USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 43
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Class III a. s'on-a-bal, a thing to be shot.
Class III b. mis-t-a-bal, a thing to be swept.
Infinitive. There is no infinitive in Maya.6 The infinitive con- struction, used in English, after verbs denoting purpose, desire,
1 Beltran (§ 126) and Lopez (§ 101) give the participle of these verbs as ending in -lan. I am rather inclined to agree that this is a better form than the one in -tan.
2 Lopez (§ 101) gives this form as kim-en.
3 Beltran (§ 179) states that the participle of verbs corresponding to those of Class III b may have the t as well as the -an:
J'ib-t-an or J'ib-an, a written thing.
' These forms correspond to the future passive participle of the Spanish grammars;
nak-s-a-bal. kam-be-s-bil or kam-be-s-bal.
5 In verbs of Class I the stem would always end in a consonant as the pas- sive stem takes the causal s. In verbs of Class III b, it also ends in a consonant as this class takes the sign of the agent, t, as a part of the stem in the passive.
6 Much is made in the early Spanish grammars of the infinitive. In their 1st Conjugation the present of the infinitive is the stem in 1 (nakal). The past infinitive in Beltran (naki il) is undoubtedly incorrect as it is inconsistent with the past forms he gives in the other conjugations. Coronel and San Buena- ventura have a past in nakijl which shows the h (j) sound which is the usual
90
GRAMMAR
ability, etc. is expressed in Maya by a future and is really in the nature of a clause introduced, in many cases, by the particle ka (p. 92).
IXCHOATIVE OR INCEPTIVE VERBS. These are made by adding the suffix -hal or -tal to the verbal stem with the nominal pro- noun.' It should be noted that these inchoative verbs are prob- ably distinct from verbs of Class II in -tal which make their past in 1-ah, although the suffix -tal is common to both forms;
tin winik-tal or winik-hal, I am becoming a man.
tin kana-tal, I am increasing in height.
tun yek-tal, it is growing dark.
The future is formed in two ways, by using the time particle of the future with the nominal pronoun and the suffix -e, retaining the -tal, or changing the sign ah of the past in the particle ti ah to al, obtaining the form tš-al:
method of showing past time. In the 2d Conjugation, Coronel and San Bue- naventura have forms ending in -ah. These are clearly incorrect for the present, as pointed out by Beltran (§ 105), and San Buenaventura seems to recognize this as he gives a second form for the present which corresponds with that of Beltran. In the 4th Conjugation, Coronel and San Buenaventura are probably incorrect as they give the past participle, kanan, for the present of the infinitive. Beltran in this conjugation gives for the past infinitive a passive form, kanan- tabil. Martínez says there is an infinitive in -al, -el, -il, -ol and -ul when "taken in a general sense" :
u tanlah-il Dios, el servir a Dios,
u han-al pišan, el comer de los almas.
u s'on-ol ke, el cazar venados.
1 Beltran (§ 90) uses the term neuter in describing these verbs in -hal. He does not mention the corresponding form in -tal but gives a form in -hil. He states that the past is made in bi, the future in ak.
Coronel and San Buenaventura (fol. 9b, ob.) have only the forms in -tal. This is one of the cases where the two older authorities agree with the modern usage.
Seler (p. 80) states that the forms in -hal, used by Beltran, are older than the forms in -tal. It is difficult to reconcile this statement with the fact that Coronel and San Buenaventura give the forms in -tal. Furthermore Seler endeavors to connect the form in -tal with the t or te used as a demonstrative with the verbal pronoun. He correctly points cut the limitations of meaning when -tal is used as that of an inchoative. He uses the form in kah with these verbs;
winik-hal-in-kah or winik-tal-in-kah.
I did not find this form in common use. The nominal pronoun with the time particle is used as shown below.
91
THE VERB
hen winik-tal-e or winik-ts-al-e, I shall become a man. hek kohan-tš-al-e, we shall become ill.
The past tense seems to be seldom used with these verbs. When found the suffix -tal changes to ts and the sign of the past, ah, with the verbal pronoun is used:
winik-tš-ah-etš, you became a man. kana-tš-ah-en, I increased in height.
