USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 41
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J'ook ilí in bin ka t qutš-ets-e, me había ido cuando llegaste. " Si se dijera ":
ka t qutš-etš-e, binen ilí katši.
" ningún maya lo entendería."
2 Seler (p. 102) writes, "Das Maya unterscheidet sich von den verwandten guatemaltekischen Sprachen sehr bestimmt dadurch, dass die Tempuspräfixe in ihm nur eine sehr unbedeutende Rolle spielen. Im Präteritum treten, wie erwähnt, die Präfixe t und c auf. Das ist wichtig, weil es uns beweist, dass das Maya der
68
GRAMMAR
Tense is expressed by means of suffixes added to the root in ad- dition to a time particle used with the nominal pronoun. The former differ in the transitive and intransitive.
An interesting and unusual feature connected with tense in Maya is the fact that the forms of the pronoun vary in the in- transitive according to the tense employed.
Tense in the Intransitive Verb. Present Time. This is expressed in several ways. The most common is the use of the verbal stem with the nominal pronoun compounded with the pronominal sign of present time, tan. This is found in all verbs of Classes I, II, III:
Class 1 a, tin het-el, I am performing the act of opening.
b, tin kim-il, 1 am dying.
Class 11, tin tši-tal, I am lying down. tin tšen-tal, I am listening.
Class III, tin s'on, I am shooting. tin siit', I am jumping. tin s'ilb, I am writing.
With verbs of motion and a few others a second set of forms for the present is found composed of the nominal pronoun and the particle -kā or -kah suffixed to the stem. These may be called " duratives ": 1
Mittel, welche in den anderen Sprachen sich Geltung verschafft haben, nicht ganz entbehrt. Aber diese Präfixe treten durchaus nicht bestimmt und regelmässig auf. Und Präfixe, welche es gestatten, die verschiedenen Tempora zu unterscheiden, haben sich nicht herausgebildet. Dieses Sprache ist daher genöthigt, zu anderen Aushülfsmitteln zu greifen, um die nöthige Präzision in der Tempusbezeichnung zu erreichen, und sie findet solche in periphrastischen Konstruktionen." It seems to me that Seler is quite incorrect in this statement. The Maya has very defi- nite tense signs. Seler fails in several cases to recognize the ik and the ah of the transitive verb as tense signs. He mentions the prefix t as a sign of the past in the intransitive only in the 1st person with k for the 3d person. The t is used in all persons as a sign for the past and the k is never found.
1 These forms are given by Coronel, San Buenaventura, and Beltran in their 1st Conjugation.
Coronel and San Buenaventura in their paradigms and Seler (p. 102), also give the forms in -kah for the present of the transitive verb (2d, 3d, and 4th Conjugations):
kambes-ah-in-kah Pedro, I am teaching Peter.
This form in in-kah is not used in the transitive. San Buenaventura (fol. 2 ob.) recognizes the proper form in his discussion of the pronoun, ten:
ten yakun-ik (properly, yakun-t-ik), I shall love someone.
Both Coronel and San Buenaventura use the form in -ik rather than in in-kah
.
69
THE VERB
Class 1, lubul-in-kah, contracted to lub-1-in-kah, I am falling. . nakal-in-kah, contracted to nak-l-in-kah, I am ascending. bin[el]-in-kah, I am going.
Class II, s'on-in-kah, I am shooting.
It should be noted that in these forms the pronoun has no time particle. This -kah is probably the root of a defective verb mean- ing, " to do." The literal translation of the form lubul-in-kah would probably be, "affected by the act of a fall, my doing." 1
in asking a question when the pronoun is used as the object of the transitive verb:
maš kambes-ik-etš, who is showing you?
The -ik form is also used by them when one verb follows another, especially is this so (fol. 72) when an active verb follows a neuter and the neuter does not denote an action:
tal-u-kah in boo-t-ik in p'aš, I am on the point of paying my debt.
In the discussion of the pronoun en, ets, etc. (fol. 3) San Buenaventura gives the form in in-kah:
yakun-ah in kah etš, I love you.
