USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 12
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Molars and zygomae are medium or large in males as character- istic of American Indians, but in the females frequently small. Depth of suborbital fossae is variable. The palate is prevailingly parabolic, sometimes U-shaped or elliptical.
The teeth show marked tendency toward cusp reduction and suppression of third molars. Usually they are not large. Decay and loss in life are frequent.
The glenoid fossae are of medium depth or more; dehiscences in the floor of the auditory meatus are common. The middle lacerated foramina are submedium to medium in size; the depression of the petrous parts is small or medium; the posterior lacerated foramina are prevailingly medium in size, but frequently small, and, when of unequal size, the right is usually larger.
While the mandibles are usually of medium size and medium de- velopment in the majority of cases as regards points of interest,
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
there is a large sub-group in which the prominence of the chin is submedium, and the development of the mylo-hyoid ridge is sub- medium. The genial tubercles are prevailingly small.
In general it is apparent that this group is the result of a mixture of the southern brachycephalic type with the eastern dolichoce- phalic type, the latter type being distinctly in the minority. While both types have been modified by the mixture it is clear that the dolichocephalic type has suffered most in this regard and persists for the most part only in an intermediate form. To ascertain the exact results of the intermixture it would be necessary to investi- gate the correlation of all measurements and morphological features in the individual crania. It is not possible to attempt this within the prescribed limits of this paper, but such correlations are valu- able and it is hoped that they may be presented subsequently.
The Bones in General. Of the large collection of human remains from the Madisonville cemetery in the Peabody Museum, the vast majority are fragmentary and incomplete. The writer examined the skeletons of 53 adult males, 35 adult females, 2 adults of doubtful sex, 9 adolescents, 6 children, and 7 infants. No detailed study of the bones was possible in the time allotted for the investi- gation, and it was necessary to confine the attention to the few most important measurements and observations on the better preserved specimens.
In almost all of the skeletons the ribs, vertebrae, scapulae, and pelvic bones are missing or fragmentary; the majority of the skulls are crushed and broken beyond repair except at an excessive ex- penditure of labor; most of the long bones have been broken. There is not one complete skeleton in good condition in all of the collec- tions sent in by Metz, Swanton, and the Merwin brothers. Doubt- less the fragmentary condition of the skeletons is due to the shal- lowness of the graves and the fact that the site is heavily timbered with large trees that for the most part have grown up since the period of occupation.
122
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
Femur.
MEASUREMENTS
Length Bicondylar No. of C8868 mm.
Length Maximum No. of C8868
mm.
Maximum diameter of head No. of cases mm.
Humero- femoral index No. of cases Index
Males
Average: right, paired. .
20
444
21
449
24
47.2
13
71.69
.
total .. . .
29
448
28
453
29
47.4
21
71.56
left, paired. .
20
447
21
451
24
46.7
13
70.61
.
total .. . .
24
447
25
451
28
46.7
18
70.60
Minimum: right
29
405
28
412
29
43
21
69.90
left
24
407
25
413
28
42
18
67.92
Maximum: right
29
515
28
522
29
52
21
74.40
.
left
24
487
25
490
28
51
18
72.93
Females
Average: right, paired. .
14
409
14
415
16
43.6
5
72.14
.
total .. . .
18
410
18
415
19
43.8
12
73.35
.
left, paired ..
14
415
14
420
16
42.3
5
70.23
.
total .. . .
19
419
19
426
21
42.1
9
70.72
Minimum: right.
18
377
18
385
19
39
12
70.40
.
left.
19
390
19
395
21
39
9
68.06
Maximum: right.
18
446
18
448
19
47
12
76.65
.
left. .
19
454
19
457
21
45
9
73.34
The mean bicondylar length of male Madisonville femora is 447.5 mm. which corresponds to an average stature of a little less than 167 cm. according to Manouvrier's tables. If we calculate the stature from the maximum length of the femora according to Pearson's formula (a), the average stature is a little more than 166 cm.