There seems little doubt that, originally, both -tal or -hal and -tš were used to express the inchoative idea with no distinction as now observed between the use of -tal in the present and -ts in the past. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that both -tal and -tšal are found in the future.1
Attention may be called again to the nouns denoting accustomed state or condition in -tal (p. 38).
ITERATIVE OR FREQUENTATIVE VERBS. These are made by du- plicating the first syllable: ?
tin bi-qab, I tap with the fingers. tin bi-bi-qab, I tap frequently with the fingers. tin la-k-etš, I strike you with the palm. tin la-la-k-etš, I strike you several times with the palm.
REFLEXIVE VERBS. There is a class of verbs used with the particle -pahal, which are reflexive: 3
1 Seler (p. 81) gives both the forms in -hal or -tal and -tsahal for the present; winik-hal or winik-tal to be a man, to prove himself a man.
winik-tšah-al, just now to be a man, to become manly, attain a position. I consider that the -ah of his infix -tsah is the sign of the past and should not be used in the present tense. The proper form would be; tin winik-tš-al.
Seler (p. 84, 85) has much to say regarding the use of h which " added to nouns forms neutral themes with the meaning ' made for this and that,' ' be- ing this and that,' e.g .;
eeq-ha-al, to be black, to become black."
This is really the inchoative verb and the more usual form is not -hal but -tal. 2 Beltran (§ 127) states that this type of verbs almost always is found in the 4th Conjugation. He adds that the adverb s'es'etak, signifying a menudo 6 con frecuencia is used with verbs of his 1st Conjugation; lubul, to fall.
s'ex'etak lubul, to fall frequently.
Palma y Palma (p. 163-167) describes these forms very clearly.
' See also verbs used with the reflexive pronoun, p. 50.
92
GRAMMAR
tšun, begin. tun tšun pa-hal, it begins itself. tšun-pa-hi, it began itself. tun tsun-pa-hal qin, the day is beginning. tun lots-pa-hal, it bends itself.
RECIPROCAL VERBS. See under Reciprocal Pronoun, p. 51.
CLAUSES. Final clauses expressing purpose or motive. These are made by using a future construction. The nominal pronoun takes no time particle but the -e of the future is retained : 1
tin bin in bet-e, I go to make something, literally, in present time, my going, my making something in future time.
The form in -kah can also be used to express the same idea;
bin-in-kah in bet-e, contracted to bin-in-k-in bet-e. I am going to make it. bin-in-kah utial in wil-e, 1 go in order to see it.
bin-in-kah in wil-e, contracted to bin-in-k-in wil-e, I go to see it.
When the object is expressed, the -e of the future is usually dropped;
bin-in-kah in bet na, I go to build a house.
Object clauses expressing ability, knowledge, desire, fear, compul- sion, command, etc. These also take the future construction. In some cases the time particle is omitted with the nominal pronoun;
in qat in wil-e, I desire to see it. u pat in 5'ib-t-e, I am able to write it. in wohel in be-t-e, I know how to do it.
As in the preceding examples, when the object is expressed by a noun, the -e is usually dropped:
in qat in hant wa, I desire to eat tortillas. u pat in 5'ib-t huun, I am able to write a letter.
The particla ka often introduces these clauses especially with the form of the indefinite future in ak and the verbal pronoun:
in qat ka us-s-ak-etš, I desire you to be good. leeti u qat qai-n-äk-en, he (demonstrative) wishes me to sing. in qat tets ka wal-ik-t-en, I wish you to tell me.
1 Beltran (§§ 99, 100) notes that the future forms are used in some cases after the verb, to desire, where one would expect the infinitive to be used.
93
THE VERB
or in qat tets ka wal-t-en.
tin al-ik ka alkab-n-ak-en, I say that I shall run. saken ka kohan-(n)-ak-en, I fear I shall be ill.
tin al-t-etš or al-ah-t-etš ka sik-etš, I told you to go.
Relative clauses. There is no special difference between the verb in a relative clause and that in any other place:
le winik qai-n-ah-i kim-i, the man who sang is dead, literally, the man he sang, he died.
There is a relative relation introduced by the particle lik or likil denoting in which, by which, for which, etc: 1
likil in wenel, (the object) in which I sleep, my hammock.
likil in meya, (the object) with which I work, my pencil.
likil q kuš-tal, (the object) by which we live, maize.
likil in puts-ik, (the object) with which I strike, my stick.
