USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 10
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Mesognathous 98-102.9
Prognathous 103-x
Total
Males: number
19
9
0
28
per cent.
67.85
32.14
0
Females: number
8
8
1
17
per cent
47.05
47.05
5.88
While the alveolar index has been discarded by Dr. Hrdlička and other authorities, and is much influenced by the facial length, it is still of interest as an indication of prognathism. According to this index more than two-thirds of our males are orthognathous
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, PLATE 26
1
MADISONVILLE SITE. Female cranium, brachycephalic type
Norma lateralis
Norma verticalis
Norma facialis
Norma occipitalis
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
and the rest mesognathous, while the females show a somewhat greater tendency toward mesognathism. In the Tennessee group of 94 males and 56 females the distribution of index classes is as follows: orthognathous, males 70.2 per cent, females 48.2 per cent; mesognathous, males 26.5 per cent, females 41 per cent; progna- thous, males 3.2 per cent, females 10.7 per cent. This is quite similar to the Madisonville seriation, but the Tennessee group in- cludes a few more prognathous skulls.
Angles Relating to Prognathism. The facial angle according to Rivet and Hrdlička, included between nasion, alveon, and basion, and measured according to the direct or graphic method, gives an average of 73.1° in 28 males and 72.1° in 17 females. This puts both sexes in the orthognathous group according to Rivet's division of the index which markes the lower limit of that group at 73. The range in the males was from 68° to 79° and in the females from 67.5° to 80°. Dr. Hrdlička found an average of 73º in Munsee or Lenape males and 74° in the females of that group." The following is the seriation of the index.
NASO-ALVEOLO-BASILAR ANGLE
Prognathous x-59.9
Mesognathous Orthognathous
70-72.9
73-x
Total
Males: number.
4
6
18
28
per cent
14.28
21.42
64.28
Females: number.
1
9
7
17
per cent
5.88
52.94
41.17
If we compare the angle with the results of the alveolar index given above we find that the classification according to the angle removes 4 male crania from the mesognathous to the prognathous class and one orthognathous cranium into the mesognathous class. In the case of the females it changes one cranium from orthogna- thous to mesognathous. This is a better indication of prognathism than the alveolar index.
Foramen Magnum. The mean diameter of the foramen magnum in 36 male Madisonville crania is 32.8 mm. and in 22 female crania 31.8 mm. This is decidedly below the average for Indian males as recorded by Dr. Hrdlička, but in the case of the females there is a substantial agreement. The following figures are of interest by way of comparison: Munsee, 7 males, 35 mm., 8 fe- males, 32 mm .; Louisiana, 10 males, 34.5 mm., 14 females, 31.8 mm .;
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INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
Arkansas, 22 males, 33 mm., 16 females, 31.4 mm. It remains to be seen whether this ratio has any particular significance in relation to stature or other bodily characters.
Lower Jaw.
Males
Females
Number of specimens
Average
Number of specimens
Average
Height at symphysis
25
36.5
9
32.4
Minimum breadth of ramus.
30
35.5
9
34.2
Bicondylar width
22
129.0
7
122.7
Condylo-symphysial length
24
104.6
7
104.5
Bigonial diameter.
24
103.4
8
99.1
Mean angle.
25
125.4
7
126.4
The dimensions of the lower jaws in this series are moderate. The mandibles are especially broad in proportion to their length. The female jaws seem relatively longer than the male but this is possibly due to the shortness of the female series. The mean angle of the ascending rami is unusually high in the male group, but otherwise the measurements do not diverge markedly from those observed in the case of other Indian crania.
Frontal Region.
HEIGHT
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total
Males: number.
2
18
30
2
1
53
per cent .. . .
3.75
34.0
56.6
3.75
1.9
Females: number.
1
12
12
6
0
31
per cent .. .
3.2
38.7
38.7
19.3
0
Doubtful: number. .
0
1
2
0
0
3
BREADTH
Narrow
Medium
Broad Very broad
Total
Males: number
13
27
10
3
53
per cent.
24.5
51.0
18.9
5.6
Females: number 4
6
17
4
4
31
per cent.
