History of California, Volume III, Part 63

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824

USA > California > History of California, Volume III > Part 63

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

588

ALVARADO'S RULE-POLITICAL EVENTS.

At Branciforte, certain evil-doers disobeyed and even ridiculed the alcalde's orders. Comandante Cas- tro sent Lieutenant Soto with a force to aid the muni- cipal authorities. Nine, all members of the Robles, Salazar, and Soria families, were arrested. On the march back to San Juan the prisoners refused to obey orders, and were fired upon, Avelino Robles being killed and Nicolás Robles badly wounded. Reports based on this affair and the plots of Ramirez, were circulated in the south, to the effect that the whole north was in revolt; but Prefect Peña issued a denial of such reports, presenting the death of Robles and the imprisonment of his companions as a salutary ex- ample for the benefit of the Angelinos, showing the energy of the government and the inevitable conse- quences of insubordination.20

Yet despite the warnings thus given by the pre- fect, a tumult occurred before the month was over in the city of Los Angeles, or 'Los Diablos' as it was

accused of embezzling the public funds, but no definite proofs exist. Juan Bandini's fruitless efforts to investigate his management of the revenues are well known to the reader, who also remembers the part taken by Don Angel in support of Alvarado's revolution of 1836. He thought he could control Alvarado more easily than Gutierrez, but learned his mistake when he made the attempt, being removed from his office in December 1836. Castillo Ne- grete described him in verse as 'El proto-libertador-Primer hombre de Es- tado-Es un fraile renegado-Gran perjuro y gran traidor-De oficio admin- istrador-Es de muy ancha conciencia -- Derrochador sin clemencia-Sagaz revolucionario-Jugador y pendulario-Sin Dios, ni patria, ni creencia.' Unable to control the governor, he engaged in plots against him; and was ar- rested in July, 1837. Later he lived at the missions, closely watched, and always suspected. Torre, Remin., MS., 79, García, Hechos, MS., 71-2, and Serrano, Apuntes, MS., 53-4, describe not very clearly his mission life, stating that at the last he was treated with great indignity. He died at San Luis Obispo on Feb. 6, 1840, and was buried next day by P. Abella. After postponing confession from time to time, he at last promised to attend to his spiritual welfare after taking a short sleep, but from that sleep he never awoke, and thus died without the sacraments. S. Luis Obispo, Lib. Mision, MS., 55. ITis disease was syphilis contracted among the Indians. A writer in the Californian, Nov. 21, 1846, attributes his death to poison. On account of his promise to confess, his body was buried in the mission cemetery.

20 April 19th, Castro to Vallejo, with marginal order of the latter that the prisoners he tried by military law. Vallejo, Doc., MS., vi. 456. May 2d, Prefect Peña's circular, in S. Diego, Arch., MS., 223; Monterey, Arch., MS., ix. 7-8; Dept. Rec., MS., x. 24-5. May 23d, Castro to Vallejo. No pro- ceedings by military law because the gov. had banished the prisoners from Cal. or from the Monterey district. V. blames. C. for having permitted an 'incompetent authority' to interfere. Vallejo, Doc., MS., vii. 131.

589

TUMULT AT LOS ANGELES,

re-christened by Don Cosme at this time. Peña was naturally not popular, especially among the class that had so bitterly opposed Alvarado in the past, and there were occasional manifestations of the feeling against him. One ground of displeasure was that he had established his office at the house of Abel Stearns, in front of which he had raised the flag of the prefec- ture and planted a cannon. It was said that Stearns had used the flag-staff as a post to which cattle were tied for slaughter, thus insulting the dignity of the Angelinos. On Sunday, May 19th, while Peña was absent at San Pedro, some fifteen young men, armed and mounted, had assembled to pull down the flag, and perhaps to sacrifice a calf in burlesque before it. On his return the prefect caused the arrest of the ringleaders, Varela, Sepúlveda, and Yorba, to be tried for sedition, and obtained a guard of ten soldiers from Santa Bárbara. Next, the citizens sent protests to the ayuntamiento, which body asked Peña to remove the flag to the public buildings, where it would be respected. Peña in anger surrendered the prefecture to Alcalde Tapia, and both reported to the govern- ment at Monterey. The reply was to impose a fine of five dollars on each signer of the memorial, which had also been sent by twenty citizens to the governor, and one of ten dollars on each member of the ayunta- miento. Peña was, however, ordered to Monterey, and Tapia left in charge of the office. Quiet was re- stored by the middle of June.21