There is a relative idea conveyed in the compound formed of the particle t or ti and the verbal pronoun:
maš putš-ah-en, who hit me ?
t-en putš-etš, I am the one who hit you.
Temporal Clauses. These are usually introduced by the par- ticle ka :
tin wal-ah-t-ets ka kutš-en, I told it to you when I arrived.
k-in qai k-en sik-en-e, I may sing when I arrive.
Sometimes the particle is repeated before the main clause as well as before that of the temporal:
ka tal-etš-e ka kohan-h-en, when you came, I was ill. le ka o'ok in qal-y-e ka bin-en, after I had sung, I went.
Conditional Clauses. These are usually introduced by the par- ticle wa, if, or kes, although. The verb in these clauses does not differ from that in the main part of the sentence:
1 Beltran (§§ 94, 95) has the form in lik or likil and states that it denotes en que, con que, de que, por donde, porque, etc., also " que suele hacerse lo que el verbo significa." :
us yaab qan likil a wenel, good is the hammock in which you are accus- tomed to sleep.
us luum kuš lik in yum, good is the land in which my father lives. Beltran (§ 240) has another mutanza with intransitive verbs in the past when used in a clause meaning "en que" etc. In his example he adds a k in the 3d person;
lai ts'en lub-k-i, Juan, this is the well into which John fell.
Seler (p. 120, 121) identifies this suffix, -lik as a combination of -ik, our sign of the present transitive verb, and the suffixes -al, -el, -il, -ol, -ul.
7
94
GRAMMAR
wa ka al-ik-t-en k-in bin, if you tell it to me, I shall (may) go. kes tal-i bin-en, although he came, I went.
kes tun qai sut-on t'-na-i, although he is singing, we returned to our house.
INTERROGATIVE. In general there seems to be no particular form of particle marking the interrogative. The rising voice alone seems to indicate a question. This may be a convention of later times. The particle wa is sometimes used as an interrogative with the meaning " by chance " or " perhaps " and comes as the final suffix : 1
ooqot-n-ah-etš-wa, did you, by chance, dance? t-a-putš-ah-wa, did you, by chance, strike him?
When the interrogative is used with the transitive verb in the past tense the sign of the past is sometimes omitted both in the question and in the answer. A final -e is found in the 3d person in these forms:
maš putš-en, who struck me?
t-en putš-etš, I was the one who struck you.
maš putš-e, who struck him?
t-en puts-e, I struck him, I am the one who struck him.
maš mis-t-e na, who swept the house?
t-en mis-t-e na, I swept the house.
When the answer to a question is in the negative the suffix -i or -il is usually found with the negative ma. The use of this same suffix is noted (p. 104) with the adverbs:
bin-etš, did you go? kohan-ob, are they ill?
ma bin-en-i, no, I did not go. ma kohan-ob-i, no, they are not ill.
The interrogative pronouns, maš, tuš, baš, etc. are considered under the pronoun (p. 51).
In questions asking permission which are expressed in the future an affirmative answer is given in the imperative:
mis-năk-en, may I sweep? kul-en, yes, sit down.
mis-n-en, yes, sweep. mis-(t-e) na, may I sweep the house?
kul-ak-en, may I sit down? mis-t-e, yes, sweep it.
When permision is not given and the answer is negative the root alone is used in the transitive with the proper ending and the root alone in the intransitive:
mis-năk-en, may I sweep? mis-(t-e) na, may I sweep the house?
ma, mis, no, do not sweep. ma, mis-t-ik, no, do not sweep it.
1 Compare Palma y Palma, p. 178, 179.
95
THE ADJECTIVE
THE ADJECTIVE
There is no real adjective in Maya. Words which have usually been considered as adjectives are really intransitive verbs. The term adjective has however been retained as describing these forms:1
keel, he is cold, it is cold, or something cold.
keel winik, the man is cold or the cold man.
kohan winik tun tal, the man is sick, he is coming, or the sick man is coming.
The attributive and predicate relationship are not distinguished;2 le na boš, this house is black or the black house.