Similarly the average stature of Madisonville females, according to Manouvrier's tables, is a little more than 155 cm. and, according to Pearson's formula, a little less than 155 cm. Hrdlička found that the stature of Munsee males was approximately 167 cm. and of Munsee females 156 cm., basing his computations upon the mean bicondylar length of femora.
The difference between the bicondylar and maximum length of the femur averages 4.5 mm. in males (taking the mean of both sides) and 6 mm. in females. These differences are practically identical with those in the lengths of Munsee femora, determined by Dr. Hrdlička (nearly 5 mm. in males and 6 mm. in females). He considers this unusual disproportion in the two lengths as pos- sibly due to an unusual breadth of pelvis, a greater length of the femoral neck, or a more than usual prevalence of the habit of squatting.
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
The maximum diameter of the femoral head in males averages 47.4 mm. in rights and 46.7 in lefts. In the case of females the figures are 43.8 for right femora and 42.1 for left femora.
The humero-femoral index (maximum length of humerus X 100 bicondylar length of femur averages in males 71.56 on the right side and 70.6 on the left side. This is slightly below the average for Indians given by Dr. Hrdlička in his exhaustive study, Physical Anthropology of the Lenape p. 61, (100 Indians, right 72.3; left 71.6). It approximates more closely to the index in the Munsee (right 71.8; left 71.7).
The index in females is a little higher on both sides, but markedly higher on the right side than in the case of the males.
SUBTROCHANTERIC REGION OF SHAFT
Number
Diameter Minimum (a) mm.
Diameter Maximum (b) mm.
Platymeric index (a) X 100 (b)
Males
Average: right, paired.
26
25.7
33.5
77.08
.
total. .
32
25.8
33.6
77.16
.
left,
paired.
26
26.0
34.0
76.72
.
total. .
28
26.0
34.0
76.72
Minimum: right .. .
32
21.5
29
65.71
left
28
22
30
63.89
Maximum: right
32
32
39.
94.12
left.
28
33
39
90.91
Females
Average: right, paired.
20
22.7
31.3
72.62
.
total.
22
22.6
31.2
72.84
left, paired.
20
23.3
30.9
75.50
.
total. ...
23
23.5
30.9
76.15
Minimum: right.
22
20
28.5
61.76
left .
23
19
27
62.86
Maximum: right .
22
28
34
83.33
left .
23
28
35
87.50
. .
. .
From an inspection of the table given above it may be seen that a moderate degree of subtrochanteric flattening or platymeria is exhibited in the femora of Madisonville males, and that this flat- tening is slightly more pronounced in the left femora than in the right, although the absolute diameters of the left femora at this region are greater. This is usual in most racial groups.
In the case of the females the flattening is more pronounced on both sides than in the males, as is usually the case, but the right femora of females are more flattened than the left. This is due to an increase in the minimum diameters and a decrease in the maximum diameters of the left femora as compared with the right. This is
·
124
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
an unusual and puzzling sex difference. It may be a chance error due to the shortness of our female series, but it is more probably of some functional significance. What this may be the writer is unable to say.
Platymeria is much less pronounced in the Madisonville group than in the Munsee group studied by Dr. Hrdlička, in which the indices for males are 73.3 and 71.6 for the right and left sides re- spectively, and for the females 75.5 and 71.7.
MIDDLE OF SHAFT
Diameter Diameter Antero-posterior (c) Lateral (d)
Number
mm.
mm.
Males
Average: right, paired ....
23
29.2
26.8
92.16
total. ....
27
29.7
26.7
90.43
left,
paired ..
23
30.1
26.9
89.25
total. .
28
30.1
27.0
89.79
Minimum: right.
27
24
22.5
76.47
left
28
24
22
78.13
Maximum: right.
27
35
30
111.54
left.
28
35
30
100.0
Females
Average: right, paired.
20
24.8
23.3
94.05
.
total.
23
24.8
23.4
94.41
left, paired.
20
26.0
24.8
95.70
.
total.
22
26.3
25.0
95.45
Minimum: right.
23
22
22
82.14
®
left.
22
23
22
82.76
Maximum: right.
23
28
26.5
104.17
left.
