USA > California > History of California, Volume III > Part 24
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48 Bandini and Pico say there was a surrender on that day.
49 E. from S. Gabriel Dec. 9th to Vallejo, and to tho ayunt. of S. José and Monterey, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 245; xxx. 276; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 14
210
RULE AND OVERTHROW OF VICTORIA.
About December 20th, Victoria left San Gabriel.50 On his way south he spent some days at San Luis Rey with Padre Antonio Peyri, who decided to leave California with the fallen governor. Meanwhile Juan Bandini at San Diego made a contract with John Bradshaw and Supercargo Thomas Shaw of the Amer- ican ship Pocahontas to carry Victoria to Mazatlan for $1,600 in silver, to be paid before setting sail;51 and the exile, arriving on the 27th, went immediately on board the ship, which did not sail, however, for twenty days. I have before me an autograph letter addressed by Victoria to Captain Guerra on the 31st from on board the Pocahontas still in port,52 in which he expresses confidence that his own acts will meet the approval of the national government, and that re- lief for the ills that afflict California will not be long delayed. His wounds were rapidly healing, and but for grief at the fate of his compadre Pacheco and the bereavement of the widow, he would be a happy man. He urged Guerra to keep his friends the Carrillos if possible from accepting the new plan. The vessel sailed on January 17, 1832, with Victoria and two servants, Padre Peyri and several neophyte boys, and Alférez Rodrigo del Pliego.53 On February 5th, hav-
20-1; St. Pap., Sac., MS., xii. 9. He seems to propose also that the different comandantes should select a comandante general to act temporarily.
50 Dec. 21st, Echeandía from Los Angeles announces that V. has already started for S. Diego to embark. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., iv. 94; Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 251.
51 I have the original contract approved by E. on Dec. 27th, with the corre- spondence of E., Bandini, and Stearns on the subject, in Bandini, Doc., MS., 18-24, 27-30. See also Ley. Rec., MS., i. 194, 211, 297-8. The money -- re- duced to $1,500 by the fact that Pliego paid $100 for his own passage -- was borrowed from foreigners and other private individuals, except a small sum obtained from the Los Angeles municipal funds. Stearns acted as agent to obtain the money, and E. and Bandini became responsible for its re-payment. It was paid over to Bradshaw on Jan. 11th. In February the dip. assumed the debt, but asked for time, greatly to Bandini's annoyance. Of the final settlement I know only that in Sept. 1834, Bandini acknowledged the re- ceipt of $300 from the ayunt. of Angeles on this account. Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MS., i. 148.
52 Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 925-7.
53 References to embarkation of the passengers and sailing of the Poca- hontas in Bandini, Doc. ITist. Cal., MS., 18-30; Id., Ilist. Cal., MS., 70-7; S. José Arch., MS., v. 40; Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 234; xxx. 286, 290; Guerra, Doc., MS., iv. 180-1; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 21-2. There was a report
211
EXILE OF VICTORIA.