The primary elections had taken place in March, and on May 1st the seven partido electors met at

21 General accounts, Peña to Vallejo, on June Sth. Vallejo, Doc., MIS., vii. 191. Peña to Alcalde. Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MS., iv. 39-47. May 22d -- 25th, action of ayunt. Los Angeles, Arch., MS., v. 87-8; Dept. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 15-16. May 25th, Tapia to Alvarado. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., v. 2-3. May 25th, com. of Sta Bárbara to Vallejo. Has sent a force under Lieut Pardo. V'allejo, Doc., MS., vii. 142. June Ist, Tapia an- nounces that all is quiet. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 227. June 3d, gov. to Pref. Tapia, imposing fines. Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MS., xi. 114-17. June 12th- 17th, action at Angeles on the fines, which there was a willingness to pay, though Tapia was exempted in July. Id., v. 22, 38, 43, 57; Los Angeles, Arch., MS., v. 94-5.

590

ALVARADO'S RULE-POLITICAL EVENTS.

Monterey as a junta electoral. The result of their labors was that on the 2d Andrés Castillero was elected as congressman, with Antonio M. Osio as substitute; and on the 3d seven members of the new junta de- partamental to meet on the 1st of August, were chosen as follows: Manuel Jimeno, Tiburcio Castro, Anas- tasio Carrillo, Rafael Gonzalez, Pio Pico, Santiago Argüello, and Manuel Requena.22 May 13th and 14th the old junta, or four of its members, held meetings to ratify the late election, and to empower the new congressman to receive from the supreme government the product of the pious-fund estates for the pay-

ment of public expenses.23 Two or three days later Don Andrés sailed on the California to occupy his new post. It is as well to state here that though the newly elected junta was convoked for August 1st, no meeting was held at that time nor in this year at all. The vocales would not present themselves, and the substitutes could not be summoned until the junta had approved the excuses of the regular members!24

Vallejo in the mean time did not cease to urge mili- tary reorganization, especially with a view to secure the northern frontier from foreign aggression. On May 10th in one of several letters to the minister of

22 Records of this election and of the local elections of March, in Leg. Rec., MS., iii. 36-43. The partido electors were Osio and Santiago Estrada for Montercy, Felipe Lugo and Joaquin Ortega for Angeles, Covarrubias for Sta Bárbara, José Fernandez for S. José, and Francisco Guerrero for S. F. The substitute vocales chosen were José Castro, J. R. Estrada, Ignacio del Valle, Carlos Castro, Ignacio Martinez, J. J. Vallejo, and A. M. Pico. Or- der for the election issued Jan. 17th. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 214; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxii. 174; Estudillo, Doc., MS., i. 249. Further records of local clections. Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., i. 397; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 250. May 5th, Alvarado proclaims the election of Castillero and Osio. S. Diego, Arch., MIS., 243.

23 Leg. Rec., MS., iii. 43-4. May 16th, Alvarado to sup. govt. Sup. Govt St. Pap., MS., xv. 9. Aug. 7th, Castillero not successful in obtaining the pious fund. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 131; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxii. 196, 282. Castillero expected to sail from Sta Bárbara May 13th. Id., vii. 64. The vessel left S. Diego on June 7tli.

21 Aug. Ist, junta convoked for this date. Pico, Doc., MS., ii. 163; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 276. Aug. 12th, Castro to alcaldes. No quorum obtained. Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 40; Dept. St. Pap., Mont., MS., iv. 82-3. Aug. 14th, election approved in Mexico. Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MS., x. 28.

