USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 9
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Frequent reference has been made also to an article by F. W. Langdon, M.D., entitled The Madisonville Prehistoric Cemetery Anthropological Notes, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Nat- ural History, vol. iv, no. 3, October, 1881, pp. 237-257. This article includes an examination of 83 crania from the early exca- vations in the Madisonville cemetery and notes on the pathology of the bones.
Constant use has been made of two studies in the physical anthropology of the American Indians by Dr. Ales Hrdlička: Re- port on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains, from Arkansas and Louisiana, a reprint from the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. xiv, 1909; and Physical Anthropology of the Lenape or Delewares, and of the Eastern Indians in General, Bulletin 62, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1916.
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
Cranial Deformation.
OCCIPITAL DEFORMATION
None
Slight
Medium
Pronounced
Total
Males: number.
14
34
1
4
53
per cent.
26.41
64.14
1.88
7.54
73.5
Females: number
5
20
2
2
29
per cent.
17.25
68.96
6.89
6.89
82.7
This series includes comparatively few skulls with pronounced cranial deformation, as the table above shows. A considerable proportion (26 per cent in males and 17 per cent in females), shows no artificial deformation whatever, and in the majority of cases deformation, where present, is very slight. The total percentage of male crania exhibiting some degree of deformation is 73.5, while the corresponding figure in the case of the females is 82.7. In 115 male crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves, Fuller found 63 or 54.7 per cent with very pronounced occipital flattening, and a series of 70 female crania from the same graves included 34.2 per cent of markedly deformed crania. This does not take into consideration the slight degrees of deformation.
Deformation is of the occipital type only - a fact noted by Langdon also - and is probably due to a slight cradle-board flattening. It is perhaps of interest to note in this connection that no cases were observed in this series in which the auditory meatus seemed compressed in an antero-posterior direction, nor were bony exostoses found in the meatus in any case, although they occur in 13 per cent of Fuller's Tennessee series.
It is of some importance in connection with the utilization of artificially deformed crania for purposes of craniometric study to attempt to ascertain to what extent the original form has been altered, since it is obvious that very radical changes in the head- form brought about by this cause render the study of the propor- tions of the cranial vault useless, unless some method of correcting for deformation is available. No exact method exists, and with a good deal of reason some anthropologists exclude from their series for measurement all crania showing pronounced artificial deforma- tion. In the case of American Indian crania the debarring of specimens showing artificial deformation would mean the exclusion of some of the largest and most important groups.
-
86
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
In the present investigation an attempt has been made to certain the differences in cranial indices between skulls showing deformation and skulls showing medium or pronounced del mation.
Cranial Vault Indices.
CRANIAL INDICES OF UNDEFORMED CRANIA
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy. Total
Min.
Max.
M
Males: number. . .
1 7.14
7 6 50.0 42.85
14 74.46
85.80
7!
Females: number. 0
2
3
5 77.09
83.04
7
CRANIAL INDICES OF CRANIA WITH MEDIUM OR PRONOUNCED DEFORMATI
Dolicho.
Meso. Brachy.
Total
Min.
Max.
M
Males: number
0
0
5
5 82.49
90.9
&
Females: number. 0
0
4
4
84.21
92.55
8'
CRANIAL INDICES OF CRANIA WITH SLIGHT DEFORMATION
Dolicho.
Meso. Brachy. Total
Min.
Max.
M
Males: Number.
0
7 26
33 76.24
92.31
8:
Females: number
11
1
78.78 18
20 70.39 1
88.62
&
per cent .. .
5.0
5.0 90.0
CRANIAL INDICES OF ALL CRANIA
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy.
Total
Min.
Males: number.
1
14
37
52
74.46
per cent.
1.92
26.92
71.15
Females: number
1
3 25
29
70.39
per cent.
3.44
10.34
86.20
Both sexes: number.
2
17
62
81
70.39
4
per cent.
