USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 33
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Cranial Capacity. Only 2 skulls of the collection are sufficiently well preserved to permit the cranial capacities to be measured.
1 Op. cit., p. 22.
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PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, No. 3. PLATE 25
Dolichocephalic cranium of male, Grave 10, Burial Place a; Primary series, A731.
105
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
These are 2 male crania of the primary series, and the capacities (approximate only) are 1420 cc. and 1580 cc. respectively. Miss Studley in her study of the crania of the secondary series records the capacities of 10 skulls. The average was 1485 cc., and the range 1225-1600 cc. The present writer is skeptical in regard to the accuracy of these figures, because many of the crania for which capacities are given are mere fragments.
Thickness of Left Parietal Above Temporo-parietal Suture.
MEAN THICKNESS AND RANGE
Mean mm.
Range mm.
Number
Primary series: males
5
3.3-7.5
12
4
females
4.8
3.6-6.3
8
Secondary series: males
4.5
3.0-5.3
10
This measurement is the average thickness of the left parietal 1 cm. above the squamous suture. The average thickness of the crania of the primary series, 5 mm. in males and 4.8 mm. in fe- males, is moderate for Indians. The mean for males of the sec- ondary series, 4.5 mm., is small.
Minimum Frontal Diameter.
MEAN BREADTH AND RANGE Mean
Range
Males mm.
Females mm.
Males mm.
Females mm.
Number Males Females
Turner Group
Primary series . . .
92.15
90.50
84-100
85-95
13
10
Secondary series .
93.50
89-100
. .
10
. .
Madisonville series. . .
94.97
92.71
89-103
85-103
48
28
A noticeable feature of the Turner Group series of crania is the narrow, low, but not especially retreating frontal region. The frontal region is often narrow in dolichocephali, but such a low average minimum frontal diameter as is to be observed from the table given above in the case of the males of our primary series is unusual in Indians. For parallel cases we may look once more to the Eastern Indians, among whom Dr. Hrdlička records a mean minimum frontal diameter for 4 Connecticut male crania of 91 mm., and one of 92 mm. for 2 male crania from Staten Island.
Facial, Nasal, and Orbital Measurements and Indices. The facial portions of almost all of the crania from the Turner Group are either entirely missing or fragmentary, so that very few of them can be measured.
106
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
Only two of the male crania of our primary series are available for the calculating of the total facial index. These are both leptoprosopic, with indices of 91.24 and approximately 90.8. Of the four male crania from the secondary series upon which this index was obtained, one is euryprosopic with an index of approxi- mately 84.7, one mesoprosopic with an index of 89.26, and two leptoprosopic with indices of 98.56 and approximately 95.31. Three female crania of the primary series are all mesoprosopic with indices of 87.50, 87.69, and 88.37. There were no lepto- prosopic crania in the Madisonville series, and over 72 per cent were euryprosopic.
In regard to the upper facial index, two male crania of the pri- mary series are leptene with indices of 55.73 and 58.39. Three of the male crania from the secondary series are mesene, and two leptene. One female cranium of the primary series is mesene and two are leptene. Only about 7.5 per cent of the Madisonville crania are leptene, and in respect to this index the Turner Group series shows a closer similarity to the crania of the Tennessee stone graves, among which Fuller found 34 per cent leptene. Several groups of Eastern Indians measured by Hrdlička show average leptene indices. The facial skeletons of both of our series are rela- tively long and narrow.
Of 5 nasal indices calculated on male crania of the primary series, 1 is platyrrhine, 2 are mesorrhine, and 2 leptorrhine; 6 nasal indices on males of the secondary series are all leptorrhine; of 4 nasal indices of females of the primary series 2 are mesorrhine and 2 leptorrhine.
The mean orbital indices of 3 male crania from the primary series are all hypsiconch (89 and over); in the intrusive series of males the distribution of 4 orbital indices is as follows: 1 cha- maeconch (under 83), 2 mesoconch, and 1 hypsiconch. Three female crania of the primary series are mesoconch, and 2 are hypsiconch.
External Palatal Index (Maxillo-alveolar). One male cranium of the primary series is dolichuranic (below 110), 1 is mesuranic, and 2 are brachyuranic (above 115). These 4 indices yield a mean of 118.7. Of the males of the secondary series 1 is mesuranic and 4 are brachyuranic, yielding together a mean index of 117.6. The females of the primary series show 3 mesuranic indices and 3 brachyuranic indices, with a mean of 116.7.