But in fol. 16 ob. he states that the form in -ik is used if a noun preceded the verb:
Pedro kambe-s-ik Juan, Peter is showing John.
There is therefore great inconsistency in these statements. Beltran points out (§§ 153-157) at length why San Buenaventura is wrong in giving the form in in-kah as a transitive, thus making no distinction between the transitive and the intransitive. The same criticism also applies to the forms of Coronel and of Seler (p. 102).
The latter (p. 103) writes that he has followed the more ancient authority of San Buenaventura rather than " sein jüngerer Kollege," Beltran, and he ac- cepts the use of the form in in-kah for transitives as well as intransitive verbs. As . pointed out above, San Buenaventura, Coronel, and Seler are incorrect here.
1 Beltran (§ 209) gives -kah as the root of the verb meaning " to do." He points out that it is found only in the present stem, the past being made by the addition of kutši. He finds fault with San Buenaventura for giving kibah and kib for the past and future of the form kah. Buenaventura is inconsistent in his forms for the future as these forms in his 3d Conjugation are made with ib added to the root.
Seler (p. 102) explains the -kah in an entirely different way. He derives it from kah, " a village or settlement " and translates it in the verb as " to be stationary." This is probably incorrect as the form is found especially with verbs of motion.
Lopez (§ 132) seems inclined to accept Beltran's explanation that this kah is a defective verb, meaning " hacer." It is perfectly true, as Lopez points out that the form in -kah may be replaced by be-t-ik (see p. 54), but in the latter form we find the transitive ending, the sign of the agent, and the root of a regular verb.
70
GRAMMAR
The present tense in verbs of Class IV from noun or adjective stems is made by the simple addition of the verbal pronoun; 1
keel-en, 1 am cold. kohan-etš, you are ill.
us-ob, they are good, or the good ones.
winik-en, contracted to winken, I am a man.
Future Time. In the intransitive of verbs in Classes J, II, and III, future time is expressed in much the same way as in the tran- sitive. The forms of the nominal pronoun are compounded with the future time particle, he, and a final -e is suffixed to the present stem:
Class la. hen (he-in) nak-al-e, contracted to nak-1-e, I shall climb.
Class I b. hen kim-il-e, contracted to kim-1-e, I shall die.
Class 11. he-k kus-tal-e, we shall live.
Class Ill a. hen qai-y-e, 1 shall sing.
hen o'on-e, I shall shoot.
Class Ill b. hen mis-e, I shall sweep.
Indefinite time in the future is expressed by prefixing the root, bin, of the verb " to go." When this is used with verbs of Class I the shortened stem without -1 is employed and the suffix -ak added before the verbal pronoun:2
Class I a. bin nak-ak-en, contracted to bin nak-en,' I am going to climb.
Class 1 b. bin kim-ak-en, contracted to bin kim-k-en, 1 am going to die.
1 These are the verbs given by the Spanish grammars which use the auxi- liary " to be." Beltran shows the same forms as those given here and he notes (§ 195) that San Buenaventura is incorrect in giving the auxiliary as the verbal pronoun compounded with t as t-en, t-ets, etc. Beltran is entirely cor- rect in noting this mistake. San Buenaventura uses the verbal pronoun alone when a negative expression is employed.
? This is the form for the Futuro Imperfecto given in the old grammars for the 1st Conjugation. The preceding form in he is not mentioned. 1 was not able to find the form of their Futuro Perfecto in ili kutsom. This seems to me to be an impossible form as the past stem is used with ili kutsom to express a future.
Palma y Palma (p. 189-190) does not accept this form. He gives as a sub- stitute;
J'ook in bin or s'ook ilf in bin wal kaan qutšketše, me habré ido cuando llegues.
He writes, " Si se diiera
kaan qutšketšé, binen ilí kotšoom
ningún maya lo entendería."
3 Seler (p. 110) has some very significant remarks on the particle -ak. He
71
THE VERB
Class III a. bin s'on-ak-en, contracted to bin 'on-k-en, I am going to shoot.
Class Ill b. bin mis-ak-en, contracted to bin mis-k-en, 1 am going to sweep.