2.47
20.98
76.54
It is apparent from the consideration of the tables given that the nine crania of our series exhibiting medium or pror artificial deformation are all brachycephalic skulls, and tremely brachycephalic, with the exception of two mal which have indices of 82.58 and 82.49 respectively. If t had not been artificially deformed they might have be cephalic, but not dolichocephalic. The others belong with tion of deformation in the brachycephalic class. On hand, of 19 undeformed crania 9 are brachycephalic, so
1 This cranium showed a slight flattening in the lambdoid region which hu increasing its length.
per cent .. . .
per cent.
0
21.21
87
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
pears that a minimum of about half of our series would be brachy- cephalic if all were undeformed. But the high percentage of brachycephaly in the largest sub-group, that of crania with slight deformation (78,78 per cent of males and 90 per cent of females), indicates that a higher original proportion of brachycephaly than 50 per cent is to be expected in the whole series. For in the sub- group with slight deformation there has probably been very little alteration in the indices through this cause, and many of the crania exhibit high degrees of brachycephaly. The writer is inclined to believe therefore that the percentages given for brachycephaly for the whole series are only slightly in excess of the figure to be expected if there had been no deformation.
Of 17. crania yielding mesocephalic indices, 9 are undeformed and 8 show slight occipital deformation. The slight occipital de- formation has perhaps shifted some of these from the dolichocepha- lic class to the mesocephalic class. Of the 7 mesocephalic male skulls with slight occipital deformation, 4 have indices of 76, one of 77, and 2 of 78. Of the undeformed crania, 50 per cent are mesocephalic, and of the slightly deformed 21.21 per cent. When we consider the extreme rarety of dolichocephaly in the unde- formed sub-group (one case only), it will appear that the decrease in mesocephaly in the slightly deformed sub-group is in accordance with what we should be lead to expect if more crania were shifted from the mesocephalic to the brachycephalic class through defor- mation than froin the dolichocephalic to the mesocephalic class.
In order to check still further the effect of unintentional arti- ficial deformation on cranial form, the writer has made use of the series in the Peabody Museum from the Tennessee Stone Graves, measured by R. G. Fuller, to show the cranial indices in the unde- formed sub-group, the deformed sub-group, and in both combined. In this series occipital deformation is much more pronounced, and Fuller states that a slight degree of frontal deformation may often be observed.
CRANIAL INDICES OF UNDEFORMED TENNESSEE CRANIA
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy. Total
Min.
Max.
Males: number
4
15
24
43
70
92
" per cent.
9.3
34.88
55.81
Females: number
1
5
22
28
74
93
4
per cent
3.57
17.85
78.57
1
88
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE
CRANIAL INDICES OF DEFORMED TENNESSEE CRANIA
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy.
Total
Min.
Max.
Males: number
0
1
62
63
79
105
per cent.
0
1.58
98.41
Females: number
0
0
36
36
81
106
4
per cent.
0
0
100.00
CRANIAL INDICES OF ALL TENNESSEE CRANIA
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy.
Total
Min.
Max.
Males: number 1
5
18
92
115
70
105
4
per cent.
4.34
15.65
80.0
Females: number 1
1
6
63
70
74
106
per cent
1.42
8.56
90.0
Both sexes: number 1
6
24
155
185
70
106
per cent
3.24
. 12.97
83.78
.
If we compare the above tables with the similar tables for the sub-groups according to deformation in our Madisonville series, it will be observed first of all that the undeformed Tennessee crania include a larger percentage of brachycephals than the cor- responding Madisonville sub-group - an excess amounting to about 13 per cent in the males. In the entire series the percentage of brachycephals for both males and females combined is 83.78 against 76.54 in our Madisonville series. The deformed Tennessee crania include no dolichocephals and but one mesocephal, whereas in our series one dolichocephal and 8 mesocephals show slight de- formation. As the percentage of mesocephalic crania in the Ten- nessee series is smaller in the undeformed sub-group than in the corresponding Madisonville sub-group, there were probably fewer Tennessee individuals of hereditarily mesocephalic crania who could be shifted into the brachycephalic class through accidental deformation. This may partly account for the smaller excess in proportions of brachycephals in the entire Tennessee series over that in the entire Madisonville series as compared with the cor- responding proportions in the undeformed sub-group. But on the other hand, only 61.6 per cent of the Tennessee series show defor- mation as against 73.5 in our series. Of the Tennessee brachy- cephals, 29 per cent show no deformation, against 11 per cent of our brachycephals. This difference may be due to the somewhat more rugged character of the Tennessee crania, which might render
