USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 48
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1 Mitre, 1909-11, v. 1, p. 28-29, probably from Boletin de Sociedad Meri- cana de Geografía y Estadistica, v. 10, no. 2, p. 77.
? Harrisse (1866, p. xxiv) comments as follows on Alcedo's work, " This bulky compilation seems to be based entirely upon Pinelo-Barcia, with the addition of a few biographical notes, which are of interest only when referring to modern American authors. The titles are given in alphabetical order, abridged, and selected with very little discrimination." This is not a fair esti- mate of the work of Alcedo. The latter gives far more details than Barcia and the biographical notes are very full and refer to the early as well as to the later writers. In a few cases Alcedo is better than Beristain y Souza for biography. It is interesting to note that Alcedo (f. iv ob) comments as follows on Barcia, " Tan lleno de errores en los nombres y apellidos de los autores, en los titulos de las obras y en los años y lugares que se imprimieron, que o ya fuese por defecto de los copiantes ó del impresor apenas hay articulo sin yerro; por cuya razon es de poquisima utilidad, y no menece el titulo que tiene." It is evident that Alcedo did not have access to Cogolludo and therefore he failed to mention several of the early writers.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
AMERICAN LINGUISTICS. Ludewig (1858; Maya, p. 102-103, 226-227) is an excellent work on American linguistic research. Others are Icazbalceta (1866) and Platzmann (1876: 1903). Winsor (1889, v. 1, p. 427) has a bibliographical note on American lan- guages. The catalogues of Hiersemann (1891 et seq.) often con- tain important material on the Maya language. Special mention should be made of three works which come in this class. The first of these is the most exhaustive list contained in the proof-sheets of Pilling (1885), made in collaboration with librarians of the great collections of Americana. This work is indispensable for investiga- tions on American languages.
The second of these is a bibliography of the Lenguas Indigenas de América by Viñaza (1892). He has made use of many of the earlier lists and gives under most of the entries the various early references to the books in question. It is a most useful work.
The third, and perhaps the most valuable general bibliography on American linguistics, is a Catálogo Razonado by Mitre (1909- 11, 1912). This contains full critical remarks on the different works and often quotes long passages from the various grammars.
Stein (1897, p. 261-262) mentions a few of the bibliographies on American linguistics.
MIDDLE AMERICA. GENERAL WORKS. Of the older authori- ties the first place in this class should be given to the monumental work of Beristain y Souza (1816-21) with additions by Ramirez (1898). This is founded on the bibliography of Eguiara (1755), but it is a great improvement in arrangement and it is very much more complete. The biographical notes are especially valuable and are followed by many of the later authorities. Next in impor- tance come the great works of Medina (1898-1907, 1907-12). Next in point of time to Beristain y Souza come two sale cata- logues, Anon (1868) and Fischer (1869). The latter contains the Berendt books which were not included in those bought by Brinton. The bibliography of Brasseur de Bourbourg (1871; Maya, p. 169- 172) is a very good one containing a list of many manuscripts as well as printed books. Pinart (1883) contains much the same ma- terial as that in the Brasseur de Bourbourg list as Pinart bought the greater part of the library of the latter. Ramirez (1880) is a well known work, more important for Mexico than for Central
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APPRAISEMENT OF WORKS
America however. Icazbalceta (1886) has a bibliography of XVI century books with additions by Leon (1902). Beauvois (1899) should be mentioned here. V. de P. Andrade (1899) has an essay on the books of the XVII century, Leon (1902-08) on those of the XVIII and Leon (1902a) again on those of the xix century. Lejeal (1902; Languages, p. 31-39) has a very good general bibliography of Middle America. Lehmann (1907) has slight material on the Maya. The Bulletin of the New York Public Library (1909) is a good general working list. The two catalogues of the library of Wilkinson (1914, 1915) include a large number of documents never before noted, together with several unique books. There is also a manuscript list of books by Wilkinson (1). This bibliography is very disappointing as it contains practically no original material. Furthermore, it is far from complete. Medina serves as the main source of the work. The contents are noted in the Bibliography.
