USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 34
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In the few cases where the lacerate foramina were observed, they were small. The depression of the petrous portions of the temporal bones in the combined males and females of the primary Series is as follows: 2 slight, 5 medium, 2 pronounced; in the males Of the secondary series, 1 absent, 2 medium.
PTERYGO-SPINOUS FORAMINA
Incomplete Incomplete Complete Complete
Absent one side
both sides one side
both sides
Total
Primary series:
Males.
5
0
1
0
0
6
Females.
4
0
2
0
0
6
Secondary series:
Males.
3
1
0
1
0
5
-
Total
12
1
3
1
0
17
Pterygo-spinous foramina are uncommon in these crania.
DEHISCENCES IN THE FLOOR OF THE AUDITORY MEATUS
None
One small Two small One medium
Total
Primary series:
Males.
7
1
1
1
10
Females
5
0
1
0
6
Secondary series:
Males
8
0
0
0
8
Total
20
1
2
1
24
Defects in the floor of the auditory meatus are common in the primary series but absent from the secondary series.
Mandible.
SIZE Small Medium Large Total
MENTAL PROMINENCE None Small Medium Large Total
Primary series:
Males.
2
6
4
12
0
3
7
2 12
Females
3
4
2
9
1
3
4
1
9
Secondary series:
Males
3
4
3
10
0
4
4
2
10
-
Total
8 14
9
31
1
10
15
5
31
-
-
122
MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIA FROM THE
Catalogue No.
Sex
Åge
Deformation
Length
Breadth
Height
Cranial Inder
Height-Length
Height-Breadth
Menton-Nasion
Alveon-Nasion
Diam. Bizygomatic
Facial Inder, total
Facial Inder, upper
(b X 100
Basion-Alveon (=)
A731
old
183
136
136
74.32
74.32 100.00
119
72
?
?
?
101
A560
old
179
(120)
?
(67.04)
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
30117
mid.
(175)
139
?
(79.43)
?
?
125
80
137
91.24
58.39
A701
mid.
178
140
141
78.65
77.90
99.29
119
73
A628
old
med. pm.
185
(153)
151
(82.70)
81.63
(98.69) (129)
82
A727
mid.
190
140
144
129
?
70.88
?
?
2
?
2
?
?
?
34366
mid.
sl. r. occ.
191
139
?
72.77
?
?
(138)
(83)
?
?
?
?
A541
mid.
sl. lamb.
191
141
?
73.82
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A4
y. ad.
177
135
?
76.27
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A534
mid.
181
(133)
?
(73.48)
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A748 A829 A632
y. ad.
179
138
?
77.07
?
?
114
69
129
88.37
53.49
?
?
mid.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A627
mid.
pm. pron. (167) (147)
?
(88.54)
?
?
114
74
(130)
87.69
(56.92)
A612
mid.
med. pm.
176
144
142
81.82
80.68 101.41
119
75
(136)
87.50
55.15
(88)
A16
mid.
sl. oce.
169
141
?
83.43
?
?
(115)
70
?
?
?
A726
mid.
169
131
134
77.51
79.29
97.76
?
?
?
?
?
?
30137
mid.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
77
2
?
2
A538
mid.
173
132
136
76.30
78.61
97.06
?
?
?
?
?
100
1
32408
mid.
med. pm.
177
134
?
75.71
?
?
137
83
139
98.56
59 71
32419
mid.
185
136)
?
(73.51)
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
32416
mid.
199
135
?
67.84
?
?
133
77
149
89.26
51.68
32417
mid.
183
145
?
79.23
?
?
(122)
73
(144)
(84.72)
(50.69)
32415
old
Bl. I. occ.
176
137
?
77.84
?
?
?
?
?
?
32412
mid.
186
140
?
75.27
?
?
?
?
?
?
32410 32421
old old
med. occ. med. pm.
(184) (132)
?
(71.74)
?
?
(122)
71
(128)
(95.31) (55.47)
?
32420
mid.
med. pm.
(180) (136)
?
(75.56)
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
A629
sub. ad.
sl. pm.
(173)
124
137
(71.68) (79.19) 90.51
?
?
?
A633
old
185
134
?
72.43
2
?
32411
9 7 sub. ad.
-
172
126
?
73.26
?
?
112
?