1 Includes several crania in which measurements were approximate.
89
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
them more resistant against deformation; it may be due to the personal equation of the two different observers in recording defor- mations; it may be due to error incident to the sampling process, since both series are comparatively small, and our entire series in- cludes 81 cranial indices as against 185 in the Tennessee series.
The examination of the Tennessee series confirms our conclu- sion that accidental occipital deformation affects dolichocephalic crania very little, mesocephalic crania slightly more, and brachy- cephalic crania most of all.
Assuming artificial deformation to have been caused by pressure of the occiput on a hard cradle board, it seems clear that this cause would naturally affect round-headed infants to a greater extent than long-headed infants, for if the head of the child is free to turn from side to side, the tendency for the dolichocephalic child with the protruding occiput is to rest the head on one side or other rather than on the back. On the other hand, a brachycephalic child with an occiput more or less flat is likely to rest on the back of the head rather than on the side Again, if the head is fixed so that it must rest on the occiput the greater convexity of the long- headed occiput presents less surface for deformation than the relatively flat occiput of the round head.
On the whole the present writer is inclined to believe that radical changes in head form were not usually brought about by uninten- tional occipital deformation, but that the most of crania affected thereby were originally brachycephalic or sub-brachycephalic. Some few dolichocephalic crania may have been transformed into mesocephaly; more were probably transferred from the higher grades of mesocephaly to brachycephaly; still more brachycephalic Crania were made increasingly so.
It remains to compare the cranial indices in our series with those Of the group studied by Langdon, and with other groups. In rear- ranging his seriations in accordance with the modern divisions of the index, only crania which have been sexed have been included.
CRANIAL INDICES OF MADISONVILLE CRANIA (LANGDON)
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy.
Total
Males: number
1
12
23
36
R
per cent.
2.77
33.33
· 63.88
Females: number
2
6
14
22
per cent
9.09
27.27
63.63
90
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
As compared with our series, that of Langdon shows an excess of mesocephalic crania (33.33 per cent against 26.92 in males) and an excess of brachycephalic crania. These differences are even more pronounced in the case of the females (10.34 per cent of meso- cephalic crania in our series as against 27.27 in his series). That these differences, however, are due to the shortness of the series may be seen from the results of including in Langdon's series 14 other crania which he was unable to sex. The following table shows the fundamental similarity:
CRANIAL INDICES OF MADISONVILLE CRANIA (MALE AND FEMALE)
Dolicho.
Meso.
Brachy.
Total
Peabody Museum: number
2
17
62
81
R
per cent.
2.47
20.98
76.54
Langdon series: number
5
15
52
72
per cent.
6.94
20.83
72.22
The average length (diameter antero-posterior maximum) of 52 male crania of our Madisonville series is 177.4 mm. and the range from 161-195 mm. The mean length of 29 female crania is 169 mm. and the range from 161-179 mm.
The average width (diameter lateral maximum) of males is 146.1 mm. and the range 133-160 mm. In the females the average width is 141.7 mm. and the range 126-150 mm.
LENGTH-HEIGHT INDEX Chamaecephalic Orthocephalic Hypsicephalic
x-69.9
70-74.9
75-x
Total
Peabody Museum series:
Males: number.
0
10
32
42
per cent.
0
23.81
76.19
21
27
Females: number 4
per cen
0
23.33
77.77
Both sexes: number
0
16
53
69
per cent.
0
23.19
76.81
Langdon series:
Both sexes: number
1
2
55
58
per cent.
