USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 47
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Las réplicas, las soluciones, la conferencia toda, fue en el mismo idioma, que- dando todos los concurrentes llenos de complacencia y admiracion."
1 The relative merit of their works has been discussed exhaustively in Part I (p. 9).
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Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 172-179) and Sosa (1884, p. 942-948) give short accounts of his life. The former, quoted also by Sosa (p. 944), most truthfully expresses the number of the works by Ruz when he writes, "Ninguno de los escritores de la lengua maya se presenta con tan considerable número de volúmenes, debidos á su incansable y sábia pluma, como el R. P. Fr. Joaquin Ruz, que hizo verdaderamente sudar la prensa con la edicion de sus obras en el primer tercio del siglo actual, y precisamente cuando era para el país una cosa rara la publicacion de un libro."
The writings of Ruz are of little value from the standpoint of the study of Maya linguistics. He did his best to revise the language so that it conformed as far as possible with Latin stand- ards. Brinton (1900, p. 212) writes in this connection, "His style has however been severely criticized by almost all competent scholars as impressing on the native language grammatical forms, terms of expression, and compounds, foreign to its history and character. Ruz was well aware he was making these innovations, but claimed they were called for to elevate and develop the powers of the Maya."
JUAN PIO PEREZ. He was born in Merida in 1798 and died in 1859. He was the first modern Maya scholar. Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 140-145, 179-186), Carrillo Suaste (1875), Ancona (1877), Sosa (1884, p. 803-806), and Martínez Alomía (1906, p. 142-146) are among those giving his biography. Berendt (1871a) describes his work in great detail. He was selected as the Maya interpreter to the Secretary of State at Merida. The suc- cessful fulfillment of the duties of this office shows his ability to use the Maya language and the position gave him access to much Maya material. Stephens (1843, v. 2, p. 117) writes, "I had been advised that this gentleman (Perez) was the best Maya scholar in Yucatan, and that he was distinguished in the same degree for the investi- gation and study of all matters tending to elucidate the history of the ancient Indians. His attention was turned in this direction by the circumstance of holding an office in the department of state, in which old documents in the Maya language were con- stantly passing under his eyes. Fortunately for the interests of science and his own studious tastes. on account of some political disgust he withdrew from public life, and, during two years of
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retirement, devoted himself to the study of the ancient chronology of Yucatan."
Perez realized the importance of preserving material on the Maya language which was fast disappearing. He made a collection of original documents in Maya and copies of various manuscripts which he did not personally possess. This collection was copied in great part by Berendt and these copies furnished the foundation for the Berendt Collection. The importance of the Books of Chilam Balam was very early recognized by Perez. The most important parts of his collection were included in a volume en- titled "Chilam Balam" (Berendt, 1868, in B. L. C. No. 49) 1 and another called by Carrillo y Ancona, "Codice Perez" (Perez, 2, copy in B. L. C. No. 50).2 The contents of this volume are treated fully by Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 140-145).
There is another document more properly called the "Codex Perez " (Perez, 1842). This is the famous manuscript given by Perez to Stephens which formed a part of the Chilam Balam de
" The letters B. L. C. refer to the Berendt Linguistic Collection in the library of the University Museum, Philadelphia. The number refers to the entry in Brinton's Catalogue of this collection. See Brinton, 1900.
? This Codice Perez has the following Advertencia, written by Carrillo y Ancona and republished by him in his 1870; ed. 1872, p. 140-141: "Estas apuntaciones son del Sr. D. Juan Pio Perez. Las tomaba ó extractaba de los manuscritos que solia hallar en poder de los indios, y el fin principal que con ellas se proponia era hacer un caudal suficiente de noticias para escribir sobre el Calen- dario yucateco. Es, pues, muy preciosa esta colección, pues no solo revela mucho de lo que puede apetecerse sobre el cómputo del tiempo, usado por los antiguos yucatecos, sino que servirá tambien para testificar la existencia de muchas obras manuscritas de autores indios, que se han ido perdiendo; pero cuya memoria conservarémos en conjunto en este volúmen, dándole el nombre general de 'Códice Perez,' para perpetuar tambien así el nombre del ilustre yucateco moderno a quien se lo debemos. El 'Codice Perez' será, pues, siempre un importante monumento bibliográfico, de gran trascendencia para la historia, de valor inestimable para los yucatecos, y, por gran fortuna nuestra, una de los mas ricos tesoros de nuestro gabinete particular. - C. C."
Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 179) writes: " Debemos á la pluma del Sr. Perez las siguientes obras: I. 'Opúsculos varios ó notas a las copias y traduc- ciones del yucateco al español, y del español al yucateco, observaciones y apunta- ciones sobre diferentes materias, correspondientes á la historia y lengua de Yucatan, esparcida en fragmentos en diferentes manos y países. Mss. inéditos.' He adds that the first part of this collection is the Codex Perez. The other part of the collection is undoubtedly contained in the several works in manuscript re- corded in the Bibliography.
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Mani, and is described at length in another place (p. 184). This manuscript made possible the first attempts to synchronize Maya and Christian chronology. His Cronologia Antigua (Perez, 1843) has not contributed greatly to the knowledge of the hieroglyphic writing as he made a grave mistake in the interpretation of the length of one of the Maya time periods. Two printed dictionaries bear his name in addition to several important manuscripts not already mentioned, copies of many of which are in the Berendt Linguistic Collection.
FLETCHER, HENDERSON, KINGDON. These three Protestant missionaries were in British Honduras in the second quarter of the last century. There is little that is known regarding the details of their linguistic work and there is, as a consequence, some con- fusion regarding the authorship of certain books.1 Richard Fletcher was a Methodist missionary stationed at Corozal and he wrote & catechism in Maya (1865a) for his denomination and a brief series of prayers (1865). The Maya language used by these three Protestant missionaries is very corrupt. Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 191) writes, "Fletcher se ha apropiado no mas el maya corrompido de hispanismo, ó esa habla amestizada que usa el último vulgo del país, y que no sabemos si llamar mejor un castellano bárbaro ó un maya tristemente degenerado."
Alexander Henderson, a Baptist missionary, came to Belize in 1834. John Kingdon came to Belize in 1845 after having served for thirteen years as a missionary in Jamaica. There was con- stant trouble between these two workers, Kingdon being the more to blame if one is to believe the account of Crowe (1850), another missionary in this field. There are vague notices in this book of the linguistic work of the mission. It would seem as if Henderson devoted most of his time during the first years in this field to work on the Mosquito language. Kingdon (1847) translated the gram- mar of Ruz and it was he who seems to have been the more ener- getic in translating portions of the scriptures into Maya. Crowe (1850, p. 493) writes, "Before the close of 1849, Mr. Kingdon had purchased a piece of plantation land on the banks of the Old River
1 Pilling (1885, p. 258) furnishes an interesting letter from Carrillo y Ancona regarding the authorship of various works ascribed to Henderson which were really written by Fletcher.
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. . and thus founded his fifth missionary station, since his arrival . four years before. The spot chosen was about twenty miles from Belize, in a very thinly-peopled neighborhood, where his studies and labours in translating Maya would be but little interrupted." The Baptists abandoned their mission in British Honduras in 1850. Henderson evidently stayed on in the country as his Maia Primer was published in 1852 and he left in manuscript six vo- lumes of a dictionary of the dialect of Maya spoken in Bacalar (Henderson 1859-66).
BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG. He was born near Dunkirk in 1814 and died in 1874. He should be remembered not for what he wrote himself but for the manuscripts which he published. He became interested in the Maya field and visited Yucatan in 1865. Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872, p. 193-195) and Martínez Alomía (1906, p. 172-175) give short biographies. Mitre (1909-11, v. 1, p. 19-24) sums up his work. The introduction to the Bibliography of Bras- seur de Bourbourg (1871, p. vii-xlvii) under the title Coup d'œil sur les études américaines dans leurs rapports avec les études classiques serves to show his method of deductions and his fantastic theories.
The importance of the work of Brasseur de Bourbourg from the standpoint of Maya studies is his publication of the Codex Troano (1869-70) and his finding and publishing the manuscript of Landa (1864). In addition to this he published practically the whole of the grammar of San Buenaventura (1869-70, v. 2, p. 1-99). His vocabularies are of no value as will be pointed out later. Berendt (7, in B. L. C. No. 181, fol. 62) has a section marked "Brasseuriana- Troano-Landa" which contains a good criticism of the work of Brasseur de Bourbourg.
CARL HERMANN BERENDT. He was born in Danzig in 1817 and died in Coban, Guatemala, in 1878. He was undoubtedly the greatest scholar of the Maya language although the list of his actual publications is a short one. His biography is given by Brinton (1884-85: 1900, p. 204, note). Berendt came to New York in 1851. He went almost immediately to Central America and, with the ex- ception of occasional visits to the United States, remained in Mex- ico and Central America until he died in 1878. He made several visits to Yucatan, copying manuscripts and studying the language. He visited all the noted libraries of Middle America collecting
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material on the Maya language. His monument is the Berendt Linguistic Collection of manuscripts and books in the library of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Brinton (1900) who purchased this collection and presented it to the Mu- seum has made a catalogue. As already pointed out, the founda- tion of this library on the Maya side was the copies made by Berendt of the Pio Perez collection the originals of which have now been scattered. Up to the time when Mr. Gates began his photographic reproductions every student of Maya linguistics was absolutely dependent upon this Berendt material.
Berendt's copy of the Motul dictionary with emendations, addi- tions and comparisons with other vocabularies is a monumental work in itself. He brought together for the first time copies of practically everything then known on the Maya languages. His Lengua Maya Miscelanea (Berendt, 1868d, 3 v. in B. L. C. Nos. 42, 43, 44); and his scrap books (Berendt, 5, 6, 7 in B. L. C. Nos. 179, 180, 181) contain a large mass of important material on the Maya language.1
BISHOP CRESCENCIO CARRILLO Y ANCONA. He was born at Izamal, Yucatan in 1837 and died in Merida in 1897. He was the friend of Pio Perez and kept alive the Perez tradition regarding the importance of Maya studies. Carrillo Suaste (1875, p. xi-xx), Sosa (1873: 1884, p. 215), Martínez Alomía (1906, p. 237-244), Rivero Figueroa (1918), and Anon 1897a, present biographical notes. The most complete list of his works is published by Rivero Figueroa and Canton Rosado (1918, p. 65-78). Carrillo became the thirty-sixth bishop of Yucatan in 1887. His interest in the early history of the country was great. He founded the archaeological museum at Merida and also started several different literary periodicals. His most important work was on the historical rather than on the lin- guistic side. Special attention should be called to his Disertacion sobre la historia de la lengua Maya ó Yucateca (1870; ed. 1872) and to his main work on the history of the bishops of Yucatan (1892- 1895). He was the editor of El Repetorio Pintoresco (1863).
1 Bowditch (1908, 1908a) and Schuller (1) collated several of the manuscripts in this Berendt Collection. Gates reproduced the Bowditch notes and several of those taken by Schuller. Various unidentified articles should be noted (Berendt 9) together with his copies of various documents of a religious nature (Berendt 1868a in B. L. C. Nos. 46, 47).