The greater part of the rare material in the Bancroft Library at the University of California is included in the notes taken by Tozzer (1918).
MIDDLE AMERICA. LINGUISTICS. Romero (1860) has a list of writers on Mexican languages. The bibliography of Sanchez (1886) gives a few of the early writers on the Maya language. Leon (1905) covers the linguistic field superficially.
CENTRAL AMERICA. GENERAL WORKS. Bandelier (1881) is especially good from the side of early histories. It is of little im- portance, however, on the subject of languages.
CENTRAL AMERICA. LINGUISTICS. The Monograph of Squier (1861) is well known as an excellent second-hand bibliography. He uses the biographical material in Beristain y Souza and Har- risse has noted that the titles are taken from other notices of the books rather than from the books themselves.1 Haebler (1895; Maya, p. 566-568) is to be especially recommended. Brasseur de Bourbourg (1859) gives a bibliography of the languages of Central America.
1 Squier made use of the works of Beristain y Souza, Remesal, Vasquez, Cogolludo, Villagutierre, Juarros, etc., but he did not use Balbi, Hervas y Panduro, Gilii, Adelung, Vater, and Buschmann as he presumed these were known to investigators.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
The Catalogue of the Berendt Linguistic Collection by Brinton (1900; Maya, p. 204-215) is probably the most valuable printed bibliography of the Maya linguistic stock. It contains material not to be found in any other work, especially as regards manu- scripts. Mention has been made in another place of this collec- tion (p. 147).
Gates (2) has prepared a finding list of manuscripts and printed material on the languages of the Maya stock. He also has an excel- lent essay (Gates, 1915) on the unpublished material in the Maya dialects. Stoll (1884, p. 73-78) contains a short list of books on the Maya family.
YUCATAN. GENERAL WORKS. No attempt is made here to touch upon any material on the ruins of Yucatan. It must not be forgotten also that all the books listed in the previous divisions have something in them on the Maya dialect. There are noted here only those books bearing on the language which are limited in their general contents to Yucatan. Castillo (1866) published only the first volume of an historical and biographical dictionary which has some good material on the language.1 Berendt (7 in B. L. C. No. 181) has a fair bibliography of Yucatan in manuscript. Car- rillo y Ancona (1868, 1871, 1871a, 1878-82) gives bibliographical material on the Maya language. Sosa (1884) and especially Mar- tínez Alomía (1906) are biographical-bibliographical works of some importance. Menéndez (1906) has a good list of writers on Yuca- tan. Saville (1921) also has a list of works on Yucatan.
YUCATAN. MAYA LINGUISTICS. Berendt (8 in B. L. C. No. 11) and de Rosny (1875; ed. 1904) have bibliographical notes limited to the Maya dialect. Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872) should be mentioned here. Brinton (1882, p. 72-77) discusses the Maya grammars and dictionaries. Tozzer (1917, p. 184-186) gives a bibliography covering the Books of Chilam Balam.
BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS. Alcedo (1807), Beristain y Souza (1816- 21), Castillo (1866), Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872), Sosa (1866: 1884), and Martínez Alomía (1906) are excellent reference books on the biographies of writers on Maya linguistics.
1 Reference should be made here to another work of Castillo (1861) which Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 138) considers "preciosa."
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SALE CATALOGUES. References have been made to a few of the important sale catalogues containing books on Maya linguistics. No attempt has been made to exhaust this list. The following are noted in the bibliography: Anon (1868), Fischer (1869), J. M. Andrade (1869), Quaritch (1873 et seq.), Field (1875), Clarke (1878), Ramirez (1880), Maisonneuve (1881: 1897), Trübner (1882), Murphy (1884), Peñafiel (1886), Chadenat (1889 et seq.), Hiersemann (1891 et seq.), Leon (1896), Platzmann (1903), Hamy (1909), and Wilkinson (1914; 1915).