(122)
(91.80)
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
sub. ad. = sub-adult (19-20 yrs.).
y. ad. = young adult (21-35 yrs.).
mid. - middle aged adult (36-50 yrs.).
old = old adult (51- yrs.). sl.
= slight.
med. = medium.
PRIMARY SERIEA
sub. and.
176
139
?
78.98
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
30116
mid.
med. pm.
188
(133)
2
70.74
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
A8
old
181
?
79.56
?
?
?
A835
old
sl. occ.
182
(147)
73.68
(77.37) (105. )
?
Height (a)
Height (b)
maxim. (c)
( X 100
SECONDARY OR INTRUSIVE SERIES
(152)
(83.53) (89.41) (93.42)
?
(76)
139
?
(54.68)
98
10
sl. occ.
sl. occ.
186
131
?
70.43
?
?
?
58001
old
al. pm. ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
100
(131) (90.84) (55.73) 102
?
9 99 999999
sl. occ.
(170) (142)
?
7
Inder
Inder
12
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS, OHIO
Diam. Frontal
minim.
Diam. Bigonial
Angle of Lower
Jaw, mean
Height of
Symphysis
Orbits - Height,
Orbits - Breadth,
right, left
Orbital Inder, mean
Nose Height
Nose Breadth
maxim.
Nasal Index
Palate, External
Palate, External
Breadth, maxim. (b)
Palatal Index
(above ridges)
Arc, Nasion-Opisthion
(Hrdlicka's Method) Thickness of left
Parietal above T. P. Suture
91 84 95
?
35
?
34
? 38
50
26
52
54 ?
62
114.81 ?
506
372
(1420)
4.6
9
84
88
124
39
?
?
?
?
50
24 26.5
44.92
?
?
?
534
400
(1580)
6
93
?
?
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
532
371
4.6
100
?
?
?
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
(530)
?
4.6
94
?
124.5
41
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
520
?
5
90
?
122
39
?
?
?
?
?
(56.5)
25
(44.25)
56
69
123.21
528
382
4.3
100
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
2
?
?
?
?
?
536
389
5
98
117
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
498
5.3
?
106
119
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
(506)
?
5
90
96
123
34
32
32
39 38
83.12
46.5
25
53.76
55
65
118.18
500
?
5
88 97
(100)
?
38
7
?
?
?
?
?
7
?
?
?
?
?
?
93
?
130
34
36
?
39
?
92.31
?
?
54
61
112.96
(512)
?
?
3.6
10)
95
96
122
34.5 36.5 36
41.5 42
86.83
54
23.5
43.52 56.86
57
67 66
117.54 124.53
494
?
?
4
85
95
125
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
478
349
?
5
92
?
122
37
?
?
?
7
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
(510)
(370)
?
6.3
91
?
?
34
37
35
40.5 39
90.57 ?
?
?
?
54 57
64
112.28
486
345
?
5
89
95
130
43
35 35.5
41 37
90.38
53
26
49.06 ?
54 56
64 68
118.52
496
?
4
89
112
125
37
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
(27)
(50.94) 49.05
55
63
114.55
520
360
?
4.6
93
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
497
323
?
3
92
113
?
36
?
?
7
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
3.6
3
98 95
101
126
?
35
?
41
?
85.37
54
26
48.15
?
?
?
514
380
?
5
99
130
35
?
38
?
41
?
52
26
50
?
?
?
(518)
400
?
?
92
?
116
35
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
56
65
116.07
(518)
405
?
5
?
?
(122)
31
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
325
?
4.6
96
107
113
?
?
34.5
39.5 87.34
50
24
48
?
?
?
518
372
?
4.6
1.
r.
89
90
127
32
34.5 36
38
?
92.63
(48)
26
(54.17)
53
62
116.98
482
7
?
5
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
pron. = pronounced.
occ. - occipital.
pm. = post-mortem.
lamb. - lambdoid.
Parentheses indicate that measurement or index is approximate because of defective condition or because of deformation.
3
94 ?
?
?
?
7
?
?
?
?
54
34
62.96
(60.5) (74) (122.31) (495)
(62) (65) (104.84) 505
372
?
7.5
6
91
?
121
40
37 36
41
39
91.25
59
?
?
?
?
?
?
501
3.3
91
?
?
32
?
?
39
41
91.87
?
?
5
116
?
37
36 37.5
right, left
R
L.