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HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
Alveolar Index (Gnathic Index). This index is obtainable on 6 crania of the combined series. All are orthognathous, except one male of the primary series which is mesognathous. Lower Jaw.
MEAN DIMENSIONS Males Primary series Number
Males Secondary series Number
Mean
Females Primary series Number Mean
Bigonial diameter
4
101
8
105.8
4
96.7
Mean angle.
7
120.1
8
123.3
5
124.4
Height of symphysis
7
37.6
8
37
8
34.9
Width bicondylar.
1
131
6
125.8
5
117.4
Minimum breadth of ascend-
ing ramus.
11
36.4
10
34.7
7 34.5
Height of ascending ramus
9
63
10
62.4
8
57.2
Condylo-symphyseal length
4 108.5
9
108.9
5
99.8
The mandibles of these series are longer than those of the Madi- sonville series, and judging from the males of the secondary series, are narrower. The mean condylo-symphyseal length for Madi- sonville males (24) is 104.6, but for 7 females 104.5. The bicondy- lar width of 22 Madisonville male crania averages 129 mm. and of 7 females, 122.7 mm.
Frontal Region.
OBSERVATIONS
Primary series No. of males
No. of females
Secondary series No. of males
Total
Height low:
Breadth submedium, Slope submedium
0
2
2
4
Breadth submedium, Slope medium ...
3
2
3
8
Breadth submedium, Slope pronounced
1
1
1
3
Breadth medium, Slope submedium
1
0
0
1
Breadth medium, Slope medium
2
0
0
2
Breadth medium, Slope pronounced
1
0
2
3
Breadth pronounced, Slope medium
1
0
0
1
Total: number.
9
5
8
22
per cent.
69.2
50
72.7
64.7
Height medium:
Breadth submedium, Slope submedium
0
1
0
1
Breadth submedium, Slope medium ...
2
2
1
5
Breadth medium, Slope submedium
2
1
0
3
Breadth medium, Slope medium
0
1
2
3
Total: number.
4
5
3
12
per cent.
30.7
50
27.2
35.2
Mean mm.
mm.
mm.
. . .
108
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
Observations on the frontal region refer to the combinations of height, breadth, and slope. Each of these may be adjudged submedium, medium, or pronounced. There are thus 27 possible combinations of the three observed characters, of which 11 occur in the two series from the Turner Group. There are no crania which are classified as high; about 70 per cent of both male series and 50 per cent of the female series are low. The following tabulation shows the distribution of breadth and slope considered independently.
BREADTH AND SLOPE OF FRONTAL REGION
Slope
Submedium
Breadth Medium
Wide
Submedium Medium Pronounced
Primary series:
Males: number
6
6
1
3
8
2
Females: number .
8
2
0
4
5
1
Secondary series:
Males: number .
7
4
0
2
6
3
Total: number ..
21
12
1
9
19
6
per cent .
61.7
35.2
2.9
26.4
55.8
17.6
From the tables above it may be seen that the prevailing type of frontal region in the males and females of both series is low, narrow, and of medium slope. The females show a larger number of cases in which the slope is submedium or steep. The low and narrow, but only moderately sloping frontal region, is a marked characteristic of most of the crania from this site. It is strikingly represented in the conformation of the forehead of certain clay figurines from the site, described by Mr. Willoughby (p. 71).
Sagittal Region.
OBSERVATIONS
Primary series
Males
Females
Secondary series Males
Total
Breadth submedium:
Elevation absent
1
0
1
2
Elevation submedium
1
1
1
3
Elevation medium
1
1
1
3
Elevation pronounced.
0
0
0
0
Total: number
3
2
3
8
per cent
23.1
22.2
27.2
24.2
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, No. 3, PLATE 26
Mesocephalic cranium, Grave 18, Burial Place a; Primary series, A748.
109
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
Primary series Males
Females
Secondary serice Males
Total
Breadth medium:
Elevation abeent
0
2
4
6
Elevation submedium
4
3
3
10
Elevation medium.
2
0
1
3
Elevation pronounced.