1.72
3.44
94.82
0
6
As the series given above includes all crania, deformed and un- deformed, it is subject to the same reservations as the cranial index discussed above. It will be noted in the analysis of the above table that there is a considerable discrepancy in results between our
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, PLATE 25
375/2
.-
MADISONVILLE SITE Male cranium, brachycephalic type
Norma lateralis Norma verticalis
Norma facialis Norma occipitalis
91
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
series and that measured by Langdon in 1879. Our series shows a range of the index from 70 to 83, whereas Langdon's series ranges from 68 to 89. Langdon's series has an excess of hypsicephals amounting to about 18 per cent. This difference isd istinctly puz- zling in view of the similarity as regards the seriation of the cranial index in the two series. Langdon does not state how he measured , cranial height. He may have taken maximum height instead of basion-bregma height. Langdon's series comes from the first year's excavations in the cemetery, whereas the majority of our crania are from later excavations in other portions of the cemetery, but if there had been a marked difference in headform we should have expected it to show in the cranial index.
Of 53 undeformed Tennessee Stone Grave crania of both sexes measured by Fuller, 96.22 per cent were hypsicephalic and 3.77 per cent orthocephalic.
BREADTH-HEIGHT INDEX
Tapeinocephalic Metriocephalic Akrocephalic
x-91.9
92-97.9
98-x
Total
Males: number
15
20
7
42
per cent.
35.71
47.62
16.66
Females: number
10
15
2
27
per cent .
37.03
55.55
7.40
Both sexes: number
25
35
9
69
per cent.
36.23
50.72
13.04
The range in this series is from 82 to 100 in the males and from 86 to 100 in the females. I have not calculated the mean as it is of doubtful significance in so heterogeneous a group of crania. Comparison with the Langdon group of Madisonville crania is omitted because the indices are not given.
From the above table it will be seen that the relative height of this series is somewhat small. In 53 undeformed Tennessee crania of both sexes Fuller found 3.77 per cent tapeinocephalic, 28.30 per cent metriocephalic, and 67.92 per cent akrocephalic. This brings out sharply an important difference in these neighboring groups. The basion-bregma height is absolutely lower in our series (average for males 136.9 mm., females 131.3 mm .; against 144 mm. for males and 139 mm. for females in the Tennessee series).
92
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
Cranial Arcs.
CRANIAL ARCS AND CIRCUMFERENCES
Mean Male Female
Range
Male
Female
Number Male Female
Horizontal circumference:
Madisonville.
513
493
482-540
462-515
44
26
Tennessee (Fuller)
512
481
480-530
462-495
..
. .
Nasion-opisthion arc:
Madisonville
361
345
334-379
328-365
41
21
Tennessee (Fuller)
359
349
331-400
326-368
. .
. .
Transverse arc:
Madisonville
316
306
300-350
281-325
42
26
Tennessee (Fuller)
310
302
293-348
292-321
..
. .
In the table above the cranial circumferences and arcs of the Madisonville series are compared with those of the Tennessee Stone Grave series measured by Fuller, including in the latter case only undeformed crania. In the case of the horizontal circumfer- ence (taken above the brow ridges), the males of the two series show very similar values, while the Madisonville females surpass the Tennessee females in the mean value of the circumference by 12 mm. The mean values of the same measurement for Arkansas and Louisiana series studied by Dr. Hrdlička are as follows: Arkan- sas males 500, Louisiana males 504; Arkansas females 485, Louisi- ana females 488.
This measurement and the following were not taken by Langdon on his Madisonville series.
In the case of the nasion-opisthion arc the mean value for Madi- sonville males again exceeds slightly that of the Tennessee males while the Madisonville females fall below the Tennessee females. The corresponding values in the cases of the Arkansas and Louisi- ana series are: Arkansas males 352, Louisiana males 355; Arkan- sas females 342, Louisiana females 348.
The excess of the Madisonville crania over the Tennessee crania in the transverse arc may be due partially to the fact that Fuller measured to the supra-mastoid crest, while the writer measured to porion.
93
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
Cranial Capacity.