These adjective-like forms have been put into a class by them- selves in the treatment of the verb as their past tenses are made in a different way from that used in the regular intransitive forms. This is one of the many places where an arbitrary ruling must be made in regard to the place where forms should be considered which are on the dividing line between two categories.
It has been thought best to retain the heading "adjective" for the sake of clearness and to consider number and comparison here rather than under the verb. The idea of time, however, is taken up under Class IV of the verbs (p. 59).
ORDER. The adjective usually precedes the noun but there are many exceptions to the rule;
u lak winik, the other man. u winik šan, the same man.
NUMBER. The plural ending is usually expressed only in the noun used with the adjective. Some cases, however, occur where both the adjective and the noun have the sign of the plural. Plural in the adjective is not usually shown by the same form, -ob, as with nouns, but by the suffixes -ak, -tak, or -lak, the same as those used for participles: 3
1 For a good discussion of the adjective, see Palma y Palma (p. 160-162.) Lopez (§§ 30-33) has two classes of adjectives: - qualifying and determi- native.
Martínez insists that there is an adjective and, like the English adjective, it precedes the noun.
? Seler (p. 77) makes an attributive expression by means of the suffixes -al, -el, -il, -ol, -ul: us-ul winik-ob, the good men. bak-il na, the white house.
' Coronel notes the plural in -tak as used for participles.
Seler (p. 114) is inclined to interpret the plural ending -lak as related to the
96
GRAMMAR
ux na, a good house, or the house is good,
us-tak na-ob, the good houses, or the houses are good.
Reduplication. This is sometimes employed to express the plural in adjectives:
taš be, a smooth road. ta-taš be-ob, smooth roads.
There are a few adjectives which have different forms for the singular and plural:
nohotš tunitš, a large stone. nukutš tunitš-ob, large stones.
COMPARISON. Comparative. The comparative is made by add- ing the suffix -il to the adjective form:
uo, good, us-il or u-yus-il, better. natš, far, natš-il, farther.
This may be a case where there was at one time a vocalic harmony between the vowel of the stem and that of the ending in -1.1
Superlative. This is formed by prefixing the word hats meaning " much, very, or many " to the comparative: 2
passive or intransitive stem in -al, -el, -il, -ol, -ul, the suffix vowel of which is elided with the collective or plural suffix -ak, -ik. As a matter of fact the -lak suffix for the plural is very uncommon. - ak or -tak are much more common. Seler (p. 122, 123) considers the suffix -ak as identical with -ah as a sign of the past. His authority for this is evidently Perez who gives the forms and translations noted by Seler;
alabil, what is or shall be said. bahun-ak, how much were they?
alabil-ak, it was said. biqin, biqinš, when?
bahun, how much? biqinš-ak, when was it?
The Motul dictionary seems to make no distinction between bahun and bahun-ak. It does not give the form biqins-ak and distinctly states that biqin is used for the present and past. The San Francisco dictionary gives bahun and bahuns using them in both the present and past. It does not give bahun-ak. I am rather inclined to consider the -ak in these forms of Perez as denoting a plural although the Motul gives an example of the use of bahun with a plural noun.
1 Strength is given to this supposition by the fact that Beltran (§ 27) gives the form yus-ul (yutzul) for better, nohol, greater, qasal, worst, but he also notes that the Indian in talking usually uses the suffix -il.
Lopez (§ 36) does not accept this way of making the comparative at the present time. He writes, “ Antiguamente, según asegura el P. Beltrán, se formaba el comparativo repitiendo la última vocal y añadiendole una ele . . . pero actual- mente no se usa. También, dice que se forma añadiendo al positivo la partícula il; pero a mi modo de ver, mejor se le llamaría superlativo relativo." Lopez forms the comparative by using the particles, asab, mas, or masab with the positive.
2 Lopez (§ 37) also uses sem or semkets, lem or lemkets, het, bahan and kalam to form the superlative degree.
97
THE ADJECTIVE
hats us-il na-ob, the best houses. hatš natš-il, the farthest.
The form hats is often used directly with the adjective to form the comparative:
in na hatš uo ket a na, my house is better than your house.
Diminutives or diminution of the idea. This is expressed by re- duplication:
noh or nohotš, great. sak, white. no-noh or no-nohots, grondecillo. sa-sak, medio blanco.