19.3
54.9
12.9
12.9
Doubtful: number
0
1
2
0
3
SLOPE
Bulging
Submedium Medium
Receding Very receding Totall
Males: number
2
4
37
7
3
53
per cent.
3.7
7.5
70.0
13.0
5.6
Females: number 4
7
0
20
4
0
31
per cent .. . .
22.6
0
64.5
12.9
0
Doubtful: number. .
0
0
3
0
0 3
99
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
An analysis of the above tabulations of observed characters in the frontal region of the crania shows that the majority of males (56.6 per cent) had brows of medium height, while a considerable proportion of the remainder (34 per cent) had low foreheads. Only a few crania exhibited high frontals, or very low frontals. In comparison with the males the females show a lesser proportion of frontals of medium height and a decided increase in the num- bers of skulls with high frontals (19.3 per cent).
In the matter of frontal breadth, as observed in relation to height and slope, about one half of the male skulls are medium and the other half almost equally divided between narrow and broad. The females show a similar distribution, except for a somewhat larger proportion of relatively very broad frontals.
In the large majority of the male skulls the slope of the frontal bone is medium (70 per cent). The remainder show more with receding frontals than with steep or bulging frontals. The female crania differ from the males in the high percentage of bulging frontals (22.6 per cent). This is, of course, a common sex difference. Sagittal Region.
BREADTH
Submedium Medium
Broad Very broad Total
Males: number
3
26
15
9
53
per cent.
5.6
49.0
28.5
17.3
Females: number
2
15
11
3
31
per cent.
6.5
48.4
35.5
9.6
Doubtful: number
0
2
1
0
3
ELEVATION
Absent Submedium Medium
Marked Very marked Total
Males: number
10
19
18
4
2
53
per cent.
18.9
36.0
34.0
7.5
5.6
Females: number
7
14
9
1
0
31
per cent.
22.6
45.1
29.0
3.2
0
Doubtful: number
1
0
2
0
0
3
-
The tables above clearly show a predominance of medium and broad sagittal regions both in males and in females, with a some- what larger proportion of the broad categories in the latter sex. A large majority of the male crania show a varying development of the sagittal elevation, but it is very pronounced in a few cases only. Naturally the females show a lesser development of this character.
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INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
In 9 male crania, or 17 per cent, a slight post-coronoid depression was observed. This character also was present in a slight degree in 13 female crania, and markedly in one female cranium, - a total of 45.2 per cent. This again is a sexual difference of common observation.
Temporal Region.
Flat or depressed
Medium
Bulging
Total
Males: number.
19
18
16
53
per cent.
36.0
34.0
30.0
Females: number
11
10
10
31
per cent.
35.5
32.2
32.2
Doubtful: number
1
1
1
3
The table above shows an almost equal distribution of flat, medium, and bulging temporal regions in both sexes. A pronounced depression of the wing of the sphenoid is very common in this series.
Occipital Region.
Flat or steep
Medium convex
Protuberant
Occipital torus
Total
Males: number ..
38
14
1
16
53
per cent.
71.7
26.4
1.9
30.0
Females: number ..
21
8
2
1
31
per cent ..
67.7
25.8
6.5
3.2
Doubtful: number.
2
1
. 0
1
3
The high percentage of flat occipital regions in this series, as shown in the table above, is partially due to artificial occipital deformation, but in a greater degree to the natural shape of the skull. The percentage of male crania exhibiting flat occipital regions is 71.7, while the percentage of all male crania showing occipital deformation is 73.5. On the other hand 67.7 per cent of female crania have flat occiputs, whereas 82.7 per cent show artificial deformation.
A slight occipital torus was observed in 11 male skulls, an oc- cipital torus of medium development in 3 skulls, and of pro- nounced development in 2 skulls, making a total of 30 per cent of the male crania exhibiting this feature. One female cranium and one cranium of doubtful sex also show a slight development of this feature.
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
Sutures.
OCCLUSION OF CORONAL, SAGITTAL, AND LAMBDOID
All open
Beginning in all
Beginning in sagittal
Beginning in coronal
Males: number.