23
29
28
112.50
. .
From the above table it may be seen that in both males and fe- males of the Madisonville group the diameters at the middle of the shaft show that the left femora are stronger than the right. But the middle index diameter lateral X 100
(diameter antero posterior) is higher on the right side in males and on the left side in females. In the Munsee group studied by Hrdlička the shaft index is higher on the left side in both sexes. In both males and females, and upon both sides, the shaft index is higher in the Madisonville group than in the Munsee group.
MEAN DIAMETER OF FEMUR AT MIDDLE OF SHAFT
Madisonville
Munsee (Hrdlička)
Males: right
28.2
27.3
4
left.
28.5
27.5
Females: right
24.1
24.6
left.
.25.6
24.3
Middle index (d) × 100 (c)
mm.
mm.
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NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
The Madisonville males exceed the Munsee males in mean di- ameter of the femur at the middle of the shaft, but in the case of the females the Munsee femora show larger diameters for the right side but smaller for the left side.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEMUR. LINEA ASPERA
Number of Submedium
Subjects
bones
Per cent
Medium Per cent
Pronounced Per cent
Males.
27
47
34.04
29.78
36.17
Females.
20
34
58.82
35.29
5.88
The linea aspera in this series is not as well developed as in many Indians. The sexual differences according to observation are given in the preceding table. On the whole the muscular development seems to have been good, but not excessive.
The shape of the shaft is prevailingly prismatic, or approxi- mately so, but elliptical and plano-convex types occur, as well as many intermediate forms.
The third trochanter occurs as a rounded tuberosity in 10.6 per cent of males and in 12.5 per cent of females. The ridge form, or Crista hypotrochanterica, is much more common, while a well de- veloped depression or Fossa hypotrochanterica was observed in two cases only. When the third trochanter appears as a round tuberosity it is often associated with a slight development of the linea aspera and a pronounced torsion.
The present writer made no measurements of femoral torsion, but Dr. W. C. Farabee has generously placed at his disposal the results of an unpublished investigation made by him upon the Madison- ville femora. The mean angles of torsion for 37 pairs of Madison- ville femora are, left, 12.3; right, 26.9. Dr. Farabee writes:
The angle of torsion is much less on the left than on the right. All the nega- tive angles (eight) are on the left, and the angles on the right are large. In 37 pairs the angle is larger on the left in 7 cases only.
126 INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
Tibiae.
Number of . C8868
Length (minus spine) mm.
Number of Tibio-femoral index cases T X 100
Males
Average: right, paired
15
375.0
8
83.41
total.
19
374.7
12
83.08
left,
paired.
15
377.2
8
82.83
.
total.
24
378.2
15
83.43
Minimum: right. .
19
343
12
79.23
left .
24
347
19
81.31
Maximum: right.
19
417
12
85.10
left
24
431
10
86.98
Females
Average: right, paired.
12
349.9
8
84.46
total
14
347.5
11
84.20
left,
paired
12
350.2
8
83.33
total.
16
347
11
82.75
Minimum: right.
14
325
11
81.75
left.
16
329
11
79.46
Maximum: right.
14
376
11
87.61
left.
16
375.
11
86.22
. .
The mean length of male tibiae of both sides is 376.4 mm. and of females 347.2 mm. The mean length of female bones is 94.8 per cent of male bones, which is about the same as the ratio in mis- cellaneous New York Whites according to Hrdlička (94.6), and somewhat higher than that of Louisiana tibiae (93.7), and Munsee tibiae (91.7).
The tibio-femoral index is somewhat higher than that in Whites (approximately 82, according to Hrdlička). It is higher on the right side than on the left in both sexes and whereas it is lower in the females of most racial groups, in the Madisonville series the females have a slightly higher index on the right side than the males, and a lower index on the left side. The series, however, is very short.
127
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
Middle shaft diameters Middle Level of nutrient foramen
Antero- Cases posterior Lateral (b) X 100 (a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
Index (d) × 10 (c)
Males
Average: right, paired 26
33.0
23.3
70.91
32
37.1
24.0
64.85
4
.
total 30
32.7
23.3
71.62
35
37.0
24.2
65.50
.
left, paired 26
34.1
23.0
68.83
32
37.0
24.1
65.30
total 32
33.5
23.1
69.55
35
37.3
24.2
65.09
Minimum: right ....