591

MILITARY AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS.

war he described at some length his past efforts and success in colonizing the region north of the bay. He required not only approval of what he had done, but aid to carry on the work, including certain commercial concessions to the colonists; for he could not longer support the military force from his own resources, and at the same time meet the constantly increasing de- mands of the settlers for aid.25 A few recruits were obtained for the regular companies, but they were of a vagabond class which the municipal authorities were glad to get rid of, and which the general did not de- sire for soldiers.26 There was trouble also because the governor discharged militia officers without the coman- dante's consent, and otherwise interfered in military matters.27 The chief difficulty, however, was a finan- cial one. There was of course a quarrel about the distribution of revenues, the army not getting its share, as was believed by military men, and each company being defrauded, in the opinion of its officers. The chief complaint came from Santa Bárbara, as Sonoma interests were protected by the presence of the gen- eral, Monterey with the custom-house had the first handling of the funds, and San Diego had no company to support. Both in the south, and to some extent

25 May 10, 1839, V. to min. of war on needs of the northern frontier. Va- llejo, Doc., MS., vii. 28. Other communications on military needs, in May. Id., vii. 26, 27, 29, 37. June 10th, V. to Alvarado. A printed appeal for regular military companies and an escolta for each mission. 'Nothing but the old system can save the country.' Vallejo, Ordenes, 15-21; Id., Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., xxxii. 206. Same date, to min. of war. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 238. Dec. Ist, V. begs Castillero to get aid for the troops. Vallejo, Doc., MS., viii. 334.

26 May 10th, V. to Alvarado. No criminals will be accepted. Vallejo, Doc., MS., vii. 43. May 24th, Capt. Villavicencio got 12 recruits in the southi, unfit for soldiers, but turned over to Castro. Id., vii. 138. May 31st, V. calls the recruits physically unfit or grossly immoral. Id., vii. 156. June Ist, the wicked recruits to be sent back to Angeles. Id., vii. 167. Nov. 12th, V. to A. Sends a decree of Jan. 26th, requiring regular companies to be filled by draft. Id., viii. 274. Nov. 26th, A. says the conscription will be carried into effect when instructions arrive. Id .. viii. 318.

27 May 19th, V. to A., complaining of the discharge as a dangerous prece- dent, and begging the gov. as colonel to revoke his order and put himself under the general's orders. Vallejo, Doc., MS., vii. 117. June 7th, Capt. S. Vallejo will obey the general's orders, notwithstanding his dismissal by the gov. Id., vii. 185. July 5th, Alf. Andrés Pico refuses to take command at S. Luis Rey as ordered by Vallejo. Id., vii. 316.

592

ALVARADO'S RULE-POLITICAL EVENTS.

in the extreme north, the 'clique at the capital' was charged with spending the public moneys almost ex- clusively for the benefit of local interests and personal friends. 28

In June the war between Mexico and France took a large share of attention from the authorities, both military and civil. As the war had ended three months before, the real danger of an attack on Cali- fornian coasts was not great; however, as tidings of peace had not yet reached the north, an opportunity was afforded for a brilliant display of national patriot- ism in preparing to repel the possible attacks of French corsairs. The resulting complication of mili- tary orders, interwoven with complaints respecting defective fortifications and other means of defence, was very nearly a reduplication of similar alarms in the old Spanish times. The only result was that ex- penses were considerably increased during the month, and that a little work was done on one or two forts. French residents were not molested, though closely watched, if orders were obeyed; on the last day of the month the news of peace was circulated.29