A more common way of expressing a diminution or an increase of the idea expressed by the adjective is by the words, hatš, very, and the word qas meaning bad.1:
tšitšan, small. qas tšitšan, rather small, medio chico. hătš tšitšan, very small.
NUMERALS. The numeral system is vigesimal.' There is a con- sistent treatment so that there is practically no number that can- not be expressed in Maya.
Terms given by the early Spaniards. These are as follows: .
20 units = 1 qal, 1 × 20 = 20.
20 gal = 1 bag, 20 × 20 = 400.
20 baq = 1 pik, 20 X 20 X 20 = 8,000.
20 pik = 1 kalab, 20 × 20 × 20 × 20 = 160,000.
20 kalab = 1 qintšil, 20 X 160,000 = 3,200,000.
20 qintšil = 1 alaw, 20 × 3,200,000 = 64,000,000 (?).
Terms used in the hieroglyphic writing. It is clear from a study of the hieroglyphic writing that the early Mayas were accustomed to deal with very large number series, numbers running into the mil- lions, especially the long number series in the Dresden Codex.3
The system now commonly used in the hieroglyphic writing is as follows:
20 Kin = 1 Uinal, 20 days. 18 Uinal = 1 Tun, 360 days. 20 Tun = 1 Katun, 7200 days. 20 Katun = 1 Cycle, 144,000 days.
13 or 20 Cycle = 1 Great Cycle, 1,872,000 or 2,880,000 days.
1 Compare Palma y Palma, p. 161, 162, and Lopez, § 38.
? For a complete discussion of the numerals, see Thomas, 1897-1898. See also Part III, p. 181.
' For a discussion of these number series, see Bowditch, 1910, Chapter VI.
98
GRAMMAR
It is not certain regarding all the names given by the early Mayas to the different divisions. The numbers were expressed very simply in the hieroglyphic writing by a system of super- imposed bars and dots.
There is a certain unity between the numeral system now used and that on which the ancient calendarial reckoning was based. In the latter, however, 18 units of the 2d order made one of the 3d. There is also a question whether in the stone inscriptions 20 of the 5th order made one of the 6th or 13 of the 5th made one of the 6th. The change in the 2d order from 20 to 18 was probably due to a desire to bring about some degree of accord between the actual length of a year and a unit of the 3d order, a Tun being 360 days.
Terms used at present time. The Mayas of the present time naturally have little occasion for large numbers although some are capable of counting up into the thousands. The Lacandones, on the other hand, seem entirely unable to use numbers higher than three or four. They point to the fingers and toes when they desire to signify higher numbers.
Taking into consideration the ancient Maya method of expres- sing numbers by bars and dots, a bar representing five and a dot one, we might expect a quinary system with multiples of five up to twenty. This is not so, however, as the change in nomenclature is made at ten. There are different words used for the numbers from 1 through 9. The word for 10, la hun, probably means " all of one count." La is the particle denoting totality.1
The word for 11, buluk, is quite different from the word for one. It is to be noted that in the face numerals the hieroglyph for 11, as far as can be made out at present, does not show any of the characteristics of the number for one.
The words for the numbers 12 to 19 correspond in meaning with the words for 2 to 9 with the addition of the particle lah, signi- fying " all ":
lah ka, all of 2.
lah oš, all of 3, etc.
' Compare Thomas, 1897-98, p. 891. He points out that Henderson in his manuscript Maya-English dictionary has as the meaning of lah, " whole hands."
99
NUMERATION
It is suggested, as another possibility, that la is to be derived from laq meaning " the other " or " the accompanying," giving the idea of first counting the fingers up to 10 and then starting with the toes up to 20. This suggestion would have more value if la was found with the number 11 and not with 10.