26
3
4
0
per cent. 49.05
Females: number 25
per cen 80.06
1
0
2
Beginning in sagittal and lambdoid
Beginning in sagittal and coronal
Beginning at pterion
Advanced in sagittal,others open or beginning
Males: number 3
2
0
8
Females: number 0
1
Advanced in sagittal, and in coronal, lambdoid open
Advanced in sagittal, and in lambdoid, coronal open
Advanced in sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid
Total
Males: number. 2
2
3
53
Females: number
1
0
0
31
80
As may be seen from the above tabulations, about half of the male crania in our series and four-fifths of the female crania showed no external traces of obliteration of the sutures. Contrary to what has usually been observed in the case of American crania, points of obliteration appear first in the sagittal suture and obliteration pro- ceeds more rapidly in this suture. Hrdlička observed in his Arkan- sas and Louisiana series that synostosis began dorsally in the coronal suture, and Fuller makes a similar statement in regard to his Tennessee Stone Grave series. The difference may be due, on the one hand, to the less pronounced occipital deformation of the Madisonville series, or, on the other, to an error conse- quent upon the small number of crania. It is of some interest to note that in two of the female crania synostosis was recorded to have begun in the coronal and in no case in the sagittal, while of the males no example of priority of coronal obliteration was observed.
The form of pterion found in this series is almost invariably the broad H type, but one male cranium and one female cranium ex- hibited the K or X type.
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INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
SERRATION
Simple
Medium
Complex ? Total
Males: number
33
18
1
1
53
per cent.
62.23
33.94
1.88
1.88
.
Females: number.
21
10
0
0
31
per cent.
67.72
32.25
0
0
Doubtful: number.
1
2
0
0
3
As indicated above, the conformation of the sutures in this serie: of crania is simple in about two-thirds of the cases and of medium complexity in the remainder.
WORMIAN BONES
Temporo- Temporo-
?
None Lambdoid parietal
occipital Others
Total
Males: number.
4
11 32 4 7.54
13
9
53
per cent.
7.54
20.75 60.37
24.52
16.98
71.69
Females: number
0
13
15
0
7
2
31
per cent .. .
0
41.93
48.38 0 22.58
6.45
58.0€
Doubtful: number. 0
1
2
0
0
0
3
The table above shows that sutural bones occur in 71.69 per cent of the male crania and in 58.06 per cent of the female crania They are found oftenest in the lambdoid suture and next in the temporo-parietal. Nine epipteric bones were observed in the male crania, one in the coronal suture, one in the sagittal suture, anc one os apicum or triangular Wormian bone at lambda. Two of the male crania showed traces of the transverse occipital suture, bu it was not complete in either case. There were two epipteric bone: among the crania of females and one complete transverse occipita suture. The so-called Inca bone, then, occurs in but one of the 87 crania of our collection, whereas Fuller found it in about 16 per cent of his Tennessee Stone Grave series.
Parietal Foramina.
NUMBER
None
One
Two
Total
Males: number
24
16
13
53
4
per cent.
45.26
30.17
24.51
Females: number
18
7
6
31
per cent.
58.05
22.57
19.35
Fuller found parietal foramina absent in about 40 per cent of his Tennessee Stone Grave crania. This corresponds fairly closely with the results shown in the above table.
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, PLATE 27
.- --
MADISONVILLE SITE Male cranium, subdolichocephalic type Norma lateralis Norma facialis Norma occipitalis
Norma verticalis
-
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
103
Retro-mastoid Foramina. These are extremely variable in num- ber, size, and position. Mastoids.
SIZE
Submedium
Medium
Large
Very large
Total
Males: number
22
24
6
1
53
per cent.
41.49
45.26
11.31
1.88
Females: number.
7
16
7
0
30
per cent.