28 May 25th, Vallejo to Guerra at Sta B. Explains the distribution of $10,000 received for the army as its share of the California's duties, $25,000; S. Fran- cisco co., with 60 men, got $2,000; Monterey, 30 men, $1,500; Sta Bárbara, 15 men, $1,000; S. Diego, $500; staff and unattached officers, $1,000; war material paid for, $1,300; chest of medicine, $250; Sta B. artillery, $200; capt. of port and other officers at S. F., $350; Alf. Ignacio del Valle, $100; the rest for relief of old inválidos in small sums. Vallejo, Doc., MS., vii. 140. July 5th, com. of Sta B. to V., complaining of neglect from the Monterey authorities. Id., vii. 310. Complaints from S. Luis Rey. Id., vii. 313-14. July 10th, V. to Alvarado. Complains that the comisario refuses to obey his requisitions. Id., vii. 70. Orders payment of $1,000 cach to Sta B. and S. Diego, and offers to lend $10,000 to the treasury. Id., vi. 144, 146-7; vii. 338. $1,400 in goods and $100 in money paid to Monterey co. from Feb. to July. Id., vii. 388. July 22d, Comisario Ábrego expects to pay one fourth of dues for past month. Id., vii. 406. Aug. 6th, only one soldier at S. Diego. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 234. Ang. 7th, not a cent's worth of anything received for the artillery this year. Vallejo, Doc., MS., viii. 22, 17. Sept. 3d, men at S. Luis Rey -- S. Diego co .- left the service against orders to earn a living by their work. Id., viii. 69-70. Sept. Sth, Capt. S. Vallejo complains that the S. Francisco co. is neglected by the comisario. Id., viii. 86. Sept. 11th, Vallejo to Lieut J. M. Ramirez. Cannot relieve his wants, having no resources, Id., viii. 133, 137. Oct. 27th. Ábrego says Capt. Castañeda and the habilitado of S. F. refused $1,000 proffered, because the amount included 1,000 hides at $1.50. /d., viii. 233. Nov. 3d, northern troops to have $2,500 from the first duties. Id., viii. 252.

29 Over 40 communications on this alarm. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 221, 229-

503

THE GOVERNOR'S WEDDING.

From July to September lampoons of an insulting and threatening character, and directed against the departmental rulers, were posted at different places, and anonymous letters of similar purport were sent to Alvarado. At the same time rumors were cur- rent, for the most part without foundation, of plots in the south, and even of a hostile expedition ap- proaching from Sonora. Vallejo evidently did not share in the alarm felt or feigned at the capital, as he refused to put certain troops asked for under the gov- ernor's orders till he should be informed respecting the exact nature of the suspected plots.30 In these months Alvarado, as was often the case during his rule, was unable to attend to his official duties on account of illness, and his secretary, Jimeno Casarin, acted much of the time as governor, especially in July; however, Don Juan Bautista had sufficiently recovered his health in August to marry Doña Mar- tina, daughter of Francisco Castro. The marriage took place at Santa Clara on August 24th, but Alva- rado was not present, being represented by José Antonio Estrada. Eight days later the bride came to the capital, where the festivities lasted several days.31

The national schooner California arrived September 15th at Santa Barbara, on her return voyage from

30; Dept. Rec., MS., x. 13; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 256-7; Id., Angeles, xii. 6; Vallejo, Doc., MIS., vi. 119-36; vii. 67-9, 174, 176, 189, 206-20, 249, 404. Communications from Mex. Jan .- April. Sup. Gort St. Pap., MS., xv. 2-4. June 25th, news of peace in a private letter of Guerra. Vallejo. Dor., MS., vii. 264. Officially published June 30th. Id., vii. 275. Oct. 31st, orders had been received from Mexico to strengthen coast defences. Id., viii. 240.

30 Lampoons and anonymnous letters at Sta Bárbara and Monterey. Ta- llejo, Doc., MS., vii. 310, 321; Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 140-1; Vallejo, Ilist. Cal., MS., iv. 7-14. Reports of the Sonora expedition brought to S. Diego in August, contradieted in Sept. Vallejo, Doc., MS., viii. 58, 67. Plots in the south in Sept. Id., viii. 76, 88.

31 Copy of record from Sta Clara mission book, in Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxii. 293. P. Gonzalez performed the ceremony. Alvarado, Hist. C'al .. MIS., iv. 169-72, tells us it was the arrival of La Place that kept him from going in person to Sta Clara, and he also says the rings used at the wedding were of California gold.

HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 38

594

ALVARADO'S RULE-POLITICAL EVENTS.