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DANIEL GARRISON BRINTON. He was born at Thornbury, Pennsylvania, in 1837, and died in Philadelphia in 1899. He was a worthy successor to Berendt. His field of activity was broader than that of Berendt. His great interest in Maya studies caused him to purchase the Berendt Collection and later he presented it to the University of Pennsylvania. Biographical notes are to be found in Brinton (1900b), Martínez Alomía (1906, p. 245-249) and in several transactions of scientific societies of which he was a mem- ber. Brinton (1898) sums up his work on American languages. The chief work of Brinton (1882) on Maya linguistics was the publication of an English translation of the chronological parts of several of the Books of Chilam Balam, copies of which he obtained in the Berendt Collection. It is worthy of note that this work, although written almost forty years ago, still remains the most ex- tensive translation from the Maya ever undertaken at one time.
WILLIAM GATES. Mr. Gates of Point Loma, California, is a Maya scholar to whom all students of Maya linguistics owe a deep debt of gratitude. An indefatigable energy, great acumen, and a knowledge of the Middle American field have enabled Mr. Gates to gather together the largest collection of documents on the Maya linguistic stock ever assembled in one place. Moreover, not being satisfied to possess this remarkable collection he desired copies of all available documents on the Maya field owned by libraries and by individuals. With only a few exceptions he now possesses either the original manuscript or the photographic reproduction of all the known documents on the Maya stock, as well as many others on the languages of Southern and Central Mexico. Furthermore, he possesses the only known copies of several printed works on this field. Mr. Gates has made duplicate sets of many of his photo- graphs and he has allowed Mr. Charles P. Bowditch to purchase a set of these. Mr. Bowditch has very generously presented them to the Peabody Museum. The Gates Collection stands, therefore, in the first place.
His photographic reproductions covering the field included in the scope of the present work are mentioned in the Bibliography.1 For
1 It should be noted that the bibliographical data on manuscripts pho- tographed by Gates have been taken in general from the reproductions rather than from the original manuscripts themselves. Blank pages in the manu-
-
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convenience a list of them is included here. First place should be given to the Motul and San Francisco dictionaries without which no important work in translation can be done. Anon 5 and 26 are also vocabularies. Next come the unique imprint of the Coro- nel grammar (1620) and the first editions of the grammars of San Buenaventura (1684) and of Beltran (1746) together with the grammars of Ruz (1844) and Kingdon (1847).
Second place in point of importance should be given to the re- productions of the originals of the Chilam Balam de Calkini, Kaua, Nah, Tekax, and Tizimin and of copies of the Chilam Balam de Calkini, Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, and Tizimin together with the copy of the Crónica de Chicxulub. The Bowditch notes on Berendt 1868, the Chicxulub, the Mani, and Oxkutzcab manuscripts with the Prophecies, and the Schuller notes on Berendt 1868c and the Mani manuscript come next. The various medical portions of the Books of Chilam Balam should be mentioned, the Judio de Sotuta and Anon, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 19 (Berendt copy). The Ritual of the Bacabs comes here.
The Avendaño manuscript stands alone in importance. The secular manuscripts are as follows: Titulos de Ebtun, Libro de Cacalchen, the Pat Letters, Documentos de Ticul, the Xiu Chroni- cles, Anon 2 and Anon 8. Finally we also have Gates reproduc- tions of the following religious works: - the Doctrinas of Coronel (1620a), Beltran (1740; ed. 1816), Ruz (1822, 1849, 1851), Fletcher (1865a), Nolasco de los Reyes, and Anon (1803, Berendt copy, 7, 20, 23), together with the sermons of Coronel (1620b), Dominguez y Argaiz, Carvajal (1, Berendt copy), Acosta, Vales, Vela, Ora- ciones de Teabo, and Anon (21 and 22, Berendt copy).