NUMERATION
Tozzer
Beltran
1. hun-
hun-
2. ka-
ka- (ca)
3. oš-
oš- (ox)
4. kăn-
kan- (can)
5. ho-
ho-
6. wěk-
wak- (uac)
7. wuk-
wuk- (uuc)
8. wašak-
wašak- (uazac)
9. bolon-
bolon-
10. la hun-
la hun-
11. buluk-
buluk- (buluc)
12. la ka-
lah ka- (lah cá)
13. la oš-
oš la hun- (ox la hun)
14. la kăn-
kan la hun- (can la hun)
15. la ho-
hol hun-
16. la wak-
wak la hun- (uac la hun)
17. la wuk-
wuk la hun- (uuc la hun)
18. la wašak-
wašak la hun- (uaxac la hun)
19. la bolon-
bolon la hun-
20. hun qal-
hun qal- (hun kal)
21. hun qal yete hun-
hun tu qal- (hun tu kal)
22. hun qal yete ka-
ka tu qal- (ca tu kal)
30. hun qal yete la hun-
la hu ka qal- (la hu ca kal)
31. hun qal yete buluk-
buluk tu qal- (buluc tu kal)
32. hun qal yete la ka-
lah ka tu qal- (lah ca tukal)
40. ka qal-
ka qal- (ca kal)
41. ka qal yete hun-
hun tu yoš qal- (hun tu yoz kal)
50. ka qal yete la hun-
60. oš qal-
70. oš qal yete la hun-
la hu kan qal- (la hu can kal) kan qal- (can kal)
80. kăn qal-
90. kăn qal yete la hun-
100. ho qal-
101. ho qal yete hun-
110. ho gal yete la hun-
la hu wak qal-
111. ho qal yete la hun yete hun- 120. wäk qal-
la hu yoš qal- (la hu yox kal) oš qal- (ox kal)
la hu yo qal- (la hu yo kal) ho qal- (ho kal) hun tu wak qal-
buluk tu wak qal- wak qal-
100
GRAMMAR
NUMERATION (continued)
Tozzer
Beltran
130. wäk qal yete la hun-
la hu wuk qal-
140. wuk qal-
wuk qal-
160. wašak qal-
wašak qal-
180. bolon qal-
bolon qal-
200. la hun qal-
la hun qal- . buluk qal-
240. la ka qal-
lah ka qal-
260. la oš qal-
oš lahu qal-
280. la kăn qal-
kan lahu qal-
300. la ho qal-
320. la wak qal-
hol hu qal- wak lahu qal-
340. la wuk qal-
wuk lahu qal-
360. la wašak qal-
wašak lahu qal-
380. la bolon qal-
400. hun baq-
bolon lahu qal- hun baq-
Beltran's numeration. There is little doubt that the Maya num- eration for the higher numbers has fallen into disuse at the present time.1 It is significant that practically all late grammars give the numeration of Beltran rather than the numbers used at the present time .?
The reader is given a chance on p. 99-100, to compare the num- bers as given by Beltran with those collected by the writer. I have given the numbers only to 400.3 I present these with some hesitation.
Beltran has the same form for 12 as that given here but for the numbers 13 to 19 he gives:
oš la hun, 13 (3 and 10). kan la hun, 14 (4 and 10), etc.
The form for 10 is thus carried through all the numbers from 13 to 19. Attention should be called to the analogy here between these
1 Compare Cruz (1912, p. 110) who writes, " El sistema de numeración maya puede decirse que ha caído en desuso, ¿será posible volverlo á su primitivo estado hoy que esta mezclado con el español? Es de dudarse. Dia ha de llegar en que hasta el propio idioma quede sepultado eternamente. Nosotros no auguramos á la lengua maya, que fué gloriosa, ningún porvenir, y si presentimos que tarde ó temprano caiga en desuso eterno. Pueda que fracasemos en nuestros pronósticos pero lo dudamos."
? See Lopez § 180. Note, however, the numbers given in Appendix IV, p. 301.
* For the numbers above 400, the reader is referred to the list in Beltran, " Articulo Undecimo," Thomas, 1897-1898, p. 861, 890-893, or Lopez, § 180.
220. buluk qal-
101
NUMERATION
forms using 10 as a foundation and the face numerals in the hiero- glyphic inscriptions for the numbers 13 to 19. These latter show, in most cases, a fleshless lower jaw signifying 10 in addition to the glyph for the numbers from 3 to 9.
In the forms given here yetel, with, is used with all numbers not multiples of 20:
hun qal yete hun, 21 (one 20 with one).
These correspond to forms given by Perez (1866-1877) and Brin- ton (1882, p. 39) in katak. Both yetel, and katak have the mean- ing "and," " with." Brinton uses the form in katak as an alternative in numbers above 40:
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