Acapulco. 32 She brought Mexican despatches of Au- gust 6th and 7th, announcing Alvarado's appointment as governor, en propiedad, and promoting Vallejo to the rank of colonel. 33 All that had been done by gov- ernor or junta was approved, except the appointment of Cosme Peña as prefect of the second district; but that gentleman had already given up his position to another, and he soon took his departure for Mexico, to be heard of no more in California.34

The despatches brought by the schooner were offi- cially circulated a few days after their arrival by Act- ing-governor Jimeno, the prefects, and subordinate officials; and the news of Alvarado's appointment was duly celebrated in different parts of the department, especial enthusiasm being shown at Los Angeles, where on a Sunday the flag was hoisted, salvos were fired, a

32 Sept. 15th, capt. of port reports arrival. Vallejo, Doc., MS., viii. 149; Cooper's Log-book of the 'California,' MS., entry of same date.

33 Aug. 7th, min. of int. sends Alvarado's appointment. Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MS., xi. 12-13; Id., Mont., iv. 16-17. Ang. 6th, Pres. Bustamante to V., congratulating him and Alvarado, and thanking him for his services. Vallejo Doc., MS., viii. 11. Aug. 6th, V.'s appointment and commission as colonel of the defensores de la patria, sent by min. of war. Id., i. 14-15. Also Aug. 21, 4th-6th, commun. from min. of war to Vallejo in reply to his letters of Feb- rmary, approving his measures, sending commissions for several officers, and promising additional aid. Savage, Doc., iv. 308, 310, 312, 314-15. Sept. 17th, 22d, V. was congratulated by Carlos Carrillo and Cosme Peua on his appoint- ment as comandante general en propiedad. Id., viii. 157, 165. But there was no such appointment, since that of July 1838 had been permanent and not temporary.

3} The licenciado Cosme Peña was a Mexican lawyer who came to Califor- nia with the Hijar and Padres colony in 1834, as asesor to succeed Gomez. I know nothing of his previous career. In the discharge of his official duties he showed himself to be a man of fair ability and education, but he was a hard drinker, and unfortunate in his domestic relations. After being involved in many scandals, his wife left him in 1837 and started overland for Sonora. The party was attacked by Indians on the Colorado, and the lady is said by Ignacio Coronel to have become the wife of a chief. Don Cosme had trouble with Gov. Chico, and was at one time suspended from his office. In the au- tumn of 1836, he took a prominent part in Alvarado's revolution-though far less influential than he was represented by Castillo Negrete, his bitter enemy- and was made governor's secretary. He subsequently joined in the counter- revolt of Angel Ramirez and other Mexicans, and was imprisoned for a time at Sonoma; but Alvarado still felt disposed to befriend him, and made him prefeet of Los Angeles. He held this place several months, but of his acts nothing is known beyond the events of the 'flag tumult' mentioned in this chapter. Vallejo, who in his Ilist. Cal., MS., iii. ISS-91, quotes from Peña's poem on the 'Fall of Man,' states that he went from California to Guaymas, where he served as a judge. None of the Californians have much to say in Don Cosme's favor. He left two daughters in the country.

595

GOVERNOR AND GENERAL.

man was wounded by the premature discharge of a cannon, and at night the city was illuminated. Al- varado was, however, ill again, and did not take the oath and formally assume the governorship till Novem- ber 24th, the transfer being announced next day by himself and Jimeno. 35

Now that the governor and comandante militar were secure in the possession of their respective posi- tions, a serious misunderstanding had developed be- tween the two, resulting in a quarrel which lasted as long as theircontrol of public affairs, and in a suspension of that control a few years later. The causes were somewhat complicated. It will be remembered that in November 1836 Vallejo, though his opinions were substantially in accord with those of Alvarado and Castro, had declined to engage actively in the revolu- lution against Gutierrez, but had, without his own knowledge or consent, been made military commander, a position he was very willing to accept after the first success had been achieved at Monterey. His coop- eration was absolutely necessary to the revolutionists, and the position of general was a reward very flatter- ing to the young lieutenant. His subsequent support of the cause was most cordial and effective, and was fully appreciated by his associates. Without his aid Alvarado's project must have failed, and this aid was none the less, but rather more, effective that Vallejo remained in the north instead of personally taking part in the southern campaigns. While disapprov-