The future of adjective and nominal verbs 'of Class IV is not made, as one might expect, simply by using the nominal pronoun and the suffix -e, but it is expressed by the inchoative form by adding the suffix -tsal or -tal and the final -e. The nominal future pronoun is used with these forms: 1
he-k kohan-tšal-e, we shall be sick, we shall become sick. hu (he-u) keel-tšal-e, he will be cold.
Past Time. In verbs of Class I, this is expressed by the stem alone compounded with the verbal pronoun. This form is really a verbal noun: 2
lub-en, I fell, literally, I am a faller. bin-etš, you went. tal-i, he came. kim-ob, they died.
The form of the imperative is similar to the first person singular of the past tense, as lub-en, fall, or I fell. To distinguish between
translates this form on the basis of a participial meaning as "it goes (will be) raising itself I, i.e. it is in the notion to raise itself, I = I will raise myself." Compare Beltran (§ 137) for the contraction.
1 Coronel, followed by San Buenaventura (fol. 7 ob.) gives a future in om for neuter verbs. Beltran (§ 96) is entirely correct in pointing out that these forms are not found. By the examples given both by Coronel and San Buenaventura it is clear that they have mistaken the on of the 1st person plural, written by them, in this case, as om for a sign of the future.
? This is given by the Spanish grammars as the Preterito Perfecto.
Friedrich Müller (1882, v. 2, p. 309) considers this form and others like it as exhibiting " the predicative power of the true verb." Adam (1878a, p. 155) says, " The intransitive preterit nak-en may seem morphologically the same as the Aryan ds-mi; but here again, nak is a verbal noun, as is demonstrated by the plural of the 3d person nak-ob, ' the ascenders.' Nak-en comes to mean 'ascender [formerly] me.' " Brinton (1882, p. 31), who quotes these authori- ties, writes, " I am inclined to think that the French critic is right, and that, in fact, there is no true verb in the Maya, but merely verbal nouns, nomina actionis, to which the pronouns stand either in the possessive or objective re- lations, or, more remotely, in the possessive relation to another verbal noun in apposition, as kah, kutši, etc. The importance of this point in estimating the structure of the language will be appreciated by those who have paid any at- tention to the science of linguistics."
72
GRAMMAR
the two an initial t sound, usually glottalized, may be used be- fore the verbal stem: 1
t'-lub-en, I fell. t'-bin-en, I went. t'-tai-en, I came.
The t' is the same form as that used with the nominal pronoun as a time particle for the past. The t' is often retained throughout all forms for the past : 2
t'-bin-i, he went.
t'-tal-on, we came.
As has been noted, the Spanish grammars all give a Preterito Imperfecto using the form of the present followed by kutši (cuchi). This is really the past of the verb utsul, to happen. It is recognized at the present time but is not commonly used. The Preterito Pluscuamperfecto in ili kutši I was not able to find.3
Past time in verbs of Class II is expressed by adding to the stem
1 Beltran (§ 85) gives the two forms for the past, lub-en and t-lub-en. He states that the latter form is the better. He makes no mention, however, of the fact that this t is usually glottalized.
Seler (p. 98, 99) seems to limit the use of the t as a sign of the preterite to the 1st person. The t is used in all persons as a sign for the past in the intran- sitive. Beltran (§ 81) gives his examples of the use of t in the 3d person.
Palma y Palma (p. 185-187) uses an h in place of the t: h-bin-en, I went.
He writes, "A binen se adiciona una ache sin poderse haller ura razón mani- fiesto. Acoso sea contracción de hi-binen, particule que se emplea en el modo optativo para significar irío, según el P. Beltran." On p. 209 he also uses the form in t, as given above. In connection with this he writes, " Porc. distinguir el préterito perfecto de indicativo del presente de imperativo 'nacen ' sube, se antepor e una te al primero como se ha visto antes, y a veces una ache con sonido de jota. Así se dice: "
t naken ó h naken, subí.
t naketš ó h naketš, subiste.
? Seler (p. 98), as already pointed out, limits the use of t as a sign of the past to the 1st person and states that a k (c) is used for the same purpose in the 3d person. He seems to base this statement on the fact that kutši, from utšul, begins with a k.
