History of California, Volume III, Part 58

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824

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530

CARRILLO ASSUMES THE COMMAND.

lion to call for Mexican troops and money. He feared Castillero's arrival with an order that if no change had yet been made in the governorship none need be made. It was as much for his interest to avoid a delay in the transfer as for Alvarado's interest to se- cure it. His influence over his brother was of course great, and the latter followed his lead without hesita- tion.

On December 1st the Angelinos, as representatives of the supreme government, took possession of a house that had been rented as a temporary capitol.41 Next day Juan Bandini seems to have delivered an oration before the ayuntamiento.42 On the 4th the same il- lustrious body in an extra session received formal no- tice that Don Carlos would take the oath of office, thus assuming the governorship, on the 6th, at 9 A. M. It was thereupon resolved to prepare the sala capitular, to open a subscription for funds wherewith duly to solemnize the act, to issue tickets of invitation to prominent citizens, to obtain a big cannon from San Gabriel for salvos, and to illuminate the city for three nights. At last the day arrived, and the ayuntami- ento met in public session; José Antonio Carrillo made a speech; Cárlos Carrillo took the oath and de- livered an address; mass and te deum followed at the church; and the enthusiastic Angelinos proceeded to their new governor's house to shout their vivas and overload him with congratulations. 43

The address of Don Carlos was circulated among the people.44 It was of the congratulatory and grand-

41 Los Angeles, Ayuntamiento Records, MS., 24. The house was that of the widow Josefa Alvarado, rented of John Temple for $360 per year, the negotia- tions having begun in September.

42Thero is some mystery about this speech, which is fragment of a blotter in Bandini's handwriting, headed 'Discourse pronounced by the Sindico J. B. in the session of Dec. 2d,' in Bandini, Doc., MS., 46. Bandini was not a síndico at all in that year or the next. The speech, however, amounts to nothing, being apparently an argument in favor of a meeting of the asamblea departamental.

43 Sessions of Dec. 4th, 6th. Los Angeles, Arch., MS., iv. 331-5.

41 Carrillo, Discurso que pronunció al tomar el mando politico en Los Angeles, el G de Dic. 1837, MS.

540

SAN DIEGO PLAN-ALVARADO AND CARRILLO.

iloquent type deemed suitable for such occasions. Its purport was: "The end of all our troubles has come, the political sea is calm, nothing but happiness ahead. Your wishes are fulfilled now that a Californian rules California. It was my brother who brought us the gift of peace and my appointment; but for his inter- cessions, a thousand bayonets would now gleam on our shores. I recognize my own unworthiness, but I trust in your cooperation. Let us be united, asking heav- en's blessing." There was not the slightest intimation that any opposition was expected, and no attempt to explain the irregularity and haste with which the of- fice was assumed. The action at Angeles was ratified at San Diego on December 9th. 45

The support of Santa Bárbara was essential, and Don Cárlos sent his brother José Antonio as a co- misionado to obtain it, instructing him to lay before the ayuntamiento the disasters which must result from the coming of the military expedition now ready to start from the Mexican coast.46 Yet, notwithstanding the comisionado's eloquence and influence, his threats of bringing a force from Mexico, and the fact that Carlos Carrillo was a Santa Bárbara man with many relatives and friends in that place, the Barbareños could not be induced to support the present plan and policy of Los Angeles. They had sworn allegiance to Alvarado, and regarded their oath as binding until the command should be in due form transferred to another. Moreover, they recognized their own need, as Alvarado's associates and supporters, of formal guaranties from Mexico, and they could but regard Carrillo's present actions as savoring of treachery.47

45 Dec. Sth, Carrillo to ayunt., with his appointment, etc. Dec. 10th, Francisco Alvarado to C., with news of the ratification, enthusiasm, etc. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 189-90. Dec. 10th, C. orders the ayunt. of Angeles to proclaim him gov. in its jurisdiction. Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MS., xi. 99.

46 Dec. 8, 1837, appointment and instructions of Carlos to J. A. Carrillo in Soberanes, Doc., MS., 70.

47 In a letter of Dec. 20th, Alvarado informs Vallejo of the arrival of 2 men from Sta Bárbara, with news of Carrillo's efforts and threats at that place. They report a bitter feeling against D. Carlos. Vallejo, Doc., MS., iv. 361.