23.33
53.33
23.33
0
The mastoid processes are usually medium or somewhat below medium in size in our Madisonville crania as compared with aver- age Europeans. Fuller found 55 per cent of his Tennessee Stone Grave males with mastoids of medium size, and the remainder equally divided between sub-medium and large. On the whole our Series falls somewhat below the Tennessee group in the develop- ment of this process. Hrdlička observed in his examination of Crania from Arkansas and Louisiana that, while the mastoid proc- esses often showed only a moderate development in the males, in females they. frequently exceeded the average determined in the same sex in Whites and in Indians from other regions. He related this development in females to the growth of the sternocleido- mastoid muscles favored by the habitual carrying by these women of heavy jars and other burdens. From the table above a similar superiority of mastoid development on the part of females may be observed in our series, and doubtless for the same reason.
Facial Portion.
SUPRA-ORBITAL RIDGES
Absent
Submedium
Medium
Large
Very large
Total
Males: number. .
4
13
25
7
4
53
per cent ..
7.54
24.51
47.14
13.16
7.54
Females: number
11
13
7
0
0
31
per cent 35.48
41.93
22.58
0
0
It is of interest to compare with the above table the results obtained by Fuller in the observation of the same character on 148 male crania and 72 female crania of Tennessee Indians. In the males he found no case in which the brow ridges were undeveloped, 29.1 per cent were of submedium development, 44.6 per cent me- dium and 26.3 per cent above medium. This shows a distribution of the grades of percentages in various development closely sim-
104
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
ilar to that of our series, but the Madisonville crania, on the whole, show more instances of the lesser degrees of development. (Ten- nessee females: absent 31.9 per cent, submedium 33.3 per cent, medium 29.1 per cent, large 5.5 per cent.)
The types of supra orbital ridges most commonly found in this series are: (a) in which the ridges are over the median portions of the orbits and limited laterally; (b) in which the lateral portions of the superior orbital margins are thickened to form ridges which are separated from the median ridges, (c) in which the lateral and median ridges are continuous forming a torus from one external angular process to the other. Type a is by far the most common in our series. Type b is frequently found and type c only occasion- ally.
The orbits in this series present no unusual features. There is considerable variation in the dimensions of right and left orbits in the same individual, as remarked above. Practically all of the orbits are of the oblong shape with rounded corners. In case of the male crania 57.5 per cent of the orbits have their long axes horizontal and 42.5 per cent have long axes inclined downward and outward. In the female crania these figures are 54.54 per cent and 45.54 per cent respectively.
INFRA-ORBITAL SUTURE
Absent
Right
Left
Both
Total
Males: number. .
21
2
3
6
32
per cent.
65.62
6.25
9.37
18.75
Females: number.
13
2
3
3
21
per cent.
61.88
4.76
14.28
14.28
In the above tabulation of the occurrence of the infra-orbital suture the writer has not distinguished between cases in which the suture was present only on the facial aspect and cases in which it was complete on both facial and orbital aspects. Where found it was usually complete. Fuller records the complete absence of this feature in 64 per cent of his male crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves, which agrees closely enough with our figures. But in Tennessee females he finds the suture absent in only 30 per cent of cases as against 61.88 per cent in our series.
NASION DEPRESSION. The nasion depression, which is due in large part to the protuberance of glabella, is very slight or entirely
105
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
absent in most of the male skulls in our Madisonville series, and does not occur at all in the crania of females. The type of depressed nasion that is often seen in Australian skulls (i.e. where the fronto- nasal suture is not only depressed below the level of the glabella eminence, but is sunken deep below the level of ophryon) does not occur at all in this series.
NASAL BRIDGE
Breadth
Height
Submedium Medium Broad ? Low Medium High ? Total
Males: number 14
24 5
7
11
28
4
7 50
.
per cent
28.0
48.0 10.0 14.0 22.0
56.0 8.0 14.0
Females: number 7 10
5
9
11
10 1
9 31
per cent 22.57 32.25 16.12 29.03 35.48 32.25 3.22 29.03
SHAPE OF NASAL BRIDGE
? Straight
Convex .
Concave Concavo-convex Total
Males: number.
22
4 8.88
8
0
11. 55
®
per cent ..