ing reached San Blas, Victoria wrote a letter to the Mexican authorities, in which, having told over again the events of the past year, he proceeded to explain the plans of Echeandía and the plotting diputacion. The result must inevitably be the utter ruin, not only of the missions, but of all the interests of California, .and there was great danger of an attempt to separate the territory from Mexico.54 July 10, 1832, he wrote again from Mexico to Guerra, stating that the gov- ernment had at first intended to send him back to California, but had changed that plan. The wound in his chest still made his life miserable. He spoke of his strict obedience, of his patriotism, and his sac- rîfices; and predicted that "the wicked are not to prevail forever;" but he admitted having "committed the fault of not knowing how to satisfy political pas- sions or to act in accordance with party spirit." 55
At the time of writing the letter just referred to, Victoria was about to start for Acapulco, where he was on March 9, 1833; and that is the last I know of him. I append no biographical sketch, because all
current in Mexico that V. had been shipped on the schooner Sta Bárbara, in the hope that she would be wrecked. Alaman, Sucesos de Cal. en 1831, MS. For a biographical sketch of Padre Antonio Peyri, see the local annals of S. Luis Rey in a later chapter of this volume. Rodrigo del Pliego came to Cal. in 1825, his commission as alférez bearing date of Dec. 21, 1824. He had previously served in the Tulancingo dragoons, being retired as alférez of ur- banos in Dec. 1821. He was attached to the Montercy company from the time of his arrival until August 1827; and then transferred to the Sta Bar- bara company. He commanded a squad of the San Blas infantry company in 1826-7; made two minor expeditions against the Indians while at Sta Bar- bara in 1828; and commanded 18 men of the S. Diego company in 1830 at the time of the Solis revolt. He returned to Monterey with Victoria in Jan. 1831, or a few months carlier; and served as prosecutor or defender in some of the celebrated cases under V.'s rule. Hoja de servicios, in Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxi. 18-20. In 1834 he seems to have been promoted in Mexico to the command of the Sta Bárbara company, but never returned to Cal. Id., Ixxix. 83. In 1828 he had been declared incompetent and ordered by the min. of war to return to Mex. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 12. Pliego was detested by the Californians, apparently without exception, as a cowardly sycophant. No one credits him with any good quality; the official records throw no light on his personal character; and the only thing to be said in his favor is that the Californians, being bitterly prejudiced against him and his friends, may have exaggerated his faults.
51 Alaman, Sucesos, MS.
53 Guerra, Doc., MS., iv. 183-4. Tuthill, IIist. Cal., 131-2, tells us that Victoria retired to a cloister. Robinson implies the same. Alex. S. Taylor somewhere says he died in 1SGS or 1869.
212
RULE AND OVERTHROW OF VICTORIA.
that is known of him is contained in this chapter. The Californians as a rule have nothing to say in his favor; but the reader knows how far the popular pre- judice was founded in justice. I have already ex- pressed the opinion that under ordinary circumstances Victoria would have been one of California's best rulers.56
Of political events in the south in 1831, after Vic- toria's abdication, there is nothing to be recorded, except that Echeandía held the command, both polit- ical and military, and all were waiting for the diputa- cion to assemble early in January. In the north the news of the revolutionary success arrived about the middle of December. San Francisco on the 19th, San José on the 22d, and Monterey on the 26th, went through the forms of adhesion to the San Diego plan.57
56 The narratives furnished me by Californians, touching more or less fully on V.'s rule, overthrow, and character-most of which I have already cited on special points-are as follows: Osio, Hist. Cal., MS., 160-S9; Pico, IIist. C'al., MS., 24-40; Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 136-59; Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 161-83; iii. 7-8, 48-50; iv. S1; Bandini, Hist. Cal., MS., 72-7; Amador, Mem., MS., 122-8, 135-6; Avila, Cosas de Cal., MS., 28-31; Id., Notas, 11- 15; Bee, Recoll., MS., 2-3; Boronda, Notas, MS., 16-17; Castro, Rel., MS., 23-9; Fernandez, Cosas, MS., 64-6; Gonzalez, Exper., MS., 29-30; Galindo, Apuntes, MS., 16-21; Larios, Convulsiones, MS., 11-13; Lugo, Vida, MS., 14-16; Machado, Tiempos, MS., 26-S; Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 38-50; Perez, Recuerdos, MS., 22; Pico, Acont., MS., 18-23; Pinto, Apunt., MS., 6-9; Rodriguez, Statement, MS., 7; Sanchez, Notas, MS., 7-8; Torre, Reminis., MS., 22-30; Valdés, Mem., MS., 21; Valle, Lo Pasado, MS., 3-5; l'allejo, Reminis., MS., 100-14; Weeks' Reminis., MS., 73-4.