JUAN MARTÍNEZ HERNÁNDEZ. He was born in. Merida in 1866 and educated at Georgetown University, District of Columbia, as a lawyer. He is a descendant of the Adelantado, Don Francisco de Montejo. He has an intimate knowledge of the Maya language as is shown by the list of his published and unpublished works in the Bibliography. He is one of a few gentlemen in Merida who now interest themselves in the study of the language of the natives.
scripts have not generally been reproduced so that there may be differences in certain cases in the number of pages in the reproduction and in the manu- script itself.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
It is only necessary to note the number of bibliographies men- tioned in the following pages to realize the great interest taken in the subject of American languages and, more especially, the languages of Middle America. Little attempt has been made to list the large number of bibliographies which cover the general field of history and travel, although many of these books also con- tain references to works on the Maya linguistic stock. No bibliog- raphy is included here which does not contain books on the Maya language of Yucatan.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES. The best list of the bib- liographies of Mexico and Central America is that contained in Mitre (1909-11, v. 1, p. 5-70). He discusses at some length most of the important lists of books from this region. Viñaza (1892, p. xix-xxv) and the Bulletin of the New York Public Library (1909, p. 622-624, 810-811) also give very good lists of bibliogra- phies on Middle America. Lejeal (1902, p. 5-7) and Lehmann (1907) cover the same ground in a less extensive way.
MISSING AUTHORITIES. There is a long list of works on the Maya language references to which are made in the early histories but many of these books or manuscripts have disappeared in the course of time. It is to be hoped that some of these missing authorities will be found just as the long lost grammar of Coronel (1620) turned up in Mexico in 1912.
Landa who wrote his Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan (1864) sometime between 1561 and 1566 mentions Villalpando and his work. No books of this author have survived. Landa himself wrote a grammar and possibly a Doctrina which are lost. Other references occur in several of the early works to books, copies of which are now unknown. León Pinelo (1629) and Nicolas Antonio (1672) list many works which have vanished. Lizana (1633) and Cogolludo (1688, p. 439-440) refer in their histories to several writers whose manuscripts have disappeared. Cogolludo is es- pecially full on this point. Clavigero (1780-81) also gives a short bibliography several entries of which are unknown at the present time. Later notices of missing authorities are usually taken from the lists already mentioned. These lost works are given more or
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
less fully in the bibliographies of Eguiara (1755), Beristain y Souza (1816-21), Squier (1861), Carrillo y Ancona (1870; ed. 1872), Civezza (1879), Carrillo y Ancona (1878-82; ed. 1883, p. 123-127), Sanchez (1886), and Medina (1907-12). A separate list of these missing authorities is given in El Registro Yucateco (1845, p. 358), an almost complete list by Berendt (1868b), and shorter lists by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, v. 2, p. i-iv), Viñaza (1892, p. 241 et seq.), Brinton (1897), and Juan Molina (1904-13, v. 1, p. 327-330).
In the following list of the missing authorities I have tried to ar- range the authors in as near a chronological order as possible. The Berendt manuscript (1868b) gives, in several instances, dates for the various manuscripts which I have not been able to find in any other authority. This list compiled from the above sources is as follows:
LIST OF MISSING AUTHORITIES
XVI Century.
Villalpando: circa 1546.
(1) Arte.1
(2) Doctrina.
1571 Vocabulario, missing (?).
Landa: in Yucatan, 1549-1579.
(1) Arte (possibly a revised edition of Villalpando (1).
(2) Doctrina (?).
Solana: in Yucatan 1560-1600.
(1) Sermones.
(2) Noticias sagradas.
(3) Apuntaciones sobre las antigüedades (?).
(4) Estudios historicos.
(5) Apuntes de las santas escrituras.
(6) Apuntamientos historicos.
Xiu: circa 1593.
1582 Relacion sobre las costumbres.
(1) Vocabulario.
1 The number in front of each work refers to the corresponding number in the Bibliography under the author.
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Ciudad Real: died, 1617.
(1) Gran calepino (Motul dictionary ?).
(2) Diccionario (?).
(3) Tratado curioso.
(4) Sermones.
Torralva: in Yucatan, 1573-1624.
(1) Sermones.