1
1
0
2
Total: number
7
6
8
21
per cent
53.8
66.6
72.7
63.6
Breadth wide:
Elevation absent
1
0
0
1
Elevation submedium
0
0
0
0
Elevation medium
2
1
0
3
Elevation pronounced
0
0
0
0
Total: number.
3
1
0
4
per cent
23.1
11.1
0
12.1
A perusal of the table above shows that the crania of our primary series are prevailingly of medium breadth with a submedium sagittal elevation, and that the same holds true of the males of our secondary series except that the sagittal elevation is more frequently absent. Separate tabulations of the development of the sagittal elevation and of the postcoronoid depression follow.
SAGITTAL ELEVATION
POSTCORONOID DEPRESSION
Absent
Sub-
medium
Medium
Pro-
nounced
Absent
Sub-
medium
Medium
Pro-
Primary series:
Males .
2
5
5
1
3
8
2
0
Females.
2
4
2
1
2
7
0
0
Secondary series: Males
5
4
2
0
4
6
0
1
Total: number
9
13
9
2
9
21
2
1
per cent
27.2
39.3
27.2
6.1
27.2
63.6
6.1
3
pounced
The sagittal elevation is more strongly developed in the males of the primary series than in the females, and more strongly de- veloped in both sexes of the primary series than in the males of the secondary series. The same is true of the postcoronoid de- pression. The sagittal elevation is not so well developed in these
110
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
series as in the Madisonville crania, but the postcoronoid de- pression is much more common.
Temporal Region.
OBSERVATIONS
Flat or Compressed
Medium
Protuberant
Total
Primary series:
Males .
9
2
2
13
Females
2
4
2
8
Secondary series:
Males.
9
1
1
11
Total: number
20
7
5
32
per cent.
62.5
21.8
15.6
The temporal region in the males of both series is predominantly flat or compressed as is to be expected in long heads. The females show a greater convexity of this region. In the Madisonville series almost equal proportions of the three categories appear in both sexes.
Occipital Region.
OBSERVATIONS
Primary series
Males
Females
Secondary series Males
Total
Flat or steep:
Torus absent.
2
2
1
5
Torus submedium
1
0
1
2
Torus medium.
1
0
1
2
Total: number
4
2
3
9
per cent.
33
28.5
37.5
33.3
Medium convex:
Torus absent
6
5
3
14
Torus submedium
0
0
1
1
Torus medium .
1
0
0
1
Torus pronounced.
0
0
1
1
Total: number.
7
5
5
17
per cent.
58.3
71.4
63.5
62.9
Protuberant:
Torus medium
1
0
0
1
Total: per cent.
8.3
0
0
3.7
111
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
An inspection of the table above shows that the occipital region is predominantly medium convex, and with no development of the occipital torus. This table excludes 1 female cranium, flat and deformed with a slight torus, and 3 flat deformed male crania of the secondary series, 2 of which have a slight torus. The complete tabulation of the occurrence of the occipital torus is as follows:
OCCIPITAL TORUS
Absent
Submedium Medium Pronounced
Total
Primary series:
Males.
8
1
3
0
12
Females
7
1
0
0
8
Secondary series:
Males
5
4
1
1
11
Total: number
20
6
4
1
31
per cent
64.5
19.3
12.9
3.2
The occipital torus occurs more frequently in the males of the secondary series than in the males of the primary series, and is almost absent from the female crania.
Sutures.
OCCLUSION OF CORONAL, SAGITTAL, AND LAMBDOID SUTURES
All open
All beginning obliterated cellaneous Almost
Mis-
Total
Primary series:
Males ..
4
1
2
6
13
Females
6
1
1
1
9
Secondary series:
Males
3
0
2
6
11
-
Total
13
2
5
13
33
From the table above it may be seen that a larger proportion of female crania show no exterior signs of sutural occlusion than is the case with either of the male series.
Five of the 6 crania in the primary series of males classified as miscellaneous, show obliteration more advanced in the coronal suture than in the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. The order of obliteration is probably C-S-L in this series of males. Three of
112
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
the miscellaneous crania of the secondary series show obliteration farther advanced in the sagittal than in the coronal or lambdoid; in two others there is equal obliteration in the coronal and sagittal and less in the lambdoid; and in the sixth, obliteration has pro- ceeded farthest in the lambdoid.
SERRATION
Simple
Medium
Complex
Total
Primary series:
Males.
2
11
0
13
Females .