General accounts narrating briefly the events of V.'s rule, in Marsh's Let- ter to Com. Jones, MS., 4-5; Robinson's Life in Cal., 118-21; Petit-Thouars, Voy., ii. 91; Wilkes' Narr., U. S. Explor. Ex., v. 174; Mofras, Exploration, i. 294; Tuthill's Ilist. Cal., 131-4, and Los Angeles, IIist., 13. Mr Warner in the last work makes the revolution a local event of Los Angeles annals. These different writers speak favorably or unfavorably of V. according to the sources of their information, or to their bias for or against the padres and José de la Guerra on one side and the Bandini-Pico-Vallejo faction on the other. Tuthill seems to have taken the versions of Spence and Stearns in about equal parts. Mofras speaks very highly of Victoria, because of his dis- like for the Vallejo party. The version of Robinson, a son-in-law of Guerra, has been most widely followed.
57 Leg. Rec., MS., i. 34S-9; Monterey, Actos del Ayunt., MS., 42-3. Vallejo, Sanchez, and Peña signed at S. F .; Leandro Flores for S. José; and Buelna and Castro for the Monterey ayunt. Juan Higuera and Antonio Castro, of the ayunt., declined on Dec. 25th to approve the plan; but Castro changed his mind next day, Higuera still needing more time to think it over. At Sta. Bárbara the plan was signed on Jan. 1, 1832, by Rafael Gonzalez, Miguel Valencia, and José María García; and it was approved by the ayunt. of Los
213
NORTHERN SENTIMENT.
At least certain officials, civil and military, are made to appear in the legislative records of the next year as having signed the plan, with remarks of approba- tion on the dates mentioned. Rafael Gomez, the asesor, apprehensive of personal danger to himself as a partisan of Victoria, went on board the Russian bark Urup and tried to induce the captain to carry him to Sitka; but as he had no passport, his request was denied and he was set on shore at San Francisco.58 The northern members, Vallejo and others, with Sec- retary Alvarado, started late in December for the south in response to Echeandía's summons to be pres- ent at the meeting of the diputacion.
Minor local events, with general remarks on such institutions and topics as are not very closely connected with or necessary to a full understanding of general annals, I propose to present once for all for the whole period of 1831-40, at the end of this volume. An- other class of general topics, more purely historical in their nature, and more readily adapting themselves to chronological treatment, such as mission affairs, com- merce, foreign relations, and Indian affairs, I shall group as before in chapters covering each a period of five years,50 deeming this arrangement a much more satisfactory and convenient one for the reader than would be a more minute chronological subdivision. I shall of course refer to these topics as often and as fully as may be necessary to illustrate the annals of any particular year; but for 1831 I find no need for such reference, beyond what I have already said of
Angeles on Jan. 7th. Id. The pronunciamiento of S. F., Dec. 19th, is given in Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 24S. Next day the artillery company recognized Echeandia. Id., i. 250. Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 152-3, claims to have started for the south with a small force in response to a letter from J. A. Car- rillo, before he heard of Victoria's downfall.
68 Certificate dated Dec. 22d, and signed by Zarembo, Khlébnikof, and Shelikof, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 310; Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 181, implies that there were others besides Gomez who attempted to escape.
59 For the period from 1831-5, see chapters xi .- xiv., this vol .; and for 1836-40, see vol. iv.
214
RULE AND OVERTHROW OF VICTORIA.
secularization to show the cause of the popular feeling against Victoria.
In addition, however, to what I have written about the occurrences of 1831 in California, there remains something to be said of what was being done in Mex- ico for California, that is, of the labors of Carlos Car- rillo, who had been elected in October 1830 to repre- sent the territory in congress.60 Don Carlos reached Mexico in April 1831, after a flattering reception at San Blas and at other points on the way, and he was somewhat active in behalf of his constituents, in com- parison at least with his predecessors, so far as we may judge from his own letters.61 He may be re- garded as the representative rather of Captain José de la Guerra than of the Californians, acting largely on that gentleman's advice; but it would have been difficult to choose a wiser counsellor. Carrillo com- plained to the national government of the arbitrary and unwise acts of the rulers sent to California, result- ing to a great extent from the distance of the terri- tory from Mexico. His proposed remedy was the separation of the political and military power, which should be vested in two persons, and his views on this subject met with some encouragement from the president and ministers, who even broached to Don Carlos the expediency of accepting for himself the civil command. California's urgent need for an or- ganic law was presented, as also the necessity of estab- lishing courts of justice, and regulating the adminis- tration of finance. It was complained, moreover, that a great injustice had been done in the promotion of Mexican officers like Zamorano and Pacheco to cap- taincies over the heads of Californians who had grown gray in the service. Carrillo requested the territorial diputacion to petition congress for the reforms for