Nájera, Gaspar de: in Yucatan, circa 1579.
(1) Relación de las antigüedades de Yucatan.
Anon.1
(28) Vocabulario grande.
(30) Un librillo escrito . .. en el idioma de los Indios.
XVII Century.
Sanchez de Aguilar.
(1) Catecismo, 1602 (Berendt).
Acevedo: in Yucatan, 1592-1624.
(1) Gramatica.
(2) Instrucciones catequísticas.
Cuartas: died, 1610.
(1) Arte.
Coronel: in Yucatan, 1590-1651.
(1) Vocabulario.
(2) Doctrina.
(3) Confesionario.
Rincon: died, 1647.
(1) Sermones.
Valladolid: in Yucatan, 1617-52.
(1) Sacramentos.
(2) Dioscórides.
(3) Vocabulario (?).
Mena: died, 1633.
(1) Sermones.
Cardenas:
1639 Relación.
1 Clavigero gives the name of Jose Dominguez as an author of Maya works.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Vidales: wrote, 1644-48.
(1) Vocabulario.
(2) Sintáxis.
(3) Florílegia medicinal.
Rivas Gastelu.
(1) Gramatica (Lacandone), 1685 (Berendt). San Buenaventura.
(1) Diccionario, 1695 (Berendt).
XVIII Century.
Avendaño: in Yucatan, 1705. 1750 (Berendt).
(1) Arte.
(2) Diccionario.
(3) Diccionario abreviado.
(4) Diccionario botánico.
(5) Diccionario de nombres de personas.
(6) Explicacion de varios vaticinios.
XIX Century. Carvajal.
(2) Collection of proverbs.
Henderson, circa 1860.
(1) Book of Genesis in Maya.
(2) Psalms in Maya.
(3) English translation of Beltran (1746), ?
Kingdon, circa 1860.
(1) English translation of Beltran (1746), ?
(2) Dictionary.
EARLY HISTORY AND EARLY BIBLIOGRAPHY. No attempt has been made to exhaust the references to books and manuscripts mentioned in the early histories, such as those of Martyr (1516), Mendieta (1870), written about 1590, Herrera (1601-15), Gregorio García (1607), Torquemada (1613), Remesal (1620), Cogolludo (1688), Villagutierre (1701), Boturini (1746), and other similar works. The earliest general bibliographies which mention books on the Maya language are those of Leon Pinelo (1629; 2d ed. by Barcia, 1737-38) and Nicolas Antonio (1672 and 1696), the former a sequel of the latter although published first. Eguiara (1755) is the first to give a list composed solely of the books on Latin America. This
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work was never completed, only the first volume, through C, being printed. Four note-books containing other parts of the manuscript are said to be in the library of the Cathedral of Mexico City.1
The manuscript bibliography of Alcedo (1807) is especially good for biographical details and he gives his opinion of the early bibliographies.2 Harrisse (1866, p. xiii-xlii) also gives a very good discussion of the important bibliographies.
Clavigero (1780-81; ed. 1826, v. 2, p. 396) gives a Catálogo de algunos autores Europeos y criollos que han escrito sobre la doctrina y moral cristianas en las lenguas de Anahuac. This is probably the first attempt to bring together in one place a list of the writings on Mexican linguistics.
Hervás y Panduro (1784; ed. 1800-05, v. 1, p. 289-290) and Vater (1815) are more ambitious attempts at listing linguistic works covering larger areas.
GENERAL AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is a long list of general bibliographies many of them specializing on books on America. It is only necessary to give a few of these which contain references to works on Maya linguistics. Rich (1835), Ternaux-Compans (1837), Leclerc (1867 and 1878), Sabin (1868- 92), Andrade, (1869; Languages, p. 362-368), Quaritch (1873 et seq.), Field (1873, 1875), Civezza (1879), Murphy (1884) and Menéndez y Pelayo (1888) are a few of the more important general bibliographies.
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