541

ALVARADO DESIRES A CONFERENCE.

During the rest of the year nothing was accom- plished on either side, save that the Zacatecan friars, through their prefect, expressed their recognition of Carrillo as governor,4 and that Castro was sent down with an escort of ten men to take command at Santa Bárbara. Castro was instructed to forward commu- nications from the north and south, aid the local au- thorities in preserving order, keep a close watch on fomenters of opposition to the government, but not to use force without orders, it being especially desirable to avoid a rupture.4 Correspondence continued in December. The governor had been offended by Car- rillo's letter of November 14th, and had not answered it, but now he wrote a reply, which was forwarded by Castro. It was a dignified and forcible presentment of the matters at issue, expressing deep regret at Car- rillo's hasty assumption, without legal formalities, of a command which the writer was willing to turn over to him legally, and at his refusal to consult with the man whom he had recognized as a legitimate ruler respecting certain matters that could not be treated in writing. He closed by renewing his proposal for a conference, which might take place at San Miguel, and by which further sectional strife might be pre- vented.50

General Vallejo also wrote on December 26th let- ters to Alvarado and the two Carrillos. To the for- mer he declared that his right to await orders and guaranties from the Mexican government could not be questioned; that the threat to bring a force from Mexico was but braggadocio to frighten cowards; and that were it not for the expected arrival of the Cali- fornia at an early date, he would not hesitate to march

48 Dec. 14th, P. Moreno to the friars. Arch. Obispado, MS., 59.

49 Dec. 25, 1837, Alvarado's instructions to Castro. Soberanes, Doc., MS., 74-5, in 9 articles.

50 Dec. 26, 1837, Alvarado to Carlos Carrillo. Soberanes, Doc., MS., 7S- 81; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxii. 118. Same date, to Vallejo. Advises him to keep military men on good terms, so that they may be disposed to obey his orders. Ill., iv. 364.

542

SAN DIEGO PLAN-ALVARADO AND CARRILLO.

with his soldiers to the south in Alvarado's support; yet under existing circumstances it would doubtless be best to avoid violent measures.51 To José Antonio Carrillo he wrote that his boasting and threats at Santa Barbara had aroused not fear, but indignation that a son of California could adopt such a course, re- buking him for his hasty action and advising prudence. Let them wait till the vessel should arrive with de- spatches, and then the command would be legally and gladly surrended, although the legitimate ruler had been grievously insulted.52 In writing to Don Carlos, Vallejo adopted a milder tone, appealing to his good sense and patriotism, and begging him not to plunge the country needlessly into a sectional strife by ignor- ing the rights of a ruler whom he had himself aided to put in power. Alvarado could not yield, even if he wished to do so, and leave his friends unprotected, while Carrillo assuredly could not rule successfully without northern support. Why not then secure that support by showing a conciliatory spirit, and consent- ing to a slight delay, or at least to a conference ?58

Answers to these letters, though not extant, were evidently not conciliatory. The sum total of all that can be said against the position of Alvarado and Va- llejo at this time is that they perhaps hoped to receive by the California, not an order to surrender their power, but authority to keep it. This hope on their part, causing them to desire delay, was neither more nor less culpable than Carrillo's fears on the same sub- ject prompting haste. Otherwise, Alvarado's ground was tenable legally and morally, besides tending to

51 Dec. 26th, V. to A., in Vallejo, Doc., MS., iv. 368. He hints that Carrillo may have heard in Mexico of some proposition to eede California to the U. S., which may account for his haste to get possession.

52 Dec. 26th, V. to J. A. Carrillo, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., iv. 367.

53 Dec. 26th. V. to Cárlos Carrillo, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., iv. 365. In a later letter to J. A. Carillo, not dated, Vallejo accuses him of having asked congress to expend $60,000 in sending an army to Cal .; and says that had his commission and the appointment of D. Carlos been genuine, they should have gone like men to lay their papers before the governor, and to come to an un- derstanding. It seems that Carrillo had replied to V.'s first letter, asserting that his threats were exaggerated. Id., xiv. 13.