' Palma y Palma (p. 189) also fails to find this form. He gives as a sub- stitute;
J'ook ilí in bin ka t qutšetše, me había ido cuando llegaste.
Lopez (1914) follows Palma y Palma in giving the same forms in s'ook ili (see p. 67).
73
THE VERB
the sign of the past, -ah, as seen also in the past of the intransitive verb, and the verbal pronoun:
tši-tal-ah-en, I lay down. kuš-tal-ah-en ti Ho, I lived in Merida.
These forms are usually contracted into:
tši-1-ah-en.1 kuš-1-ah-en.
Past time in verbs of Class III is made by adding to the stem the sign of the past, ah, and the verbal pronoun. An n is inserted between the stem and the pronoun.2
qai-n-ah-en, I sang. J'ib-n-ah-on, we wrote.
baab-n-ah-etš, you swam. J'on-[n]-ah-ob, they shot.
tukul-n-ah-i, he thought.
Verbs of Class III b, forming the present of the transitive in t-ik, do not show the sign of the agent (t) when used in the in- transitive:
tin 5'ib-t-ik, I am writing something. . J'ib-n-ah-en, I performed the action of writing.
1 Beltran (§ 93) does not give the uncontracted forms. He gives only the forms in 1-ah. Beltran follows Coronel in stating that verbs in -tal which have an 1 in the root form the past by substituting h for 1-ah. From the verb kul-tal he would get the past kul-hi instead of kul-lah-i. The complete un- contracted form would be kul-tal-lah-i. According to the present method of speaking this would be contracted into kul-ah-i, not kul-h-i according to Beltran. There is, therefore, no need to make an exception to verbs in -tal with an 1 in the stem as the rules for contraction would attend to this.
Seler (p. 81) explains this form by saying that a t is added in the present and an 1 in the preterit and future.
2 Beltran (§ 83) gives this same form for his verbs of the 2d, 3d, and 4th Con- jugations when they are changed to the intransitive. He points out (§ 53) the mistake of San Buenaventura who (fol. 6 ob) makes these forms by using ah-n with the verbal pronoun instead of n-ah as kambe-s-ah-n-en for kambe-s-n- ah-en. Beltran (§ 85) speaks of the forms in n-ah as the " elegant " (garboso) way of expressing the past.
Seler (p. 83) states that the suffix -n has the meaning "to be engaged in the activity in question," "to exert the activity in question." Later (p. 110) he states that the -n is used to derive intransitive verbal themes from nouns. On p. 119 he gives the forms in n-ah for the past of the intransitive. He calls this -ah (p. 122) the " second ah." He notes that this is the " new formation " as San Buenaventura gives only the n for the past. This is the case where San Buenaventura (fol. 6 ob) incorporates a noun with the verb as a unit. (See discussion of this, p. 29.) Seler overlooks the fact that in the preceding paragraph San Buenaventura gives the form with -ah and -a, as noted above, although he states that the past is made with n.
74
GRAMMAR
This form of the past is the one used when a transitive with its object is turned into the intransitive in form:
tin šot-ah tše, I cut wood (transitive form). so[t]-tše-n-ah-en, 1 cut wood or I performed the action of cutting.wood.
A form of the distant past with verbs of Class III is expressed by the duplication of the -ah, the sign of the past:
šimbal-n-ah-ah-n-en, I walked a long time ago.
An n is added between the final ah and the pronoun for euphony. This form is seldom used.
Past time with verbs of Class IV is made by adding an h or hi between the stem and the verbal pronoun:
keel-h-en, 1 was cold. kohan-h-on, we were ill. us-h-i, he was good. tšupal-h-i, he was a boy.
It is quite probable that the actual time particle for the past with these verbs is hi, contracting with the pronoun to h-en, h-ets, and h-i. The Mam dialect shows hi as this tense sign.1
There are a few verbs ending in -mal and -pal which belong in this Class IV although at first sight they would be placed in Class I : 2
tepal, ruler, king.
tepal-h-en, I ruled, I was a ruler, (also tepal-n-ah-en possible). ol mal, to coagulate, probably from olom, blood.
ol mal-h-i or olma-h-i, past tense, 3d person.
nol mal, to blunt. nol mal-h-i, or nol ma-h-i, past tense, 3d person. mutš mal, to fade. mutš mal-h-i or mutš ma-h-i, past tense, 3d person.