Mean
Range
Number
Madisonville series: males
1435 cc.
1265-1630 cc.
38
females
1287
1150-1380
21
Tennessee series (Fuller): males
1410
1175-1680
?
females
1276 1110-1460
?
Arkansas series (Hrdlička): males
1455
1310-1670
19
«
&
females
1255
1140-1395
14
The mean capacities of the series compared above are similar when it is considered that the range is great and the series are comparatively small. Langdon found the mean capacity of 48 Madisonville crania of both sexes to be 1338, but these were measured with dried peas and the writer ascertained by experimen- tation that this method yields results 50 cc. below the correct capac- ity of a bronze control skull. If we then add 50 cc. to Langdon's mean we find that it corresponds closely enough with the mean of both sexes in our series, 1382 cc.
Thickness of Left Parietal Above Temporo-parietal Suture. It is very difficult to obtain accurate results in this measurement. In the crania of 46 Madisonville males the mean value of this measure- ment was 5.8 mm. The range in the males was from 3 mm. to 9 mm. except in the case of one extraordinarily thick cranium which yielded a measurement of 14 mm. on the left parietal just above the temporo-parietal suture. In 28 females the mean thick- ness at this point was 5.78 mm., very little less than in the males. The range was from 4 mm. to 7 mm. Dr. Hrdlička found the aver- age thickness of the left parietal above the squamous suture in 13 male Arkansas crania 5 mm., and in 9 females 5.3 mm. In another Arkansas group of 22 male crania the average was 5 mm. and in 13 female crania 4.5. In the Louisiana group of 17 males and 18 females the averages were 5.5 mm. and 4.85 mm. respectively.
Minimum Frontal Diameter.
Mean Males Females
Range Males Females
Number Males Females
Madisonville.
94.97
92.71
87-103
85-103
48 28
Tennessee (Fuller).
93
90
83-108
82-99
?
?
Louisiana (Hrdlička) . .
96
94
85-102
83-99
17
17
Arkansas (Hrdlička) .. .
96
93
87-102
86-102
13
10
Langdon gives as the mean of this measurement for 69 Madison- ville crania of both sexes 93, with a range of 84-107. The corre-
94
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
sponding mean in our series is 94.1. The frontal breadth in this series is therefore rather small, though it exceeds that of the Ten- nessee Stone Grave group.
Facial Index.
UPPER FACIAL INDEX
Hypereuryene x-44.9
Euryene 45-49.8
Mesene 50-54.9
Leptene 55-x
Total
Males: number
1
6
18
2
27
per cent.
3.7
22.22
66.66
7.4
Females: number
0
6
6
1.
13
4
per cent.
0
46.14
46.14
7.69
While the majority of the Madisonville crania fall into the mesene group as regards the upper facial index, it will be observed there also exists a strong tendency toward the euryene which is naturally accentuated in the female group. Quite markedly dif- ferent is the seriation of the upper facial index in the undeformed crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves measured by Fuller. Of 97 males he found 34 per cent leptene, 56.7 per cent mesene, and 9.2 per cent euryene. In 64 Tennessee females the seriation is 34.3 per cent leptene, 54.6 per cent mesene, and 10.9 per cent euryene. In our series bizygomatic diameter in 28 males averages 141 mm., and in 14 females 131.3 mm. Upper facial height averages 72 mm. in 34 males and 66.1 mm. in 18 females.
TOTAL FACIAL INDEX
Hypereuryprosopic Euryprosopic
x-79.9
80-84.9
Mesoprosopic 85-89.9
Total
Males: number
1
12
5
18
per cent.