543

CARRILLO IN THE WRONG.

peace and harmony, while Carrillo's position was in- consistent, partisan, and sure to result in sectional strife. Don Cárlos, a strong supporter of Alvarado's government, on receipt of his appointment with power to select his capital, at once, without consulting his chiefs or associates, offered to make Los Angeles the capital. Then he simply notified Alvarado of his ap- pointment, not recognizing the latter's title, even so far as to ask for a transfer of the office. He merely waited for Alvarado as a rebel chief to submit hum- bly to him as representative of the supreme govern- ment; and at the governor's suggestion of delay for at least a conference and the legal formalities of a transfer, he wrote insulting letters in reply, and by an irregular assumption of the governorship at Los Angeles became virtually leader of the faction that had so long struggled against Alvarado and himself. That Carrillo was a weak man, easily influenced by others, is far from sufficient excuse for this act of treachery. Don Carlos deserved no sympathy, and he got none, even from his own town of Santa Bár- bara, until long years had caused the facts to be for- gotten. In time foreign residents and writers, and even many Californians, were taught to regard him as a leader of the sureños from the beginning, defrauded of the governorship by the plots of a northern fac- tion.

Naturally Carrillo's partisan acts in favor of the south, his treatment of his former associates, and his brother's loud threats of bringing an army from Mex- ico excited much anger in the north, not only among the leaders, but among the people. The leaders' in- terests, depending on the California's expected arrival, were in favor of peace; therefore Alvarado, Vallejo, and Castro kept their temper tolerably well; but had the governor chosen to yield, it is almost certain there would have been a revolt in the north. That is, Car- rillo's policy had brought about a renewal in a new form of the old sectional quarrel, the worst possible

544

SAN DIEGO PLAN-ALVARADO AND CARRILLO.

result for California. It was Carrillo's fault, and not Alvarado's. Here as elsewhere, such a quarrel once begun, there is very little room for sympathy or blame for either side.54

54 Testimony about the events of this period, from printed matter and from statements of Californians, does not as a rule add anything to our knowledge derived from contemporary documents. Most Californians content themselves with stating that Alvarado refused to recognize Carrillo, approving or disap- proving his policy according as they lived in the north or south. Alvarado, Ilist. Cal., MS., iv. 23-32, gives a much fairer and more accurate version of these than of some earlier events, agreeing for the most part with his letters written at the time. Vallejo's statements, Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 277-320, are very much less complete and satisfactory than are his original letters. Osio, Hist. Cal., MS., 382-5, does not indicate, either under his own name or anonymously, what part he took; nor does he give many details; but he seems to have some words of blame both for Alvarado and for J. A. Carrillo. Ban- dini, Hist. Cal., MS., 97-9, states that Alvarado had no intention of giving up the office, but made a new revolution to avoid it. Carrillo was defeated through bad management on his side. J. J. Vallejo, Reminis., MS., 123-5, seems to regard Carrillo's appointment as the result of southern intrigue, and represents him as having 'raised the standard of revolt'! Botello, Anales, MS., 43-8, tells us that Alvarado and his friends resisted Carrillo on one pretext or another, but really to prevent the abajeños from avenging their past wrongs and to keep them from moving the capital and custom-house. He admits that it was the intention of the sureños to clip the wings of the northern clique. In the brief account sent to the Islands, and published in the Honolulu S. I. Gazette, May 5, 1838, and Honolulu Polynesian, ii. 93, Nov. 20, 1841, Alva- rado is said to have agreed to give up the command on being shown Carrillo's commission and receiving guaranties from him of protection for the life and property of himself and friends, which Carrillo refused. Mentions more or less accurate, but all incomplete and brief, of Alvarado vs Carrillo, some ex- tending beyond the point to which I have brought my narrative, are as fol- lows: Marsh's Letter, MS., S; Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 103-8; Pico, Acont., MS., 47-8; Serrano, Apuntes, MS., 54-9; Valle, Lo Pasado, MS., 19-21; Coronel, Cosas, MS., 24; Janssens, Vida, MS., 122-8; Castro, Rel., MS., 41-2; Galindo, Apuntes, MS., 39-40; Gonzalez, Experiencias, MS., 33; Avila, Notas, MS., 21. Also the following in print: Belcher's Voyage, i. 137; Mofras, Ex- plor., i. 301-2; Robinson's Life in Cal., 178-9; Laplace, Voyage, vi. 190-1; Greenhow's Hist. Or., 367; Forbes' IIist. Cal., 150; Farnham's Life and Trav., 290; Tuthill's Ilist. Cal., 144-5; Los Angeles Hist., 14.