1 Beltran (§ 193) states that the past is formed by adding hi which combines with the pronoun into h-en, h-ets, and h-i. Seler (p. 79) follows San Buena- ventura and Beltran in this but he states that the sign of the past and the future really belong with the noun. The verbal character of the pronoun is sufficiently clear to justify the statement that the time particles belong, not with the noun, but with the verb.
? Lopez (§ 89) gives nol-mal and muts-mal as exceptions to the rule that all verbs in -1 make the past by dropping last syllable and adding the verbal pronoun. He recognizes that most verbs in m-al form the past in the regular way;
ulm-al, ulm-en J'am-al, s'am-en
lam-al, lam-en.
75
THE VERB
There is a tense representing completed action made with the root of the verb s'ok, to finish. This is found in the transitive as well as the intransitive in all classes of verbs: 1
J'in (s'ok-in) hanal, I have finished eating.
Tense in the Transitive Verb. In addition to the time particles attached to the nominal pronoun, tense in the transitive verb is expressed by suffixes.
Present Time. This is shown by the suffix -ik which represents the object in present time or something directed toward something in present time.2 When there is a pronominal or nominal object, this object is in apposition to the idea contained in -ik.3
Class 1 a. tin putš-ik, I am hitting something. tan tšul-ik, you are wetting something.
1 ] failed to find the forms of the pluperfect in s'okili given by Lopez (§ 77); J'okili in hanal, I had eaten.
It is interesting to note that this form is also given by Palma y Palma (p. 189) in place of the artificial form in ili katsi of the early grammars.
2 Compare Beltran, § 235.
3 Seler (p. 80, 120, 121) regards the -ik as showing a relative or an infini- tive idea. It is certainly true that in some cases the relative idea seems to be present as when ik is compounded to make a form like likil (p. 93). But as ik is found only with transitives it seems to denote an objective relation. One of the forms given by Seler, ten-oik-ik, " I obey him or I am the one who obeys him," shows the relative idea but this is probably expressed in the t or ti com- bined with the verbal pronoun -en, making ten, and not by the -ik in olkik. On page 74 he comments as follows on the form in ik, " die Formen auf -ik sind echte gerundivische Formen, die die su Bedeutung eines ganzen Relativsatzes oder Umstandssatzes haben."
Beltran (§ 172) gives the form in -ik but uses the verbal pronoun com- pounded with t or ti:
t-en kambes-ik Pedro, I am teaching Peter.
The forms of the pronoun compounded with t or ti, giving ten, tets, toon, te-eš, are used in answer to the question, " Who is doing this? " The verbal idea is brought out in the answer as in the sentence above, "I am the one who is teaching Peter." A more usual way to express this idea, however, is the use of the verbal pronoun compounded with t together with the nominal pronoun compounded with k:
t-en k-in kambes-ik Pedro, I am the one who is teaching Peter or 1 am the one who is about to teach Peter.
Beltran (§ 168) also gives this form.
76
GRAMMAR
Class 1b. tan-k lub-s-ik na, we are destroying the house; literally, in present time, our causing something, in present time, to fall, the house.
tun kim-s-ik ke, he is killing the deer, literally; in present time, his causing something, in present time, to die, the deer. I am Class Ill a. tin s'on-ik ke, he is shooting the deer; literally, in present time, Ley gunning something, in present time, the deer.
Class Ill b. tun mis-t-ik na, he is sweeping the house; literally, in present time, his doing something with a broom, in present time, the house.
When the verbal pronoun is used after the suffix -ik, there is an elision of the i in -ik: 1
tun kam-be-s-ik-en becomes tun kam-be-s-k-en, he is showing me something.
Future Time. In the transitive this is much the same as the im- perative. It is expressed by the present stem in -ik with the final -e together with the usual forms of the nominal pronoun com- pounded with the sign of the future, he -. The causal s and the instrumental t are retained in Classes I b and III b respectively.