60 See p. 50, this vol., for liis election.
61 Carrillo, Cartas del Diputado de la Alta California, 1831-2, MS. There are 14 letters in this interesting collection, besides several of other years, all to his brother-in-law, Guerra.
215
CARRILLO IN CONGRESS.
which he was working, including the appointment, or rather paying, of two competent teachers.62
Carrillo was a stanch partisan of the missionaries in these days, reflecting in that respect as others the sentiments of his brother-in-law, and therefore a large part of his correspondence was devoted to topics else- where treated. To the missions also was devoted, or to a closely allied matter, his exposition on the pious fund;63 but this document merits at least a mention here, not only as containing a somewhat fair present- ment of the country's general condition and needs, but as the first production of a Californian writer which was ever printed in form of book or pamphlet. Don Cárlos was an enthusiastic admirer of his native prov- ince, with great ideas of its destiny under proper management. He thought he was rapidly communi- cating his enthusiasm to the Mexican authorities, and on the point of success with his proposed reforms. Perhaps he was disposed to exaggerate his success; for the only evidences I find of Mexican attention to California at this time are a few slight mentions of statistical or financial matters in the regular reports of the departments.64
G2 Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 169.
63 Carrillo, Exposicion dirigida á la Cámara de Diputados del Congreso de la Union por El Sr D. Carlos Antonio C'arrillo, Diputado por la Alta California. Sobre Arreglo y Administracion del Fondo Piudoso. Mexico, 1831. Svo. 16 p. Dated Sept. 13, 1831. This copy of a very rare pamphlet, the only copy I have ever seen, was presented to me in 1878 by Doña Dolores Dominguez, widow of José Carrillo, a son of the author. It has some slight corrections in ink, probably by the author or by Guerra.
" Mexico, Mem. Relaciones, 1832, p. 23, and annex. i. p. 11; Id., Hacienda 1832, annex. M.
CHAPTER VIII.
AN INTERREGNUM-ECHEANDIA AND ZAMORANO.
1832.
THE DIPUTACION AT LOS ANGELES-ACTION AGAINST VICTORIA-ATTEMPTS TO MAKE PICO GOVERNOR-ECHEANDIA'S OPPOSITION-A FOREIGN COMPANY AT MONTEREY-ZAMORANO'S REVOLT-A JUNTA AT THE CAP- ITAL-THE NEWS AT SAN DIEGO-SESSIONS OF THE DIPUTACION-LOS ANGELES DESERTS ECHEANDIA-WARLIKE PREPARATIONS-IBARRA AT ANGELES-BARROSO AT PASO DE BARTOLO-INDIANS ARMED-COMPACT BETWEEN ECHEANDÍA AND ZAMORANO-THE TERRITORY DIVIDED- FINAL SESSIONS OF THE DIPUTACION-THE AVILA SEDITION-WHO IS GOVERNOR ?- AFFAIRS IN MEXICO-CARRILLO'S EFFORTS AND LETTERS- CHOICE OF A GOVERNOR-JOSÉ FIGUEROA APPOINTED-INSTRUCTIONS- MISHAPS OF A JOURNEY-MUTINY AT CAPE SAN LUCAS-WAITING FOR A RULER.