R.
L
kft. 89.47
?
?
5
?
(0 X 100)
1
Circumference, maxim.
Capacity
? ? ? ? ? ? ? --------
?
4.6
?
?
?
?
?
?
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
500
507
370
?
5.3
85
?
?
35
32 32
37.5 36.5 86.49
51
29
53
61
72
118.03
537
?
5
91
105
?
36
36 35
39
41
88.75 ?
55
27
22
41.51
62
114.81
?
?
?
?
17 89
?
33
?
?
?
100
114
125
43
34
34
44 44
77.27
(53)
2
5.3
121.43
513
? ? ---
r.
53
r.
?
?
?
48
Length (1)
124
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
MYLO-HYOID RIDGE
GENIAL TUBERCLES
Sub- Absent medium Medium nounced
Pro-
Absent Small Medium Total
Primary series:
Males
0
6
6
0
1
4
7
12
Females.
1
4
4
0
1
7
1
9
Secondary series:
Males
0
3
6
1
0
6
4
10
-
Total
1
13
16
1
2
17
12
31
The size distribution of mandibles is ordinary, as is also the development of the mental prominence. Mylo-hyoid ridges and genial tubercles are better developed in this series than in the Madisonville crania.
Miscellaneous and Pathological. Aside from one or two small lesions of traumatic origin on these crania, and three cases of arthritis affecting the glenoid fossae, there is nothing of interest to report in the way of pathological features. Caries and alveolar abscesses have been dealt with above. One skull of the secondary series shows two small exostoses on the frontal bone, and three have slight exostoses in the auditory meatus.
In six crania of the secondary series, nearly circular holes have been drilled, as discussed by Mr. Willoughby above (p. 61). These are primarily of ethnological rather than somatological interest. They were evidently bored with a stone drill. The edges are clean and show no cicatrization. The following are the perforated crania:
No. 32410. One hole, 6 mm. in diameter in the left parietal, 46 mm. back of the coronal suture, and 30 mm. external to the sagittal suture.
No. 32411. Two nearly round holes, 6 and 9 mm. in diameter, one in the frontal bone 3 mm. in front of bregma and a little to the left of it, the other in the right parietal 5 mm. back of the coronal suture and a little to the right of bregma.
No. 32412. Two holes, each 6 mm. in diameter, one near the middle of the right parietal, the other in approximately the same position in the left parietal.
No. 32413. Two holes in the frontal bone 5 mm. in diameter and 35 mm. apart, one in each parietal 8 mm. above the squamous suture and 30 mm. back of the coronal suture.
No. 32414. One hole in each parietal bone, symmetrically placed.
No. 32415. Eleven perforating holes and one unfinished hole, ranging in diameter from 3-6 mm. Six of these holes are disposed in pairs, 5-8 mm. between each member of a pair (plate 27).
PEABODY MUSEUM PAPERS
VOL. VIII, No. 3, PLATE 27
- --
1
1
Crania with perforations (32415, upper; and 32411) from the intrusive pit of Mound 3.
1
125
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
Scaling of the inner table of the skull vault at the points of per- foration suggests that the holes were made when the skulls were comparatively dry. All of the crania from this intrusive pit are green and fresh in comparison with the dry, chalky bones of the primary series.
Bones in General. The skeletal parts other than the crania are few in number and fragmentary in condition.
Femur.
MEASUREMENTS
Maximum diameter
No.
Bicondylar length Paired bones Right mm.
Left mm.
No.
Maximum length Paired bones Right mm.
Left mm.
of head No. Right mm.
Left mm.
Primary series:
Males: mean
8
437.2
438.7
8
440
442.2
14
46
45.5
Females: mean
6
431.3
430.3
6 435.3
434
8
41.5
42.2
The number of paired femora is unfortunately small. If odd bones are taken into consideration, the mean bicondylar length of 10 right femora of males is 441.7 mm. and of 7 left femora, 443.4 mm. The maximum length of 7 left femora of males averages 448.8. If we utilize the mean bicondylar length of the 10 right femora, the average stature for 10 males according to Manou- vrier's tables is 165.8 cm. and according to Pearson's formula for oblique length 1 164.8 cm.
The mean bicondylar lengths for paired Madisonville femora are slightly larger (444 mm. right, 447 mm. left), as are also the maximum lengths, (449 mm. right, 451 mm. left). The average stature of Madisonville males is estimated to be 166-167 cm.