PERIODICALS. There is a long list of periodicals printed in Yuca- tan, principally in Merida and in Campeche. With few exceptions each has had a very short history. The newspaper, La Revista de Merida, founded in 1859, has been published continuously up to the present time with the exception of the years 1916, 1917. It often contains important articles on the Maya language. El Museo Yucateco (1841-42) was published in Campeche, only two volumes of which appeared. El Registro Yucateco (1845-49) only lasted for five years. This publication (1845, p. 233-235) gives a list of the various periodicals appearing in Yucatan from 1813 to 1845. Medina (1904) and Molina (1904-13, v. 3, p. 574) also give lists. Few of these papers contain anything of interest on our subject. La Revista Yucateca (1849), El Semanario Yucateco (1878-82), and El Seminario Conciliar are names of other early serial publications. Martínez Alomía (1902) gives a list of the peri- odicals published in Campeche from 1813 to 1889. The Calendario de Espinosa, a modern publication, appearing annually, often con- tains short articles on the Maya language.
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
GENERAL. The monumental work of the Abbé Hervas y Pan- duro (1784; ed. 1800-05) is the first attempt at a classification and study of the languages of the world.1 Hervas (1784) treats of the classification of the languages and v. 1 of the 1800-05 edition con- siders the languages of America. There is a very brief notice of the Maya language (1800-05, v. 1, p. 289-290).
1 For an excellent discussion of this work and the material used in its prep- aration, see Mitre 1909-11, v. 1, p. 116-122.
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CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
The Mithridates begun by Adelung (1806-17) and continued by Vater is the second great attempt to classify the languages of the world. The 3d volume, 2d part, treats of the languages of America. Neither this nor the work of Hervas y Panduro is of much present use.
MIDDLE AMERICA. The attempts to classify the languages of America have been many. These classifications are of interest to us only as they treat the languages of Middle America, especially those of the Maya stock and particularly those of the Maya dialect. No attempt has been made to list the numberless minor works such as Estadisticas, etc., printed in Mexico, which often give lists of languages spoken in the Republic or in the various states.1
Juarros (1808; ed. 1857, v. 2, p. 35), Latham (1850, p. 410-411) and C. Malte-Brun (1862, p. 59) give imperfect lists of the Maya dialects. The Ministerio de Fomento (1854) and Siliceo (1857), Secretary of the Ministerio de Fomento, Mexico, both publish brief accounts of the dialects of Maya. Brasseur de Bourbourg (1857) has an incomplete list. Orozco y Berra (1864, esp. p. 56 and map) gives one of the best of the earliest classifications. Malte-Brun (1878, p. 19-20) republishes this with corrections. Brasseur de Bourbourg (1865, p. 127-129,) Bancroft (1874-76, v. 3, p. 571), Berendt (1878, map), Larrainzar (1875-78, v. 2, p. 407-409, map) and Bastian (1878-89, v. 2, p. 343) all give more or less complete lists of the dialects of the Maya-Quiche stock. Pimentel (1876) gives a full list with an interesting arrangement of the dialects as branches of a tree.
Stoll (1884, map, and 1886, p. 300-303) is one of the best writers on this subject. Cubas (1876, p. 105-112: 1884, p. 23) and Batres (1885) are less important. Brinton (1891) and Cubas (1888-91, v. 1, p. v, xv; also v. 5, p. 473) are serviceable. Gerrodette (1891- 92, map), Charencey (1894, p. 345-346), and Peñafiel (1897), the latter arranged by states, are secondary in importance. Sapper 1893: 1895a: 1897: 1905) ranks with Stoll as an authority. Leon (1900; ed. 1903, p. 282, map), Gatschet (1900), and Keane (1901; ed. 1911, v. 2, p. 22) have fairly complete lists. Peñafiel (1900, p. 92-97, 216-221, 340-343, 464-469) gives a census of people
1 Two of the most important of these works are those of Regil and Peon (1852) and Baqueiro (1881) as they treat solely of Yucatan.
.