30
26
18
60.00
35
30
19
53.41
.
left. .
32
27
18
57.14
35
30
20
50.00
Maximum: right .. ..
30
39
28
86.21
35
44
29
78.79
.
left .. ...
32
43
28
92.86
35
46
29
78.79
Females
Average: right, paired 15
27.6
20.8
75.58
16
30.6
22.0
71.95
.
total
19
27.5
20.8
75.70
20
30.6
22.0
72.13
.
left, paired 15
27.6
20.3
74.17
16
30.9
21.6
70.01
.
total
17
27.5
20.3
74.17
19
30.8
21.4
69.65
Minimum: right .. . .
19
25
19
63.33
20
27
19
62.86
.
left
17
25
18
64.29
19
28
18
56.67
Maximum: right.
19
30
23
88.46
20
35
25
85.19
left .
17
29
22
88.00
19
35
25
80.65
The middle index of the tibiae is higher in females than in males and higher in both sexes on the right side than on the left. In the preceding table have been included also diameters and indices taken at the level of the nutrient foramen, where the flattening is at its maximum. As a group it cannot be said that the Madison- ville Indians exhibited pronounced platycnemy, although this con- dition is found to a very marked degree in some individuals.
In 51 left tibiae, Dr. Farabee found an average torsion of 18.7º with a range of from 5° to 35°. The average angle of torsion of 64 right tibiae is 18°, with a range from 5° to 32°.
Observations on Tibiae. The Madisonville tibiae include a rather large number which show inflammatory lesions, a subject which will be discussed below. Aside from this there are few anomalies. The retroversion of the head is moderate or absent in most of the cases. Only two bones exhibited convexity of the lateral condyle. Two individuals had the so-called "boomerang tibiae" probably or possibly due to rachitis. Extensions of the inferior articular surface above the anterior tibial border ("squatting facets") are quite common.
SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE'
1 2 3 4
5 Total bones Total individuals
Males: per cent
27.8 20.9 37.2
0 13.9
0 43
25
Females: per cent 50.0 34.3 15.6
0
0
0
32
19
index
Antero- Cases posterior Lateral
..
1 1. ordinary prismatic; 2, lateral prismatic; 3, external surface concave; 4, posterior sur- face divided into two by vertical ridge; 5, interior border indistinct, posterior half of bone oval; 6, plano-convex. (Classifications of Dr. Hrdlicka.)
128
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
It may be noted that type 3 (with concave external surface) is most common among the males, and type 1 (ordinary prismatic) occurs in half of all the female tibiae. Types 4 and 6 were not found in this group. These observations are not precisely com- parable with those of Dr. Hrdlička who notes a seventh type of indefinite shape which includes 35 per cent of Munsee tibiae and 45 per cent of miscellaneous Whites and United States Negroes. The present writer has assigned all bones to one or other of the six primary types, finding none in the Madisonville group which did not conform to the classification. Possibly a personal equation enters into the difference in results, but it is notable that the Munsee group (both sexes) includes 20 per cent of type 4 (more or less quadrilateral) while none of our series belong to this type.
Fibula. The number of fibulae in condition fit for measurement was so small that conclusions in regard to size cannot reasonably be made.
Humerus.
LENGTH, MAXIMUM
Right
Left
Number
mm.
Number
mm.
Males
Average: paired .
18
317.2
18
314.2
total
23
317.7
25
316.2
minimum
23
295
25
290
maximum
23
345
25
370
Females
Average: paired
8
302.1
8
296.8
total.
15
303.7
11
295.6
minimur
15
289
11
275
maximum
15
323
11
322
MAXIMUM DIAMETER ARTICULAR HEAD
Right
Loft
Number
mm.
Number
mm.
Males
Average: paired.
20
45.9
20
45.2
total .