The mean bicondylar length of 5 right femora of females is 430.8 mm., which would correspond to a stature of somewhat more than 158 cm. according to Manouvrier, and to a stature of 157 cm. according to Pearson. The mean bicondylar lengths for Madisonville females are 410 mm. and 419 mm., respectively for right and left sides. The estimated stature of Madisonville females is 155 cm.
The femoral lengths of females are rather high in comparison with the males. This is partially because of the inclusion in the very small male series of one exceptionally short individual whose bicondylar femoral lengths were only 513 mm. and 515 mm.
1 Pearson, K. and Bell, J., A Study of the Long Bones of the English Skeleton, Drapers' Company Research Memoirs, Biometric Series X, London, 1919, p. 5.
126
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
The femora of the secondary series of males include 2 paired and 2 odd only. The bicondylar lengths of three left femora are 451 mm., 468 mm., and 481 mm. The corresponding maximum lengths are 455 mm., 475 mm., 489 mm. The mean bicondylar lengths of these three bones is 466.6 mm. and of maximum lengths 473 mm. These three individuals must have been about 167, 170, and 172 cm. in stature. The largest male in the primary series had a left femur with bicondylar and maximum lengths of 461 mm. and 467 mm., respectively. He probably had a stature of about 168.5 cm. It is scarcely safe to attach much importance to the results of so few measurements in a bone individually so variable as the femur, but on the face of the evidence, such as it is, our secondary series of males must have been somewhat taller than the males of the primary series.
The difference between the statures of males and females (7.8 cm.) as estimated from Pearson's formula is comparatively small. The females are estimated at 157 cm. in stature and the males at 164.8 cm. The sex ratio is unreasonably low (1.049). The maximum diameters of the femoral heads average for rights, 46 mm. in males and 41.5 mm. in females; and for lefts, 45.5 mm. and 42.2 mm. For Madisonville femora the head diameters are as follows: right, males 47.2, females 43.6; left, males 46.7, females 42.3. The sex differences in this feature are more pronounced in the Turner series than in the Madisonville series. According to Pearson 1 the mean percentage reduction of the diameter of the male femoral head necessary to obtain that of the female femoral head in the English femur is about 12.7. In our series the differ- ence on the right side is 10.2 per cent and on the left side only 7.2 per cent. In the males the right femora are longer and have larger heads, but in the females the reverse is the case. On the whole the writer is inclined to believe that the male series of femora is not a representative sample in that it includes too many small bones. If this hypothesis is rejected we are reduced to two alternatives: (a) that sexual differences in the size of the femora are unusually small in this series, or (b) that the present writer has made serious errors in sexing the material. The writer has had a good deal of experience in anatomical sexing of skeletal material and has a fair degree of confidence in his own accuracy.
1 Op. cit., p. 145.
127
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
MEAN SHAFT DIAMETERS AND INDICES (PAIRED BONES)
Subtrochanteric region
Middle of shaft
Number
Diameter
minimum
Diameter
maximum
Platymeric index (@) X 100 (b)
Number
Diameter
sagittal
(c)
g Diameter
lateral (d)
Middle index (d) × 100
(c)
mm.
mm.
mm.
Primary series:
Males: right
8
25.2
31.5
80.5
9
30.4
24.9
81.8
*
left
8 25.3
31.4
80.5
9
30.6
25.2
82.3
Females: right 5
23.3
30.5
76.2
6
27.4
24.3
89
left
5
24
31.2
76.8
6
27.7
24.5
89.8
The table above shows that the males of the primary series are but slightly platymeric, and the females somewhat more so. On the other hand, the middle index shows a pronounced develop- ment of the pilaster in the males, and a less developed pilaster in the females. Madisonville femora are much more platymeric in both sexes (right, males 77.1, females 72.6; left, males 76.7, females, 75.5). The Madisonville femora also have much higher middle indices (right, males 92.1, females 94; left, males 89.2, females 95.7).
MEAN DIAMETER OF FEMUR AT MIDDLE OF SHAFT
Turner Group mm.
Madisonville mm.
Munsee (Hrdlička)
mm.
Males: right
27.6
28.2
27.3
left
27.9
28.5
27.5
Females: right
25.8
24.1
24.6
left .