35 Sept. 20th, Jimeno to prefect and Vallejo with several dce. from Mexico. Dept. St. Pap., Mont., MS., iv. 16-17; Vallejo, Doc., MIS., viii. 160-3. Sept. 21st, John Temple to Larkin, hopes the news of Alvarado's appointment will prove true. Larkin's Doc., MS., i. 24. Sept. 22d-23d, further circulation of the appointment by Jimeno through prefects. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 238. 241; Vallejo, Doc., MS. viii. 167. 169; Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 56. Sept. 30th, con- gratulations of P. Duran. Arch., Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 25-6. Oct. 5th-9th, receipt of the news at Angeles. Dolores Sepulveda was the man wounde l. Los Angeles, Arch., MS., v. 96-7; Dept. St. Pap., Angeles, MIS., v. 87-0; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., v. 21. Nov. 12th, Vallejo has learned with pleasure the appointment and will give it duo publicity. Vallejo, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MIS., viii. 273. Nov. 24th, A. takes the oath and the office as announced on the 25th. Id., viii. 313, 315; Dept. St. Pap., MS., xii. IS; Id., Mont., iv. 18.

50G

ALVARADO'S RULE-POLITICAL EVENTS.

ing some of the governor's acts, such as his disposition of the San Julian rancho, the general made few com- plaints, and threw no obstacles in the way of success. Later, at an unfortunate time, as already related, the comandante was induced by José Antonio Carrillo to advocate the recognition of Don Carlos as governor. Though kept secret as far as possible, enough of this matter leaked out to cause the circulation of rumors not flattering to Vallejo; and while there is no evidence of serious ill feeling between the two principals at the time, yet it may be regarded as certain that both were left in a state of mind not unfavorable to future con- troversy, and that others had their cue for the provo- cation of such controversy.

The trouble began after the arrival of Castillero and the submission of the south to Alvarado's rule. The new rulers had now to organize the interior gov- ernment of the country, and the military branch was to Vallejo all-important. To reorganize the presidial companies and put the army on a sound footing was the one thing to be done before thinking of other re- forms. Vallejo's plans were perhaps, under the cir- cumstances, impracticable; at any rate, his enthusiasm was not shared by Alvarado, who soon became indif- ferent, and was disposed to regard Vallejo's importu- nities as unwarrantable interference in the affairs of state. He even took the liberty of discharging cer- tain officers, thereby greatly offending the general, whom he had not consulted in the matter.36 Alva- rado was much troubled in these days by the demands of office-seeking friends and other petty cares, being also nervous and ill from the effects of too much aguardiente, so that his duties were left largely in the hands of his secretary. Neither Jimeno nor Castro

36 May 19, 1839, in reproving the gov. for his dismissal of the officers, a measure positively revoked by himself, V. says, 'Sr Governor, you flatter yourself with being in power, but you must not forget the force that sustains your power. No government has existed without the military.' Dept. St. Pap., MIS., iv. 253-6. Vallejo, Ilist. C'al., MS., iv. 25-8, represents A.'s mission policy as having had much to do with his opposition at this time.

597

THE MONTEREY CLIQUE.

was specially well disposed toward Vallejo. Ábrego, in charge of the revenues, naturally favored the gov- ernor and people of Monterey, rather than the coman- dante and absent officials. Trouble arose, as already stated, in connection with the distribution of military funds and supplies, and complaints came in from all directions that the 'Monterey clique' was spending the public money for the exclusive benefit of its friends. To what extent these charges were well founded, it is impossible to determine; Alvarado, while his difficul- ties were not fully appreciated out of the capital, and while his old foes were willing to make the most of the coolness between him and Vallejo, was certainly subjected to influences not favorable to an impartial distribution of the revenues, or to a wise administra- tion of the public interests.

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History of California, Volume III, Part 63

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 824

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 824