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speaking Maya and its various dialects. The work of Thomas (1902), amplified and corrected by Swanton, (Thomas and Swan- ton, 1911, map) stands at present as the best discussion of the different linguistic families of Middle America. Zayas (1908, p. 160- 164) and Beuchat (1912, p. 405-406) give brief accounts of the different Maya dialects. Joyce (1914, p. 201-202) follows Thomas and Swanton in the main. Attention should be called to the work of Gates (1920), more especially to his map (p. 606). Wilkinson (1) has a tentative arrangement of the Maya dialects with their location.
AFFINITIES
It is not necessary to treat here the much debated question re- garding the possible affiliation between the Maya culture and that in other parts of the world. For bibliographical purposes it is well to record the most important discussions regarding the possible con- nection between the Maya language and that spoken in other parts of the world. It is hardly necessary to add that these treatises are of no scientific value. No attempt is made to discuss the possible affiliation of any features other than language.
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. The connection between Maya and several of the languages of the Indo-European and Semitic groups is discussed by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, v. 2, p. i-xlix).1 Douay (1900, p. 94) quotes Brasseur de Bourbourg. The work of LePlongeon, as described by Salisbury (1877), and the writings of LePlongeon himself (1879: 1880: 1880a, 1881: 1881a: 1896) are interesting examples of other fantastic ideas regarding the connec- tion between the Maya language and those of the Old World. Car- rillo y Ancona (1880b; ed. 1883, p. 624-631) refutes the testimony of LePlongeon of a connection between Maya on the one hand and Greek and Egyptian on the other. Ober (1884, p. 102) quotes Le Plongeon regarding a Chaldean connection. Ancona (1877) com- pares some Maya words with Egyptian. Dusaert (1882) refutes Brasseur de Bourbourg.2
OCEANIC AND ASIATIC LANGUAGES. A belief in a relationship between Maya and the languages of the Oceanic area is held by
1 See reference to this in Mitre (1909-11, v. 3, p. 63).
? See also in this connection the list of comparative vobabularies on p. 293.
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DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE
Thomas (1894), Tregear (1898), and Campbell (1898-99). Ken- nedy (1861, p. 139) thinks there is some affiliation between Maya and Chinese or Japanese. Douay (1905) denies that there is any connection between Maya and Japanese. Books containing com- parative vocabularies of Maya and Chinese are discussed on p. 179.
SOUTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES. Douay (1) discusses the affilia- tion between the Maya vocabulary and that of Quechua.1
ANTILLIAN LANGUAGES. A connection between Maya and the languages of the Antilles was thought possible from very early times.2 Oviedo (1535), quoted in turn by Vater-Adelung (1806-17) and Prichard (1843), thinks that Cuba and Yucatan were related linguistically. Bachiller (1883, chap. 5) states that Cuba was not populated from Yucatan but he compares Maya with the lan- guages of the Antilles. Douay (1894: 1900) believes that there are certain lexical similarities between Maya-Quiche and the lan- guage of Haiti.
DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE
Apart from the more detailed examination and description of the Maya language given in many of the grammars, there is often a short notice of the dialect in many of the early histories and in a large number of the later works. In the Colección de Documentos Inéditos (1898-1900, v. 11, 13) and in other collections of this sort brief reference is often made to the language. The O'Neil manuscript (1795) probably belongs here. Barton (1797, p. Ixxiii) quotes Clavigero and mentions the Maya dialect. F. H. A. von Humboldt (1811, v 2, p. 246), followed by J. B. Gordon (1820, p. 73), has a short statement including the fact that the language is guttural. Balbi (1826; ed. 1835, p. xxx), Ternaux-Compans (1843), and Granado (1845, p. 167) give very brief notes on the language. Brasseur de Bourbourg (1855) gives a short description of the language and (1857-59, v. 1, p. 63) mentions the fact that the Maya is undoubtedly the mother of the Tzental of Chiapas.
1 In this connection, he uses the Maya vocabularies of Brasseur de Bour- bourg (1869-70) and Charencey both of which are very imperfect.
? Peter Martyr in De Insulis nuper inventis writes "Quorum idioma si non idem, consanguineum tamen."