CHAPTER XIX.

DON JUAN BAUTISTA AND DON CÁRLOS.

IS38.

DON CARLOS CLOSES NORTHERN PORTS -- SENDS FOR MEXICAN TROOPS- CASTRO'S PLAN-A SPURIOUS APPOINTMENT-CARRILLO'S LETTERS- MILITARY PREPARATIONS-CASTAÑEDA AT SAN BUENAVENTURA-SANTA BARBARA THREATENED-NEWS FROM MEXICO-BATTLE OF SAN BUENA- VENTURA-LOS ANGELES TAKEN-ALVARADO AT SAN FERNANDO-DON CARLOS AT SAN DIEGO-A NEW PLAN-TOBAR IN COMMAND-CAM- PAIGN OF LAS FLORES-TREATY-NEGOTIATIONS AT SAN FERNANDO- ESCAPE OF THE PRETENDER-VALLEJO FAVORS DON CARLOS-NEWS BY THE 'CATALINA'-ARRIVAL OF CASTILLERO-RECOGNITION OF ALVARADO AND VALLEJO-AN ISLAND FOR CARRILLO-ABAJEÑOS DESPONDENT -- ARRIBEÑOS TRIUMPHANT-RE-ARREST OF CARRILLOS AND PICOS.

THE state of affairs was not greatly changed in Jan- mary 1838. On the 3d, however, in view of critical circumstances arising from 'polyarchy,' Carrillo from his capital at Angeles proceeded to close, so far as he could do so by a decree, the ports of Monterey and San Francisco, "until the north should submit to the supreme government," and to establish the custom- house at San Diego.1 Such an act did not tend in any marked degree to conciliate the people from Santa Bárbara northward.

Next, through his brother, he sent to Mexico a re- quest for 200 armed men to aid in making his authority respected, after which Don José Antonio was sent on the 6th to labor again with the obstinate Barbarenos. He was aided by the Valles, Don Antonio and his

1 ,S. Diego, Arch., MS., 193; Hayes, Doc., MS., 79; Id., Emig. Notes, i. 363. Published at S. Diego and S. Luis Rey on Jan. Sth. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 210.

HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 35

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516

DON JUAN BAUTISTA AND DON CARLOS.

son Ignacio, and by the Picos, Don Pio and his brother Andrés. They offered to Castro and Villavicencio as their ultimatum that Don Carlos on Alvarado's sub- mission would countermand his request for 200 armed Mexicans, and would give guaranties for the lives of the rebels against Chico and Gutierrez. He would also consent to an interview at San Buenaventura. Castro promised to go as a comisionado to Monterey to make known the propositions to Alvarado, whom, with Vallejo perhaps, he would induce to return with him to Santa Bárbara, where negotiations might be continued. He started on the 11th, and both the Carrillos addressed letters to Alvarado, urging him to submit.2

Castro believed that there was really danger of a force coming from Mexico, and his object in coming north was to consult with Alvarado. He proposed and the governor approved a sudden attack on Los Angeles, to be followed by the sending of Don Carlos and some twenty others to the north as prisoners. This plan was submitted to Vallejo,3 who probably dis- approved it or counselled delay, not putting much faith in Carrillo's threats. Of course there was no thought of accepting the latest propositions. In these days the theory became current that Carrillo's appointment was spurious, since neither Alvarado, nor

2 Jan. 9, 1838, J. A. Carrillo to A. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 172-6. 'Juanito, you know my firmness; accept the invitation and confide in me. Do not adhere to a caprice which will injure you and your country.' Jan. 16th, Carlos Carrillo to A. Id., iv. 170-80. Drops all resentments, and is willing to comply with all that has been stipulated; that is, is willing that his rival should yield. Same date, C. C. thanks Castro for promising to use his influence with A. Id., iv. 176-7. Jan. 19th, A. to Vallejo, private letter. C'astro had arrived Jan. 1Sth. The Barbareños were reported very bitter against Carrillo; and one night they would have killed his agents if Castro had not prevented it. Vallejo, Doc., MS., v. 22. On Jan. 15th A. had writ- ten to V. that J. A. Carrillo had said at Sta Bárbara that Don Carlos had shown at Los Angeles his original appointment and guaranties for the late revolutionists. Id., v. 20.