4
5
0
9
Secondary series:
Males.
7
3
1
11
Serration of sutures in the primary series of males is prevail- ingly medium, which is unusual for Indians. In the secondary series there is the usual predominance of simple sutures.
WORMIAN BONES
None
Lambdoid
Temporo- parietal
Temporo- occipital
Others
Total
Primary series:
Males.
4
6
1
0
0
11
Females
4
3
0
2
0
9
Secondary series:
Males.
1
7
0
0
3
11
The secondary series differs from the primary series in the larger number of crania with Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture. There are also two crania in this series with " Inca " bones, and one with an epipteric suture.
PTERIONS
H type narrow
H type medium
H type broad
K type
Total
Primary series:
Males.
2
3
1
1
7
Females
1
7
1
0
9
Secondary series:
Males
1
8
0
0
9
The table above shows that the form of the pterion is usually a medium H in all of the groups considered.
Pa
Prin MI Fe
Sen
1
113
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
Parietal Foramina.
NUMBER AND SIZE
None
One small
Two One One medium Three small medium One small small
One large
Total
Primary series:
Males
6
3
1
1
0
0
1
12
Females
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
8
Secondary series: Males
4
3
1
0
1
1
0
10
-
Total: number 14 per cent 46.6
10
2
1
1
1
1
30
33.3
6.6
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
Parietal foramina are absent in 50 per cent of the males and females of the primary series, and in 40 per cent of the males of the secondary series. In the Madisonville series parietal foramina are absent in 45 per cent of males and 58 per cent of females.
The number of retromastoid foramina could be recorded in a very few crania only. Usually there are a larger and a smaller on each side, but they are extremely variable in size, number, and position.
Mastoids.
SIZE
Small
Medium
Large
Total
Primary series:
Males
6
6
1
13
Females
9
0
0
9
Secondary series: Males
2
7
2
11
These are small in all females, and in 46.1 per cent of the males of the primary series, but in only 18.1 per cent of the males of the secondary series. The percentage distribution of the males of the primary series is approximately the same as that of the males of the Madisonville series, but the females of the Madisonville series have better developed mastoids than the females of our series from the Turner Group.
114
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
Supraorbital Ridges.
SUPRAORBITAL RIDGES -- TYPE Primary series
Males
Females
Secondary series Males
Total
Median type:
Submedium
2
4
3
9
Medium
4
1
1
6
Large.
0
0
1
1
Total
6
5
5
16
Divided type:
Submedium
2
2
2
6
Medium
3
0
3
6
Large.
1
0
1
2
Total
6
2
6
14
Torus type:
Large.
1
0
0
1
Absent.
0
3
0
3
SUPRAORBITAL RIDGES - SIZE None Traces Submedium Medium
Large
Total
Primary series:
Males: number
0
0
4
7
2
13
per cent.
0
0
30.7
53.8
15.3
Females: number
3
6
0
1
0
10
per cent ... 30
60
0
10
0
Secondary series:
Males: number.
0
0
5
4
2
11
per cent.
0
0
45.4
36.3
18.1
-
Supraorbital ridges in the males of the two series are about evenly divided between the median type, in which they are con- fined to median portions of the orbits, and the divided type in which the lateral portions of the superior orbital margins are thickened to form ridges which are divided from the median ridges by a groove leading upward from the supraorbital notch. The torus type occurs in one cranium only. In the females, the supraorbital ridges are either absent or show very slight develop- ment, except in one case.
Facial Region. The facial parts are so defective in the majority of the crania of these series that few observations were recorded. The height, breadth, and slope of the nasal bridge, for example, was
115
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
ascertained in only one cranium of our primary male series. This specimen has a high, narrow, and straight bridge. In two other specimens of this series the nasal bridges are medium in height and in breadth, and low and narrow respectively, but the slope of the nasal bones could not be ascertained. In the female series, four observations are as follows: 1 low, medium broad, concave; 1 low, medium broad, straight; 1 medium high, narrow, straight; 1 medium high, narrow, concavo-convex. In the males of the secondary series there occurred the following: 1 low, narrow, concavo-convex; 1 low, medium broad, concavo-convex; 1 medium high, medium broad, concavo-convex. Of four others in this series in which the slope could not be ascertained the com- binations of height and breadth are as follows: 1 low, narrow; 2 low, medium broad; 1 medium high, narrow. It is impossible to draw many conclusions from such data. High, narrow, and straight noses occur in the primary series, while low or medium noses of medium breadth and concavo-convex in slope seem to prevail among the males of the secondary series.