THE diputacion met at Los Angeles January 10, 1832.1 Two subjects demanded and obtained almost exclusively the attention of this body, the vocales present being Pico, Vallejo, Osio, Ortega, and Ar- güello, with Yorba later and Alvarado as secretary. The first duty was a proper presentment of charges against Ex-governor Victoria, as a defence of the late revolutionary movement; and the second was to name a gefe político ad interim in accordance with the plan indorsed by the leaders of that movement. I append an abstract of proceedings at the meetings held in January and February .? So far as the action against
1 Echeandía had on Jan. 5th sent out copies of the pronunciamiento of S. Diego, with remarks in defence of that document, concluding by asking the comandantes' opinion on the provisional command. Vallejo, Doc., MS., i. 284.
2 Session of Jan. 10th, dip. met in the casa consistorial; the oath was administered by Alcalde Dominguez; and Pio Pico, assuming the presidency ( 216 )
217
DIPUTACION IN SESSION.
Victoria is concerned, I need add nothing to the ab- stract, because the whole matter has been exhausted in the preceding chapter.
In the matter of choosing a political chief trouble arose unexpectedly. The action of the diputacion in this respect had been very clearly marked out in the
as senior vocal, made a brief and modest address, congratulating the mem- bers on their meeting to act for the country's interests after having been for a year prevented from exercising their rights by the tyranny of Victoria. He made the customary admission of his own unworthiness, etc., and asked the aid of his associates in behalf of Cal. Pico's views having been approved, committees were appointed, credentials examined, etc. In the afternoon, Echeandía's summons to the members, dated Dec. 9th, was read. (p. 173-8.) Jan. Ilth, after long discussion, in which the various charges were specified, it was unanimously voted to confirm, or approve, the suspension of Victoria; and Vallejo and Arguello were named as a committee to prepare a formal expediente on the subject for the sup. govt. Then on motion of Vallejo the diputacion proceeded in accordance with E.'s summons to choose a tem- porary gefe político, and it was decided according to the law of May 6, 1822, that Pico as senior vocal was entitled to the office. This action was to be sent to E. for circulation. Voted, that according to the Mex. law, the sub- comisario, Juan Bandini, was entitled to a seat. Voted to continue the ses- sions at Angeles and not at S. Diego; but E. was to be invited to be present. Voted, as to the military command, that E. should notify the different offi- cers to choose a temporary comandante general. (p. 178-83.) Jan. 12th, 13th, 14th, 17th, 18th, routine progress by the committee on charges against Victoria; Suplente Yorba takes the oath and his seat; Ortega and Osio named as a committee to prepare a manifestacion to the public; Vallejo granted leave of absence for ten days to visit S. Diego. (p. 183-5.) Los Angeles municipal accounts also considered in extra sessions of Jan. 14th, 17th, 23d, 27th. (p. 352-4.) Yorba's oath also in Los Angeles, Arch., MS., iv. 46-7. Jan. 17th, Ortega and Osio to Echeandia. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 26. Jan. 23d, three letters received from the gefe político provisional, Echeandia, in which he announced Victoria's departure; asked for records of the earlier sessions; and declared it impossible to leave his troops and come to Los Angeles. Jan. 26th-27th, on the 26th, Vallejo proposed that the oath be administered at once to Pico according to the law of Sept. 30, 1823; and as all approved, 'without waiting for a discourse offered by Echeandia' (?), the oath was administered by Vallejo, and Pico was formally declared gefe poli- tico interino, the corresponding report being sent to E. and all territorial authorities. Argüello thereupon made a speech, congratulating all on the arrival of the happy day when Cal. was ruled by one of her native sons; and Pico replied in fitting terms. (p. 186-9.) Pico, Ilist. Cal., MS., 41-2, states that when the oath was administered the necessary church utensils were lacking, and the padre refused the keys of the church, whereupon J. B. Alva- rado entered the church by a skylight for the missing articles, and the oath was administered at the church door. Jan. 31st and Feb. Ist, E. writes to Pico acknowledging receipt of actas of Jan. 10th and 26th-27th, giving some advice respecting the policy of the new gefe, and expressing some dissatis- faction with Pico's appointment. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 27-38. Feb. 3d,
a letter was received from Bandini, and the matter of his taking a seat it was decided to refer to the sup. govt. Letters from Echeandía were intro- duced (those referred to above), in which, with some suggestions on policy, powers, etc., he complains of having been 'violently,' or hastily, deprived of the office of gefe politico. Osio and Yorba were named as a committee to report on the suggestions, relating among other things to pay of a secretary,
218
AN INTERREGNUM-ECHEANDÍA AND ZAMORANO.