Class I a. hen het-ik-e, I shall open something.
Class Ib. hen kim-s-ik-e, I shall kill something.
Class III a. hen s'on-ik-e, I shall shoot something.
Class III b. hen o'ib-t-ik-e, I shall write something.
The omission of the sign of the present transitive, -ik, is often made, or the i of the suffix -ik is lost by syncope:
hen kim-s-e, or kim-s-k-e,
hen o'on-e, or s'on-k-e,
hen 'ib-t-e, or s'ib-t-k-e.
When there is an object expressed, either by a pronoun or a noun, the final -e may be added after the object:
hu (he-u) putš-ik winik-e, or wink-e, he will hit the man.
hu putš-ik-en-e, or putš-k-en-e, he will hit me.
Indefinite future is expressed by prefixing the root of the word bin, " to go," to the forms of the nominal pronoun and suffixing the final -e to the root .?
1 Compare Beltran, § 140.
? Beltran gives the form in bin as the regular future in the transitive; bin-in-kambes, 2d Conjugation. bin-in-oik-e, 3d Conjugation. bin-in-kanan-t-e, 4th Conjugation.
77
THE VERB
It should be noted that the stem in -ik is never used with bin nor does the pronoun have a time particle:
Class I a. bin in het-e, I shall open something, I am going to open something.
Class III a. bin in 'on-e, I am going to shoot something.
Class III b. bin in 5'ib-t-e, I am going to write something.
The final -e of the future may be lost by apocope when a noun or pronoun is used as the object. If it is retained it is added at the end of the form:
bin in yakun-t-ets or bin in yakun-t-etš-e, I am going to love you. bin a hant-wa or bin a hant-wa-e, you will eat the tortilla.
In verbs of Class I b, using the causal s, the future sign -e may occur either before or after the s. The latter is more common at the present time.1
bin a nak-s-& or nak-e-s, you are going to climb something.
bin a kim-s-e or kim-e-s, you are going to kill something, you are going to cause death to something.
Beltran's forms in the 3d and 4th Conjugations agree with corresponding forms given here, using the final -e as the sign of the future. He shows the -e before the causal s in the 2d Conjugation which corresponds to our rule as the verbs in this conjugation belong to our Class I b.
Coronel and San Buenaventura show forms similar to those of Beltran in the 2d and 4th Conjugations. In the 3d all give a form in b preceded by a vowel similar to that of the root:
bin-in-tal-ab, bin-in-oik-ib.
I was not able to find this form used at the present time. Beltran (§ 112) notes that the form in -b is found but the more common form for the future is that in -e for verbs of the 3d Conjugation.
Seler (p. 104, 107) follows San Buenaventura in giving the future in -b. He explains the more common future in -e as having been derived from -eb. I see no justification for this as Beltran distinctly states that the form in -b is not common and he limits it to the 3d Conjugation. Seler (p. 109) makes the following literal translation for the future;
bin-in-kambes, it goes (it is in the work, it will be) that by me is taught = I shall teach him.
1 The early Spanish grammars give as the form of the 2d Conjugation bin in kam-be-s.
This probably corresponds to the alternate forms above. It might possibly be explained as formerly,
bin in kam-be-s-e,
the e being lost after the e of the root be.
Palma y Palma (p. 185) gives the form agreeing with the latter: bin in kam-be-s-e.
Lopez (§ 91) recognizes the two forms of the future in these verbs.
78
GRAMMAR
These forms in bin may be used in the subjunctive sense, show- ing a future possibility.
I was not able to find the forms in ili kotsom given for the Futuro Perfecto in the early grammars. I question them as they are made from the past stem in -ah and are used to express a future.
Past Time. In the transitive this is expressed in several ways according to the degree of the distance in the past when the action took place. The idea of past time is brought out by the particles t or s'ok attached to the forms of the nominal pronoun or by suf- fixes on the verbal stem or by both. The usual suffix expressing past time is -ah which is added to the stem.1 This -ah for the past takes the place of -ik for the present and is the same form as that used for past time in the intransitive for verbs of Classes II-III. With this form in -ah the nominal pronoun is usually compounded with t: 2
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