48.84
17.76
0
24.42
Females: number1. 21
2
1
0
8
31
From the analysis of the above tables it will be observed that the nasal bridge in males of our series is prevailingly of medium breadth, often of submedium breadth, and sometimes broad. Usually it is of medium height (56.0 per cent), and often low (22.0 per cent). The nasal bridge in the females tends to be lower and broader, a generally observed sex difference. Convex and con- cavo-convex nasal bridges are the prevailing forms.
NASAL SPINE
?
Submedium
Medium
Pronounced
Total
Males: number. ..
1
20
14
0
35
4
per cent
2.85
57.14
39.99
0
Females: number .
10
9
0
19
4
per cent .. 0
52.63
47.34
0
LOWER BORDERS OF NASAL APERTURE
Indistinct
Medium
Sharp
Total
Males: number
20
5
13
38
per cent.
52.63
13.15
34.21
Females: number
8
7
5
20
per cent.
40.0
35.0
25.0
1 Percentages omitted because of inadequate series.
106
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
NASAL GROOVES
Absent
Submedium
Medium
Pronounced
Males: number.
26
7
2
3
4
per cent .. 68.38
18.31
5.26
7.89
Females: number . 16
3
1
0
per cent. 80.0
15.0
5.0
0
The above tables show a prevailingly poor development ( nasal spine and indistinct lower borders of the nasal aperti characteristics of both sexes in our series. This is quite the re of what Fuller states to be true of the Tennessee Stone ( series of which he says that the lower borders are " almost versally sharp " and the nasal spines usually well developed. observations on our series, however, accord with the resu' Dr. Hrdlička's findings on Arkansas and Louisiana skulls i spect to these characters.
SUB-ORBITAL FOSSAE
Absent
Submedium
Medium
Pronounced
Males: number.
0
9
14
16
per cent.
0
23.07
35.89
41.02
Females: number. 4
1
2
10
9
per cent
4.54
9.08
45.45
40.86
Doubtful: number.
0
1
1
1
The depth of the sub-orbital fossae depends very largely age, to some extent upon sex, and in an indeterminate degree racial and individual variation. The distribution in the : under consideration, as shown above, seems to have no un significance.
MALARS
Submedium
Medium
Large
Very large
Males: number.
5
16
17
2
per cent.
12.5
40.0
42.5
5.0
Females: number.
11
8
0
0
per cent
57.86
42.08
0
0
Doubtful: number.
1
0
1
0
ZYGOMAE
Submedium
Medium
Large
Very large
Males: number.
4
11
18
per cent.
10.52
28.94
47.35
5 13.15
Females: number.
5
10
1
0
per cent.
31.25
62.50
6.25
0
Doubtful: number ...
1
0
1
0
107
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
As shown in the table, the malars are large in nearly half of the male crania, but not " very large," except in two cases. Rugged and massive malar bones are not nearly as common in the group from this cemetery as they are, for example, in crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves. Large malars are not found in the few female skulls in the series in which observations could be made on the facial skeleton. The marginal process on the malar bone, which Langdon found well developed in 76.4 per cent of 68 Madi- son ville crania, is also of common occurrence in our series.
The zygomatic arches are naturally stronger and more rugged in males than in females.
ALVEOLAR PROGNATHISM
Absent
Submedium
Medium Pronounced pronounced Total
Males: number ..
1
16
12
5
0 34
per cent.
2.94
47.04
35.28
14.70
0
Females: number. . 1
7
7
4
1
20
per cent ..
5.0
35.0
35.0
20.0
5.0
Doubtful: number
0
1
0
0
0
1
The above tabulation shows a somewhat greater development of alveolar prognathism among female crania than among the male. Langdon remarks that prognathism " is a generally well-marked, though not constant feature of these crania."1 Fuller, in his ex- annination of Tennessee Stone Grace crania found a more marked tendency to alveolar prognathism among females than among nales.
Teeth. As in most series of crania from old graves, so many teeth ave been lost post-mortem in the present group that observations In the dentition are very unsatisfactory.