Nasion depressions, properly speaking, are practically non- existent in this series. There is usually a depression below nasion, but any depression of the fronto-nasal suture itself is due entirely to the prominence of glabella.
LOWER BORDERS OF NASAL APERTURE AND NASAL SPINE Primary series
Males
Females
Secondary series Males
Total
Borders indistinct:
Spine small
4
3
6
13
Spine medium
1
1
0
2
Spine large.
0
0
0
0
Total.
5
4
6
15
Borders medium:
Spine small.
0
1
0
1
Spine medium
0
2
2
4
Spine large.
1
0
1
2
1
1
Total.
1
3
3
7
The table above shows that the prevailing form of lower bor- ders of nasal aperture is indistinct, with a small development of the nasal spine in all groups considered. Similar results were
116
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
found in the crania from the Madisonville site. Subnasal grooves are absent in all of 6 of the male crania of the primary series, slightly developed in one of 7 crania of the female series, and moderately developed in 2 of 9 male crania of the secondary series. The males of the secondary series appear to have slightly more primitive features of the nasal aperture than those of the primary series.
SHAPE OF ORBITS AND INCLINATION OF LATERAL AXIS
Primary series
Males
Females
Secondary series Males
Total
Nearly oblong:
Inclination none.
0
2
1
3
Inclination slight .
1
1
1
3
Inclination medium
2
1
6
9
Inclination marked.
0
1
0
1
Total
3
5
8
16
Nearly square:
Inclination none
1
0
0
1
Inclination submedium
1
1
0
2
Inclination medium
1
1
1
3
Total.
3
2
1
6
Features of interest in the observation of orbits are the shape and inclination of the lateral axis. The usual shapes are approxi- mately oblong with rounded corners, or approximately square with rounded corners. Strictly speaking, when the lateral axis of an orbit is much inclined, the form of the orbit is rhomboidal, rather than square or oblong. Marked inclination of the lateral axis of the orbit is more common in narrow, long-faced crania than in short, broad-faced crania, in which the orbits are likely to be oblong with little inclination. Square forms of the orbit are also more common in long, narrow faces. In the males of the primary series from the Turner Group, 3 crania are of oblong shape and 3 square. Five of 7 female crania, and 8 of 9 crania in the males of the secondary series are oblong. Inclination of the lateral axis is usually slight or medium in these series.
117
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
INFRAORBITAL SUTURE
Absent
Complete one side
Complete both sides
Total
Primary series:
Males.
5
1
1
7
Females.
5
0
2
7
Secondary series:
Males.
6
0
1
7
Total: number
16
1
4
21
per cent
76.2
4.7
19
SUBORBITAL FOSSAE
Shallow
Medium
Deep
Total
Faimary series:
Males.
0
5
0
5
Females
5
1
1
7
Secondary series:
Males
4
5
0
9
Total
9
11
1
21
The depth of the suborbital fossae in these series is prevailingly medium or slight. It may be observed from the table above that the males of the primary series are sharply contrasted with the Females in respect to the development of this feature. Shallow Suborbital fossae are often associated with broad, short faces.
MALARS
Small
Medium
Large
Very large
Total
Primary series:
Males.
0
4
3
0
7
Females
2
3
1
0
6
Secondary series:
Males.
0
3
5
1
9
Total
2
10
9
1
22
0
-
-
On the basis of the table above the males of the secondary series seem to have somewhat larger malars than those of the primary series. As usual the malars of the females are decidedly smaller than those of the males. There are no anomalies of malar bones in any of these crania.
118
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
ZYGOMAE
Small
Medium
Large
Very large
Total
Primary series:
Males
1
4
2
0
7
Females
2
3
1
0
6
Secondary series:
Males.
0
3
5
1
9
Total
3
10
8
1
22
The males of the secondary series have larger zygomae than those of the primary series. The females show the usual sex differences in the smaller size of the zygomae as compared with males. The zygomae of the males of the primary series seem rather small for Indians.
ALVEOLAR PROGNATHISM
Absent
Slight
Medium
Pronounced
Total
Primary series:
Males.