25
46.2
25
44.9
minimum
25
41
25
40
maximum
25
51
25
50
Females
Average: paired.
13
40.2
13
39.8
total.
18
40.4
13
39.8
minimum
18
38
13
38
maximum
18
44
13
43
129
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
In both males and females the right humerus is longer than the left, more especially so in the females. In both sexes the lengths are somewhat shorter than those of the Munsee Indians. The mean length of paired female humeri in relation to paired male humeri is as 94.8 to 100, a very high ratio, which is comparable to that found by Hrdlička in the Munsee (94.2) and in the American Negro (94.6). In Indians in general it averages 91.2 according to the same author. The possibility of an error in sexing the humeri is to be considered in this connection, but, in general, sexual differ- ences in the bones are well marked and identification of sex was not based upon one bone only, but upon all skeletal parts present. Only adult humeri were measured.
A well defined sexual difference occurs in the maximum (verti- cal) diameter of the superior articular surface. In both sexes this diameter is somewhat larger on the right side than on the left.
Perforation of the septum between the olecranon and coronoid fossae of the humerus occurs in but 3 of 57 male bones or 5.7 per cent, and in 15 of 39 female bones or 38.4 per cent.
There is no instance of the occurrence of a supracondyloid proc- ess or foramen.
Radius.
LENGTH, MAXIMUM
RADIO-HUMERAL INDEX RX 100
H
Right
Cases
Index
Cases
Left Index
Males
Average: total
8
243.6
11
242.1
7
77.85
11
77.18
Females
Average: total
6 236.4
6
234.6
5
77.73
3 79.17
Right Number
mm.
Left Number mm.
The total number of radii available for measurement is 19 in the males and 12 in the females. In both sexes the right radius is somewhat longer, but too much confidence should not be placed in the figures given above, for the radii are almost all odd and not paired.
In the few cases in which the radio-humeral index could be cal- culated the results agree fairly well with those given by Dr. Hrdlička as characteristic of Indians in general (approximately 78 on both sides for males and 77 on both sides for females). The excess in the humero-radial index on the left side in the females is probably due to the insufficient number of cases.
130
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
There is nothing exceptional in the features of the radii of this series.
Ulna. Of the male bones, 6 right ulna yielded an average of 267.1 mm. for maximum length, while 8 left ulna averaged 258 mm. These were not paired bones. In the case of the females the aver- ages are 247.8 mm. for 5 right ulna, and 254.6 mm. for 3 left ulna. Nothing noteworthy was observed in respect to the ulna.
Pelvis. In this collection the bones of the pelvis are almost without exception fragmentary. But one pelvis, that of a female, was available for measurement. This is a very broad and capacious pelvis, the measurements of which are given below.
PELVIS AS A WHOLE
Number
Mean height of ossa innominata (a) mm. 205
Breadth, maximum, of pelvis (b) mm.
Pelvic index (a) × 100
b
Female. 1
288
71.18
SUPERIOR STRAIT
Breadth Maximum (c)
Diameter Anteroposterior (d)
Brim index (d) × 100
(c)
143
122
85.31
The pelvic index is very low in this specimen and the brim index is very high. Altogether this is an exceptionally large pelvis, and consequently should not be taken as representative of the group.
Observations on many fragmentary pelves show that the usual pelvic characters with their normal sexual differentia prevail. The female pelves have wider great sciatic notches, greater sub-pubic angles, and the ascending rami of the pubic bones are less massive than in the males. The so-called pre-auricular sulcus is decidedly an unsafe criterion of sex in this series, being well-marked in many obviously male pelves and indistinct in many female pelves.
The total number of sacra available for measurement was 7, which seems too small a number upon which to base any conclu- sions.
Pathology. The following is a summary of pathological condi- tions observed in the bones apart from the skull. These pathologi- cal conditions were confined to the bones of adults and one adoles- cent.
Spine (total number of adult subjects, 90). Slight to pronounced arthritic exostoses were observed on the vertebra of 17 individuals,
131
NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO
Or 18.8 per cent of all the adult skeletons examined including those in which the vertebrae were not preserved.