DENTITION
WEAR
Complete Incomplete Total None medium
Medium Pronounced Total
Males: number . 38
3 41 1 27
9
5 42
per cent . 92.68
7.32
2.38 64.26
21.42
11.90
Females: number 20
6
26 2
11
6
1 20
per cent 76.92
23.07
10.0
55.0
30.0 5.0
Doubtful: number 2
1
3
1
1
0
1
3
Sub-
The first division of the table above shows that of 41 male crania on which observations concerning the dentition could be
1 Op. cit., p. 241.
-
Very
108
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
made, 38 or 92.68 per cent showed completed dentitions. By this it is meant that all of the permanent teeth had erupted.
In the female series, 20 of a total of 26 crania showed completed dentitions. In every instance in the crania of both sexes in which the dentition was incomplete, one or more of the third molars had not erupted. Most of these, according to the age estimates, were young adults between the ages of twenty and thirty years, but several were obviously middle aged. There is clearly shown here a very marked tendency toward the suppression of third molars in the females (amounting to 23 per cent of the cases observed), while in a lesser degree (7.3 per cent) the same is true of the males. The doubtful skull in which the dentition was incomplete was that of an adolescent. In this connection it is interesting to note that Fuller found the suppression of one or more third molars in 24 of the 185 Tennessee Stone Grave crania he examined-13.9 per cent of male crania, and 11.4 per cent of female crania. This percentage doubtless would have been higher if it had been possible to estimate it on the basis of the number of crania in which dental observa- tions were possible, instead of the entire number studied. But the author did not give the former figures.
Analysis of the table showing the degree of wear of the teeth in- dicates that the majority of the individuals represented were young adults and that the females included fewer aged persons than the males.
TEETH LOST IN LIFE
Few
Many
All
Total crania
Males: number
1
8
2
41
per cent.
2.44
19.51
4.88
Females: number
1
5
1
20
per cent.
5.0
25.0
5.0
QUALITY
Very poor
Submedium
Medium
Good
Total
Males: number.
3
5 13.15
12
31.57
47.35
Females: number.
3
4
8
4
19
per cent.
15.78
21.04
42.08
21.04
Doubtful: number.
...
1
0
0
2
3
18
38
per cent.
7.89
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, PLATE 28
MADISONVILLE SITE Female cranium, subbrachycephalic type
Norma lateralis Norma verticalis
Norma facialis Norma occipitalis
109
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
NUMBER OF CUSPS Upper molars
4-4-4 44-3 4-4-2 433 4-3-2 4-4-7 43-7
3-3 -? Total
Males: number 0 4
4
3
3
6
5
0
25
Females: number 1}
1
0
34
0
3
9
1
19
Doubtful: number 1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
Lower molars
5-5-5 554
5-44 444 54-5 5-5-7 547
?- 5-6 Total
Males: number
3
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
17
Females: number 1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Analysis of the above tables indicates that a higher percentage of female crania shows the loss of teeth during life, that the quality of the teeth in female crania is inferior to that in the male crania, and that the females show a more marked tendency to the reduc- tion of molar cusps and the suppression of the third molar.
PATHOLOGY AND ABNORMALITIES
Caries
Alveolar a becesses
Crowding
None
Total crania
LI ales: number
7
14
4
11
33
Females: number
10
5
2
4
16
Of the crania on which observations could be made it is evident I om the above table that 66.66 per cent of the males exhibited Pathological features in the shape of caries, alveolar abscesses, or Chaleruption of teeth due to defective development of the maxil- Gry bones. In the case of the female crania this percentage is 75. Although we have only a short series of observations upon which to base conclusions, it seems evident that the females were more Subject to dental caries. It is possible that this difference in the Sexes may be due to conditions favoring the development of dental caries in women during pregnancy.
Anomalies in the suppression of third molars have been dis- cussed above. No other reductions in dentition were observed. One male cranium, No. 57567, had a supernumerary peg tooth on the lingual side of the upper left canine.
In 185 Tennessee Stone Grave crania Fuller found 56 crania exhibiting dental caries and 32 with alveolar abscesses. Concern- ing this series he remarks: "There is little of the primitive in the teeth." The same may be said of our Madisonville series.
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
hovel-shaped incisors, identified by Hrdlička as a characteristic Indian teeth, were observed in 12 of the 13 male crania in which amination was possible, and in all of the 6 female crania. Palate.
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