5.55
66.66
27.77
Females: number
0
4
2
6
per cent 0
66.66
33.33
The number of specimens upon which the measurements neces- sary for the calculation of the total facial index can be taken is unfortunately small. There is a strong tendency toward eury- prosopism in this group, due to large bizygomatic diameters and somewhat small total facial height (averages of 117.9 mm. in 21 males and 110.2 mm. in 7 females). The average total facial index in male crania from Louisiana and Arkansas, as given by Dr. Hrdlička, is between 85 and 86, while the average for the males in our series is about 83. Fuller found the average total facial index
95
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
in 92 male crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves 86, and in 59 females 85.2. Fuller found 19.5 of leptoprosopic crania in his males and 10 per cent in his females. The percentages of euryprosopic crania in the Tennessee group were 25 for males and 44 for females. It therefore appears that our Madisonville crania are sharply differentiated from the Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana groups in respect to facial proportions.
Mean Orbital Index.
Chamaeconch x-82.8
Mesoconch 83-88.9
Hypsiconch 89-x
Total
Males: number.
20
13
3
36
per cent.
55.55
36.11
8.33
Females: number
12
7
1
20
per cent.
60.0
35.0
5.0
The orbital index is extremely variable. The mean index of the two orbits ranges in the males from 67 to 101, and in the females from 71 to 90. Often the measurements of the two orbits differ considerably and in such cases the index of the left orbit is usually higher, a fact previously observed by Dr. Hrdlička in regard to the orbits of crania of Indians from Louisiana and Arkansas. In the Tennessee Stone Grave series of 95 males, 33.6 per cent were hypsiconch, 49.4 per cent mesoconch, and 16.8 per cent chamae- conch. Of 69 females 44.9 per cent were hypsiconch, 47.8 per cent mesoconch, and 7.2 per cent chamaeconch. Dr. Hrdlička states that the majority of the Arkansas and Louisiana crania measured by him were megaseme (hypsiconch). It may be observed from the tables above that the Madisonville crania are prevailingly chamae- conch and mesoconch. This is to be expected in view of the large breadth and inconsiderable height of the facial skeleton.
Nasal Index.
Leptorrhine x-46.9
Mesorrhine 47-50.9
Platyrrhine Hyperplatyrrhine
51-57.9
58-x
Total
Males: number
7
11
15
2
35
per cent
20.0
31.42
42.85
5.71
Females: number
1
3
10
6
20
per cent
5.0
15.0
50.0
30.0
Almost half of the male crania and four-fifths of the female crania are platyrrhine. This is to be expected in broad, short-faced people, and the sexual difference is usual. In 102 male crania from the Tennessee Stone Graves, Fuller found 45 per cent platyrrhine,
96
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
37.3 per cent mesorrhine, and 17.6 per cent leptorrhine. In 73 female crania of the same group the seriation is 63 per cent platyr- rhine, 26 per cent mesorrhine, 11 per cent leptorrhine. The Madi- sonville crania show a higher percentage of platyrrhine indices than the Tennessee group, especially in the females. The mean nasal index in males is 51.6 and in females 55.9. The mean of the Ten- nessee males is 50.1 and of the Tennessee females 51.5.
Palatal Index (Maxillo-alveolar).
Dolichuranic x-109.9
Mesuranic 110-114.9
Brachyuranic 115-x
Total
Males: number
2
7
23
32
per cent.
6.25
21.87
71.87
Females: number
2
4
13
19
per cent
10.52
21.05
68.42
The palate in our group is usually brachyuranic with a range in males of 106-129 and a mean of 117.6. The range in the female crania is 108-136 and the mean is 118.7. The means in the Tennes- see groups are 122.6 for males and 120.9 for females. Of 84 Ten- nessee males 89.2 per cent were brachyuranic, 8.3 per cent mesur- anic and 2.3 dolichuranic. The corresponding figures for 55 females are: brachyuranic 78.1 per cent, mesuranic 7.2 per cent, dolichu- ranic 14.5 per cent. Dr. Hrdlička gives as the average palatal index for Louisiana males 116, and for females 122, but the number of specimens included is small. On the whole it may be said that the degree of brachyurany exhibited by the Madisonville group is somewhat less than would be expected in view of the facial pro- portions and that it is evident that the palates in this group have undergone reduction, which often has the effect of decreasing the index.
Alveolar Index.
Orthognathous x-97.9
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