In one male skeleton in addition (No. 57561) several of the cer- vical vertebrae appear to be carious.
Pelvic Bones. Signs of arthritis were observed about the aceta- Ibula of 6 subjects. In addition the right sacro-iliac articulation of No. 57640, an adult female, exhibits an inflammatory condition, involving considerable destruction of bone. No. 57625, a fragmen- tary skeleton, probably female, shows arthritic exostoses in the region of the pubic symphysis, and No. 57634, a male, has exostoses on the right ilium in the region of the anterior superior iliac spine. Altogether the pelves of 8 subjects or 8.8 per cent of all adult skeletons examined, including those in which the pelvic bones were not preserved, show signs of arthritic changes. In addition the sacrum of No. 58460, a young adult female, shows slight traces of periostitis.
Humeri. In two subjects the humeri show signs of moderate osteoperiostitis. In two other subjects the humeri show signs of arthritic changes.
Radii. Moderate osteoperiostitis was observed in three cases, both sides being affected in two of the subjects.
Ulnae. In No. 26592, a male, the left ulna presents a healed fracture, with little displacement and no signs of inflammation. In No. 57506, a male, both ulnae show signs of arthritis. Three other subjects show moderate to pronounced osteoperiostitis af- fecting both ulnae in two instances. In the third only the right ulna is preserved and the disease has affected the distal half of the bone.
Femora. Seven subjects show pathological changes in the femora. The left bone of No. 57506, a male, has a moderate " mushroom head." Both femora of Numbers 58371, 57636 (a), and 57571, all males, show signs of arthritis. In three other subjects moderate osteoperiostitis has affected the distal halves of the femora.
Tibiae. Thirteen subjects, or 13.1 per cent of all the adult and adolescent skeletons examined, exhibit pathological features in the tibiae.
Pronounced curvatures, probably due to a mild form of rachitis, occur in four subjects. In nine individuals inflammatory changes have taken place in the tibial shafts, ranging from slight localized periostitis to extensive osteoperiostitis affecting the entire shaft.
132
INDIAN VILLAGE SITE AND CEMETERY
In No. 58371, a male, the left tibia shows a healed fracture ac- companied by considerable inflammation affecting the distal por- tion of the shaft of the tibia, the astragalus, and the calcaneum.
Bones of the Foot. Except in the case noted just above, no patho- logical conditions were observed in the bones of the feet included in this series.
General Remarks on Pathology of the Bones. In connection with the above notes on the pathology of the bones in the Madison- ville series, it is instructive to compare the results of Langdon's examination of 662 skeletons exhumed during the early years of excavation in the Madisonville site. (Langdon, op. cit., p. 247 et seq.) That author figures a spinal column in which
the spinous and articular processes of all the lumbar and dorsal vertebrae are fused, while the bodies remain free, with the exception of two in the lumbar region which are connected only by a thin band of ocecous ticque. Several of the carpal and metacarpal bones are also united into a solid body mass, and the atlas is connected with the skull in a similar manner. . .. The axis and the third cervical vertebra are also united by the coalescence of their bodies as well as of their transverse, articular, and spinous processes. The heads of the ribs are likewise ankylosed with the bodies of the vertebrae and their tu- berosities with the transverse processes. (Op. cit., p. 249.)
He secribed this condition to arthritis deformans. Langdon also mentions
Arthritis involving a right shoulder joint, with flattening, enlargement and burnstiva of the head of the humerus and glenoid focos. (Op. cit., p. 253.)
The same author states that the pathological features presented by the tibise include
Ericsears if privatis write and now myitis in varied combination; as well as crustuck and an vlevure form of rarefactiva. (Op. cit., p. 256.)
In one sperimen figured by him fig. 14: he says:
The erakente of therain shows the aver half of this bome are somewhat SKYNETe & sypsata- sines wert supportive is further strengthened by the busters' character of the dreamer and the presence of several modular ex-
The surprin as to existence of syphilise laivas in the bones of this wres ante in the mini of the present writer before he had refermi to Langka's report. and i: wss precisely the frequency
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