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Jehan (1864, col. 881) describes the language. Bollaert (1870, p. 291) quotes Beltran regarding Maya diction and Hovelaque (1876, p. 107) classes Maya among the agglutinative languages.
Orozco y Berra (1864, p. 155-159) presents almost the first good account of the language outside that of the grammars which are noted in another place. Garcia y Garcia (1865, p. lxxv) is one of the many who states the ease with which Maya is learned by the Spanish-speaking population. Carrillo y Ancona (1865: 1866; ed. 1883, p. 555-561: 1878-82; ed. 1883, p. 101-123) presents his own ideas regarding the language and also quotes freely from the earlier authorities. J. G. Müller (1855) has a very short note. Brin- ton (1871) has a description of the Maya stock in general. Ancona (1878-1905; ed. 1889, v. 1, p. 112-117) limits his observations to the language of Yucatan. Brinton (1881, p. 623: 1882a, p. 218, note) speaks of the figurative expressions it is possible to make in Maya. In Brinton (1885) the philosophical character of the Maya is described according to an unknown manuscript of von Humboldt. Palma y Palma (1901, p. 108-131) has a very interest- ing chapter on the richness of expression possible in Maya.
The long description of Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, v. 2, p. i-xlix) is practically worthless. Larrainzar (1875-78, v. 2, p. 407- 409) and Rockstroh (1878, p. 1-13) give a general description of Maya. Malte-Brun (1878) has a statement taken from Orozco y Berra (1864). Baeza (circa 1880) has a paper on the Maya lan- guage. Short accounts of the language also appear in Winsor (1889, v. 1, p. 427), Juan Molina (1896, p. 332-335), Spencer (1873-1910, div. ii, pt. 1b, p. 51), Mendez (1898), Brinton (1900a, p. 207), and Lehmann (1907). Tozzer (1902-05) makes several general obser- vations on the language. Mitre (1909-11, v. 3, p. 61-64) sum- marizes the description of the language taken from several sources. Hestermann (1915) has a few scattering observations on the language.
GRAMMARS
Carrillo y Ancona (1881; ed. 1883, p. 123), quoted by Brinton (1882, p. 72), states that thirteen grammars of the Maya language have been written. This number could be considerably increased at the present time.
XVI CENTURY. Mention has already been made of the early work of Villalpando (§ 1). He was the author of a grammar, ac-
-
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GRAMMARS
cording to Landa (1863, p. 94), which was probably printed but no copy is now known. His dictionary, probably founded on the vocabulary contained in the grammar was printed in 1571. The grammar is supposed to have been perfected by Landa (§ 1)' and to have furnished some of the material for the grammar of Coronel (1620).
XVII CENTURY. It is probable that the first Maya grammar of this century was written by Acevedo (§ 1) 2 who came to Yuca- tan in 1592 and died at the end of the first quarter of the century.3 Another grammar of about this time is that by Cuartas (§ 1). The earliest grammar now available is that of Coronel (1620),' the teacher of Cogolludo. The only copy known is in the possession of Mr. Gates. As previously noted (p. 10), it undoubtedly furnished the foundation for the grammar of San Buenaventura. Other grammars of this century, all of which have disappeared, are those written by Vidales (§ 2) toward the end of the second quarter of the century 5 and one on the Lacandone dialect by Rivas Gastelu (§ 1), a native of Guatemala.
San Buenaventura (1684; 2d ed 1888), a French Franciscan stationed in Merida, wrote the grammar which has been described elsewhere (p. 10) on or about 1675." This was published in 1684
1 Cogolludo (1688, lib. vi, cap. i) writes, “Fr. Lorenço de Bienvenida, con no menos feliz despacho, que se presumiò de la solicitud de tan gran Religioso, y traro una Mission de diez Religiosos, que le diò el Rey para esta Provincia, y sabiendo que avian llegado à desembarcar en el Puerto de Zilam, el R. Padre Custodio diò orden al Padre Fr. Diego de Landa, que era Guardian de Merida, para que fuesse al Puerto, y los recibiesse, y llevandolos al Convento de Ytzmal les leyesse el Arte de la lengua de estos naturales, que èl avia perficionado, y que en sabiendole se fuesse à su Convento de Merida."