8 Jan. 19, 1838, A. to V., in Vallejo, Doc., MS., v. 22. He announces his intention to go south soon, says J. A. Carrillo is de faeto governor in Los Angeles, abusing everybody; there are two parties at Angeles; Carrillo brought a C'apt. Castañeda from Mexico, who has been offered the command at Sta Bárbara. He (Alvarado) has 40 men at Monterey, 10 at S. Juan, 20 at Sta Bárbara, all anxious to fight.

547

CONTROVERSY CONTINUED.

anybody else outside of Angeles at least, had as yet been favored with a glimpse of the original. Even the document of which an alleged copy had been shown, was not legal as was claimed, because it did not bear the president's signature. The latter theory had perhaps some force as a technicality; and to the former a degree of plausibility was given by Carrillo's mysterious actions. At any rate, they served their purpose, and strengthened Alvarado's cause somewhat at the north.

Throughout February also Alvarado waited, being content that affairs at the south should remain in statu quo, and believing that favorable news from Castillero was more likely to arrive than was Carrillo's reën- forcement.4 Correspondence was continued, though it brought no progress toward a settlement. J. A. Carrillo had informed Vallejo of the request for Mexican troops, and the latter wrote to Don Carlos in reply a very carnest letter of reproach for having paid no attention to his past communications, and for his hasty and unwise policy, which was sure to result in civil war. "If it be true," he said, "that troops have been sent for, you may be sure the command will not be given up, nor will those wrongfully termed rebels tamely submit." Yet he would like to see Carrillo legally in possession of the command, and as an 'affectionate cousin' hoped that all would result in tranquillity.5 On February 15th both Carrillos answered Vallejo's communications of December 26th, which they claimed not to have received until the day before. Both said in substance: "Your arguments

4 Vallejo, on Jan. 29th, had given the command at Sonoma to D. Salvador, and announced his purpose to march sonthward. Vallejo, Doc., MIS., v. 25. He had been at S. F. on Feb. Ist, and ordered a small force from that place to Sta Clara; but the ayunt. interposed obstacles and could find no men. Soberanes, Doc., MS., 86-8.

3 Feb. 10, 1838, V. to Carlos Carrillo, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., iv. 31. Feb. 14th, Capt. Villavicencio wrote to Alvarado from Sta Bárbara that Carrillo was making enemies, and it was rumored that he had summoned the Indians to his aid. Even Capt. Casteneda was displeased, and had been heard to deny that Carrillo had any commission from the govt. Had A. decided to yield, the writer and others had formed a plan of revolt. Id., v. 29.

548

DON JUAN BAUTISTA AND DON CARLOS.

have no force. We hold authority from the supreme government. It is your duty simply to obey. You have refused. We have sent for troops. If evil comes of it, yours is the fault." Don Carlos claimed to have " exhausted every conciliatory means," and declared that Alvarado's invitation to a conference had involved an attempt to degrade his authority. Don José Antonio denied having threatened to bring one thousand armed men, but defended the request for one fifth of that number; ridiculed the " Quixotic enterprise of conquering Mexico;" and declared that whatever orders the much-talked-of schooner might bring, they would come addressed to the governor and not to rebels.6

The position assumed in these communications and others of the time entirely ignored all that had been done by Alvarado since November 1836. It was the old position of Los Angeles and San Diego striving for the capital and custom-house. Considered as the position of Bandini, Requena, Ibarra, Portilla, and others who had never submitted to Alvarado except when forced to do so, it possessed to a certain extent the merit of consistency; but as that of Carlos Car- rillo it had no merit whatever. Meanwhile Don Carlos continued to act as governor in the south by issuing the usual routine orders on minor matters connected with the civil administration.7 And late in February he seems to have resolved on certain military movements, for in obedience to his order Alcalde Estudillo sent a force of citizens under Pio Pico with a supply of ammunition from San Diego to Los Angeles.