plan of San Diego and in Echeandía's summons to the members, and accordingly on January 11th Pio Pico, the senior vocal, was chosen to fill the position. Echeandía was duly notified, and at first expressed no dissatisfaction, though he seems to have wished the diputacion to adjourn to meet in the south, while that
etc .; and as to the complaints, it was decided that action had not been at all hasty or irregular, nor had it been necessary to wait for the presence of E. before swearing in Pico. Ortega was named to report on efforts to obtain from Mexico a constitution or organic law for California. Communications were also received from Bandini about the cost of Victoria's passage to S. Blas. This debt of $1,500 was assumed in the session of Feb. 4th. (p. 189- 95.) In extra or secret sessions of Jan. 24th, 30th, Feb. 3d, 6th, the date and place of annual meetings were discussed without any definite conclusion. There was also some slight clashing between Pico and the rest, P. declaring that it was his place to direct the junta and not to be directed by it. (p. 352-5.) Feb. 10th, on motion of Ortega, Echeandía was again requested to proclaim, as soon as possible, the accession of Pico to the office of gefe, and to cease exercising political power himself; it was also ordered that the new gefe should have jurisdiction at once in those places where the civil authority was established, except at S. Francisco, Sta Bárbara, and .S. Diego, which places were to be within the jurisdiction of the comandante general, until such time as the civil authority might be regularly organized and the neces- sity for military rule removed. (p. 196-7.) It seems that on Feb. 3d E. had objected to P.'s appointment in a communication, either to the dip. or to the ayuntamiento, to which latter body he writes on Feb. 6th. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 41. Feb. 11th, E. to P., in reply to note of 10th, asks by what right he has taken the oath, the law of Sept. 30, 1823, being anulled by art. 163 of the constitution. Id., iii. 39. Feb. 12th, the ayunt. and citizens of Los Ange- les held a meeting and formally declared that they would obey no other gefe político than Echeandía. This action was confirmed on Feb. 19th, J. A. Carrillo and José Perez dissenting. Los Angeles, Arch., MS., iv. 50-3, 56-8; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 39-40. Feb. 13th, the action of the ayunt. against P. was received through E. P. made rather a bitter speech, and proposed that E. himself be invited to go before the ayunt. to explain why P. had been appointed according to the laws and to the plan of S. Diego; and also how insulting had been the action of the municipal body to the dip. and the laws. All but Yorba favored this, and the sending of a committee to reason with the ayant. (p. 197-202.) Feb. 16th, a letter from E. was read, refusing to com- ply with the request of the dip. E. now declared the appointment illegal, because the military and political command could not be separated; there had not been 7 vocales present; some of them were related to Pico; and finally, P. was incompetent to perform the duties of the office. Still, rather than use force, he will give up the political command and hold the dip. responsible. P. in a very able speech refuted E.'s arguments, and claimed that, whatever his lack of talent, the people had chosen him as a vocal; but he refused to attend any more meetings or accept the office of gefe politico until the dip. should vindicate its honor and freedom, and refuse to recognize E., who had evidently intrigned with the ayunt. against the territorial government. Va- llejo followed with an argument against E.'s position, which he regarded as virtually a new pronunciamiento inade with a view to keep for himself the political power. The speaker was, however, in favor of offering no resistance, but of suspending the sessions and leaving the responsibility of the new revolution with E. and his friends. All except Yorba approved this view, and it was decided to adjourn next day, reporting this action and the reasons to E. and to the national govt. (p. 202-9.)"E.'s protest against P.'s appoint-
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