0
4
0
3
7
Females.
1
1
4
1
7
Secondary series:
Males.
0
6
0
2
8
Total
1
11
4
6
22
The distribution of alveolar prognathism is very irregular. Teeth.
DENTITION Complete Incomplete
None
Slight Medium Pronounced Total
Primary series:
Males.
10
1
0
2
3
6
11
Females.
9
0
0
2
4
3
9
Secondary series:
Males
9
1
1
1
4
4
10
Total
28
2
1
5
11
13
30
WEAR
-
In both cases the dentitions listed as incomplete in the tables above show imperfectly erupted third molars. On the whole, this series includes a high percentage of crania with deeply worn teeth (43.3 per cent). This is a result, in all probability, of the small number of young adults included in the series. The follow- ing table shows the relation of estimated age to dental wear.
119
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
WEAR OF TEETH
None Slight Medium nounced
Estimated age:
Sub-adult (19-20 years) .. 1
Young adult (21-35 years) . . .
2
. .
. .
. .
. .
20
Old adult (51-years)
. .
QUALITY OF TEETH
Teeth lost
Poor
Medium
Good
Total
Caries Abscesses in life
Primary series:
Males .
3
3
5
11
3
2
2
Females
1
2
6
9
2
3
2
Secondary series:
Males
2
1
6
9
1
2
4
Total: number. . 6
6
17
29
6
7
8
per cent .. 20.6
20.6
58.6
20.6
24.1
27.5
The table above shows that the quality of the teeth in these series is generally good. Caries and alveolar abscesses are not especially prevalent.
NUMBER OF CUSPS Upper molars 4-4-3
4-4-4
4-4-2
5-5-5
Lower molars 5-5-4
5-4-4
Primary series:
Males.
0
3
1
1
3
0
Females.
0
2
0
1
0
1
Secondary series:
Males
0
1
0
4
0
1
Total: number
0
6
1
6
3
2
. .
..
2
Middle aged (36-50 years)
...
3
11
6
7
7
Pro-
Very pro- nounced
Total
1
The number of crania in which the cusps of the molar teeth can be counted is very few. The table above shows a tendency toward reduction of cusps in the third molars. The following ab- normalities of eruption are recorded. Primary series: crowding of incisors, 1 male, 1 female; absence of third molars, 1 male; im- pacted lower left third molar, 1 male; pronounced reduction of lower left first incisor, 1 female. Secondary series: crowding of teeth, 1 male; reduction of third molars, 1 male.
Thirteen crania had shovel-shaped incisors, and one had not. In the remainder of the series the presence or absence of this feature could not be determined.
-
120
TURNER GROUP Ur .....
Palate.
SHAPE
ROOF
TORUS
U-shaped
Parabolic
Elliptical
Low
Medium
High
Present
Absent
Primary series:
Males
3
3
0
0
1
5
1
5
Females
2
2
3
1
4
2
4
3
Secondary series:
Males
1
4
0
0
2
3
0
5
Total: number
6
9
3
1
7
10
5
13
Determination of the shape of the palate was possible in a few crania only. The parabolic type seems to be predominant in the males of the secondary series, and the elliptical type seems to be confined to females. The roof is prevailingly of medium height in females and high in males. A slight or medium development of the palatine torus is common in the female crania.
Skull Base. In these series the skull base is usually so frag- mentary that few observations can be made. In the primary series of females it was ascertained that 5 crania had small styloid processes, and 2 had large styloid processes.
GLENOID FOSSA - DEPTH
POSTGLENOID PROCESS
Shallow
Medium
Deep
Total
Absent
8mall
Medium
Large
Total
Primary series:
Males.
2 1
6
5
13
3
2
7
1
13
Females.
2
4
3
9
4
1
3
1
1
Secondary series:
Males.
32
2
5
10
1
4
4
1
Total: number
7
12
13
32
8
7
14
3
per cent
21.8 37.5 40.6
25
21.8 43.7
9.3
-
The glenoid fossa is usually deep or of medium depth in t series. It is somewhat shallower in the females. There is a moderate postglenoid process. Apparently this feature o more frequently in long heads than in short heads. It is ra 1 Both arthritic. ? One arthritic.
121
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
females than in males. In the Madisonville series the occurrence was about 30 per cent in males and only 10 per cent in females.
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