

S.Gabriel

1:0

S.DARBAKRAJ

S. Pedro

S.Bernardino

CATALINE

$5.1 EMENTE

Pala

S.fouls Reys

g. Felipe.

12 118

117º

33%

1140

115

199

"Rio San Buen

aventura

MOUNTAINS

Guadalupe

: Channel of Santa Barbarra

- OUNTAI

39.

COULTER'S

COULTER'S MAP.

40S

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

other item in the bibliographical annals of California, and not a very important one from any point of view, may be accredited to this year, namely, the publica- tion of Morrell's Narrative of a visit made in 1825, as described in an earlier chapter.

My pioneer list for 1832 contains forty-five names, a number that would be increased to eighty by the addition of transient visitors.47 Seven or eight, how- ever, are doubtful names so far as the exact date of arrival is concerned. Among the best known Califor- nians who came this year, were Alexander, Carson, Black, Chard, Dye, Larkin, Sparks, Spear, West, and Williams. Carson and Dye were the only survivors in 1880, and the former still lived, I think, in 1884. Larkin was destined to be most prominent of all, and with him on the Newcastle came Mrs Rachel Holmes from Boston, whom Larkin married the next year, the first American woman who came to live in Cali- fornia.

Foreign residents had a good friend in Figueroa, who came in January 1833, and was liberal in his policy. Thanks were rendered for the services of the Compañía Extrangera, and the so-called loyalty of its members to the legitimate government; and this is all that is to be said of the foreigners in politics or as a class. A biblio- graphical item for the year may perhaps be supplied by the work of the Frenchman, M. P. de Morineau, who seems to have spent some time in California about 1833, and who published a memoir on the results the next year.43 Nothing more is known of his visit; nor does the

47 Pioneers of 1832: Cyrus Alexander, Allen (?), Alexis Bachelot, Robt S. Barker, James Black, Wm Blake (?), C. T. Briggs (?), Lemuel Carpenter, Moses Carson, Wmn G. Chard, James Craig (?), Benj. Day, Wm Day, Denton, Ferd. Deppe, Wm Dickey, Joseph Dixon, Sant. Duckworth (born in Cal.), Job F. Dye, Hazel Fuller, José Garner (born in Cal.), Geo. Gay, Thos Grant, Chas Hall, Areh. Johnson (?), Michel Laframboise (?), Thos O. Larkin, J. O. E. Ma- condray, John D. Meyer, Joseph Paulding, Dan. Rice, Wm B. Richardson, Patrick Short, Dan. Sill, Phil. O. Slade, Isaac J. Sparks, Nathan Spear, John Thompson, Ambrose Tomlinson, Phil. J. Walter, John Ward (?), Wm Ware (?), Mark West, Geo. Williams, and Isaac Williams. See Pioneer Register at end of these volumes.

18 Morineau, Notice sur la Nouvelle Californie, in Nouv. Ann. des Toy., Ixi.

400

VISIT OF HALL J. KELLEY.

resulting memoir require special attention here. It was a brief but tolerably accurate presentation en résumé of Californian history, statistics, people, institutions, manners and customs, closing with a recommendation of the country as a field for French commerce. I have occasion to cite it elsewhere on several points.

I append the names of forty-seven pioneers who came in 1833, though in a few cases the year of arrival is not quite certain.40 There were some thirty-five more who came, but did not stay or return. The leading names according to subsequent prominence as citizens are Forster, Graham, Johnson, Leese, and Walker. Four of all the list, Forster, Leese, Nidever, and Meek, were living in 1880; Meek and Leese I think also in 1884.

An interesting incident of 1834 is the visit of Hall J. Kelley. He was a Yankee school-master, an in- telligent and energetic young man, an enthusiast on the subject of Pacific-coast settlement, whose eccen- tricities finally developed into insanity, and whose projects and writings are noticed fully in my History of Oregon. Kelley crossed the continent from Vera Cruz to San Blas in 1833. On his way he had inter- views with prominent Mexicans, and wrote a letter to president Santa Anna on his project of settling Cal- ifornia after he should have effected his purpose in Oregon. From San Blas he took passage by water

137-57; also in Soc. Geog., Bulletin, xvi. In the United Service Journal, 1834, pt i. p. 94, it is stated that Morineau wrote his memoir for Humboldt. He probably made his visit earlier than 1833, and perhaps with Duhaut-Cilly in 1827-8.

49 Pioneers of 1833: José Allen (born in Cal.), Arch. Banks, Win Bran- der, Chas Brown, Sam. Campbell (?), Lawrence Carmichael, Thos Cole, John B. Cooper, Cecilio Doak (born in Cal.), James G. Dove, Chas Fippard, Jos Florin (?), John Forbes, John Forster, Foster (? died), Wi J. Foxen (born in Cal.), Eph. Frawell, Geo. Frazer, Isaac Graham, Wm Gulnac, Elias Hayes, Harry Hicks, Jos Hicks, Fran. Higares, Win M. Hooper, James Johnson, Win Keith, Jacob P. Leese, Thos Lewis, Louis Mathurin, Steph. H. L. Meek, Geo. Nidever, Sherman Peck, Thos Pepper (?), Wm Place, John Price, Thos Rid- ington, Francis L. Ripley (?), James Scott, Pierre J. Sicard, John F. Smith, Peter Storm (?). Wm Thompson (?), Jos R. Walker, James Whitmarsh, Chas Wol- ter, and Henry Wood. See Pioneer Register at end of vol. ii .. v., this work.

410

PIONEERS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.

to La Paz, and thence with much toil and hardship found his way by land to San Diego, where he arrived April 14, 1834. Thomas Shaw of the Lagoda gave him a passage to San Pedro, and after a visit to Los Angeles he arrived at Monterey in June, also visiting San Francisco. Here he broached to Governor Figue -. roa his scheme for surveying, mapping, and eventu- ally settling the interior valleys, receiving in reply a letter of June 26th, in which Figueroa approved his plans without being able to authorize or pay for their execution until he could consult his superiors. At Los Angeles Kelley had met Ewing Young and his trappers, whose presence and operations have been noted in this chapter, and had urged them to make a trip to Oregon. Near Monterey he met Young again, and succeeded in enlisting him with seven companions for the journey. They started by way of San José in July with about a hundred horses and mules; and were soon joined by seven more hunters-a rough party of 'marauders,' as Kelley calls them, including two of Walker's men-with some sixty more animals. Marching up the great valley, suffering from fever, threatened by the Indians on account of outrages com- mitted by the 'marauders,' and overtaken on the way by Laframboise and his Hudson's Bay Company trap- pers, the party arrived at Vancouver in October. A charge from Figueroa of having stolen horses caused Young much trouble, and imbittered all his life in Oregon. He claimed to have purchased all his horses, and that if any had been stolen they were those of the 'marauders;' and I have no proof that such was not the case, though obviously the Californians had no means of drawing fine distinctions between the different parties roving through the valleys. Kelley made a map of the Sacramento Valley, and he wrote a memoir in 1839, containing an excellent description of California, which was published by congress. He continued to write for some forty years, at first to overcome obstacles and carry out his projects of settle-

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History of California, Volume III, Part 44

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 824

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824