2 Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 165) writes: "Vino con la cruz del misionero a la provincia de Yucatan, y entre sus muchos servicios y esclarecidas virtudes, la historia refiere su dedicacion particular al estudio del idioma yucateco, de que escribió un 'Manual ó compendio elemental,' y una como ' Miscelánea Maya,' o coleccion de escritos varios sobre este idioma y de Tratados morales escritos en él, procurando suplir con estos trabajos el defecto natural de su lengua." 3 See Lizana (1633; ed. 1893, p. 102) for details of his work.
* For a full discussion of the grammars of Coronel, San Buenaventura, and Beltran, see Part I, p. 9-14.
5 Beristain y Souza (1816-21, v. 3, p. 276) states that he wrote from 1644 to 1648. Carrillo y Ancona (1883, p. 124) places this writer among those who worked in the xVI Century.
" The Aprobacion del R. P. Fr. Juan de Torres is dated May 19, 1675.
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with a fac-simile edition in 1888. Until a few years ago this was considered the first of the Maya grammars which had come down to us. With the appearance of the single copy of Coronel's work first place in point of time now belongs to that. It has been stated that San Buenaventura follows Coronel with great fidelity. It is quite evident that San Buenaventura's grammar, on the other hand, furnished the data for grammatical material on the Maya given by A von Humboldt 1 (1811, English ed. v. 2, p. 246) and he, in turn, was followed by Adelung (1806-17, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 16-23). Pimentel (1862-65, v. 2, p. 1-39; ed. 1875, v. 3, p. 105-138, 230- 275) follows San Buenaventura. Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, v. 2, p. 1-84) has printed the greater part of this grammar under a different arrangement and Mitre (1909-11, v. 3, p. 64-70) has given a full outline of this grammar of San Buenaventura. Bryne (1885, v. 1, p. 191-193; ed. 1892, v. 1, p. 195-197) has some gram- matical notes after Brasseur de Bourbourg.
XVIII CENTURY. One of the grammars of this century is that of Avendaño (§ 1) who held the title of Difinidor in Yucatan in 1705.2 This work has disappeared.
Beltran (1746; 2d ed. 1859) and his famous grammar come in this century. As previously noted (p. 10), this grammar, by a native of Yucatan, seems by far the best of the early works on the Maya. Brasseur de Bourbourg is altogether too severe in his crit- icism of this grammar in comparison with that of San Buena- ventura. He writes (1871, p. 24), " Il possédait parfaitement sa langue: mais il n'en comprit pas le génie comme son prédécesseur, le père Gabriel de Saint Bonaventure, auquel il emprunta, toutefois, une partie de son travail; aussi sa grammaire, diffuse et mal conçue, manque-t-elle de lucidité." Seler (1887) is also inclined to favor San Buenaventura to Beltran.3 Beltran was a native of Yucatan and
1 W. von Humboldt (1: 2) is the author of two manuscripts on the Mays grammar.
? For an excellent account of the missionary labors of this Franciscan, see his work (1696), translated by Mr. Charles P. Bowditch, and collated with other material by Means (1917).
Carrillo y Ancona (1883, p. 125) places Avendaño among the writers of the XVII Century. Berendt dates these works of Avendaño about 1750.
' Gates also regards Beltran's work as inferior to that of the two earlier writers whose grammars are extant.
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a good Maya scholar. He taught Maya in Merida about 1740. His grammar was written in 1742 and printed in 1746 with an excellent reprint in 1859.
Berendt (1867) states that he saw Henderson (§ 3) at work in Belize and that the latter made a translation into English of Beltran's grammar. According to Ludewig (1858, p. 227) Kingdon (§ 1) made an English translation of the same grammar which is said to be in the possession of the American Bible Society of New York. The present Secretary states that he can find no trace of this manuscript. As previously pointed out, there is much con- fusion over the authorship of works listed under Henderson and Kingdon.
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