Portilla was still acting as general in the south, with headquarters at San Gabriel. Manuel Trujillo,

6 Feb. 15, 1838, Carrillos to Vallejo, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., v. 30-1.

" Four of these orders dated Feb. 10th, 16th, 19th, relating to land grants, eommerce, and Indians, are given in Hopkins' Translations, 7-S. Also S others, on police matters, mails, passports, etc., dated Feb. 6-18th, in S. Diego, Arch., MS., 194-5.

8 Feb. 20, 1838, C. to Estudillo. Feb. 25th, E. to C. Several communi- eations. S. Diego, Arch., MIS., 195, 197, 211.

540

CARRILLO BEGINS HOSTILITIES.

a recent arrival, was Carrillo's secretary. Early in March San Diego was warned to be on the lookout for any force that the northerners might send down in Hinckley's ship, since it was said that Alvarado was coming south with an army;9 and a few days later Captain Juan Castañeda, a Mexican officer who had come to the country with José Antonio Carrillo, was sent with a force to occupy San Buenaventura. 1v This occupation was effected probably on March 12th, without disaster, and soon Castañeda was instructed to advance and attack Santa Bárbara before it could be reenforced from the north. He was to form his own plan of attack, but was to lose no time. He must allow no conditions, but insist on immediate surrender at discretion, after which the leaders were to be kept in close confinement. "No more consid- eration must be shown for those faithless rebels."11

9 March 3, 1838, C. to the encargado of S. Diego, Hayes, Doc., MS., SI; S. Diego, Arch., MS., 193. Estudillo promised on March 5th to observe all possible caution, and on March 7th sent the warning down to Todos Santos across the frontier. Id., 211.

10 Marchi 10, 1838, Portilla's instructions to Castañeda. Vallejo, Doc., MS., v. 38. He was to hold the mission and prevent the northern revolu- tionists from using its resources-it will be noticed that Carlos Carrillo was the administrator of this mission-to cut off all communication with Sta Barbara, and if attacked by the enemy in overwhelming numbers, to 'save the national honor ' by retreating. Should he find the place already in pos- session of the foe, he might use his judgment as to the possibility of dislodg- ing them. A letter of J. A. Carrillo to his brother on March 10th, Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. IS2-3, seems to indicate a degree of displeasure that some of his ideas had not been adopted.

11 March 16, 1838, l'ortilla to Castañeda. 3 despatches. Alf. J. A. Pico is to join him with a reenforcement. Vallejo, Doc., MS., v. 42-4. March 12th, Carrillo warned Castañeda against Sergt Macedonio Gonzalez, who was to be closely watched. And on March 15th, he had recommended a Mexican named Badillo, who has a plan 'favorable to our views.' Id., v. 40-1. March 16th, Manuel Requena also wrote to Castañeda that a reserve force was being organized to aid him. 'A Mexican officer accustomed to victory will not be defeated in California.' 'Laurels of victory await you!' Id., v. 45. March 17th, Carrillo to Ist alcalde. Orders him to go with the sec. of the ayunt. to S. Buenaventura, escorted by 13 armed men, that the citizens of Los Angeles there may have a civil authority at their licad. The sec. is to report all occurrences until the gov. can come in person. Id., v. 46. March 18th, J. M. Covarrubias to Castañeda. Reinforcements will be sent. Fullest confidence felt by the writer and by others, who sign their names on thic back of the same letter; viz., l'io Pico, Trujillo, Zamorano, Requena, .1. and Joaquin Carrillo, Ignacio del Valle, and two others. Id., Y. 49. March ISth, Carrillo and Portilla to Castañeda. He must accelerate his movements and attack Sta Bárbara before Alvarado can arrive or the garrison escape. Ile must not however pursue the rebels, should they escape, farther than

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History of California, Volume III, Part 58

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 824

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824