26.1
25.6
24.3
The males of the Madisonville series exceed the males of the Turner Group series in mean diameter of the femoral shaft at the middle, but the females of the Turner Group exceed the Madisonville females in this diameter.
The shape of the shaft is prismatic in 10 males and quadrilateral in 2 males. In 6 females it is prismatic. The development of the linea aspera is as follows: submedium, 3 males, 4 females; me- dium, 6 males, 2 females; pronounced, 3 males, no females. It is submedium in 25 per cent of males and in 66.6 per cent of females, and medium in 50 per cent of males and in 33.3 per cent of females. The linea aspera is, on the whole, better developed in this series than in the Madisonville series.
minin
(a)
(b)
128
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
THIRD TROCHANTER
Ridge Small Medium
Fossa
Tuber- Ridge and Total
Large Small Medium Large osity tuberosity
Primary series:
Males .
4
2
0
1
1
2
2
0
12
Females. .. 2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
The third trochanter in some form appears in all of the males, and 4 of 6 females. In one female it is absent, and in one the subtrochanteric region is defective.
Bowing of the shaft is submedium in one male, medium in 8 males, and pronounced in 3 males. It is submedium in 3 females, medium in 1 female, and pronounced in 1 female.
Torsion is slight in 3 males, medium in 4 males, and pronounced in 4 males; slight in 2 females, medium in 2, and pronounced in 2 others.
A medium or submedium development of Poiret's facet on the femoral neck is present in 2 males and 3 females.
Tibia.
MEASUREMENTS
Number
Mean length (minus spine) mm.
Mean middle diameters Antero-posterior Lateral
Middle index (b) × 100
Primary series:
Males: right, paired
4
373
32.2
22.2
67
"
left, 4
4
369
32.2
23
68.3
Females, right, paired 3
31.3
20.1
64.3
left,
3
355.6
29.6
19.6
66.3
(a)
(b)
(a)
The number of tibiae available for measurement is so small as to be hardly worthy of consideration. The mean length of rights and lefts for males (371 mm.) would give a stature of 166.6, using Pearson's formula. The mean length of 3 female left tibiae, ac- cording to the formula for females, yields a stature of 158.4 cm. These are somewhat higher than the statures calculated from the femora. On the showing of these few specimens the males of our series have somewhat shorter tibiae and the females some- what longer tibiae than those of the Madisonville series (males 376.4 mm., females, 347.2 mm.).
The mean tibio-femoral index on 6 odd pairs of male bones, both sides, is 84.25, and on 3 female pairs, 83.4. These indices are about the same as those given by Dr. Hrdlička for Munsee
-
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HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
and Louisiana Indians (tibio-femoral index: males, Munsee 84.45, Louisiana, 84.25; females, Munsee 83.7, Louisiana, 83.9).1 Madisonville males average 83.1, and Madisonville females 83.8.
The middle diameters and the middle index show considerably more flattening than the Madisonville tibiae.
The shape of the shaft is quite variable. Prismatic and lateral prismatic types, quadrilateral types, and the type with the ex- ternal surface concave occur.
The head of the tibia shows a slight backward inclination in 10 bones, a medium inclination in 3 bones, and a pronounced in- clination in one bone. The external condyle is slightly convex antero-posteriorly in 7 bones, and concave in 4 bones. Slight " squatting facets " on the anterior lip of the inferior articular surface are found in 5 female bones and 2 male bones, and well- marked facets on 4 male bones.
The tibiae of one female are "boomerang"-shaped, and show inflammatory thickenings in the middle portions of the shafts. Similar inflammatory thickenings occur in the middle portions of the shafts of two other pairs of female tibiae. These bilateral tibial lesions are very common in Indian bones, especially those of females. One male tibia shows an arthritic condition of the superior articular surfaces.
Other Long Bones. Fibulae, and long bones of the upper ex- tremity are too few in number in this collection to merit attention.
Vertebrae. Nothing unusual was observed in the spines of this collection. They are mostly incomplete and fragmentary. In two male specimens it was possible to secure the vertical lumbar index, which in one was 96.4 or kurtorachic, and in the other 102.9 or koilorachic.
Pelvis.
PELVIS AS A WHOLE
Superior strait
Breadth maximum
Breadth maximum (a) mm.
Diameter antero-posterior (b)
Brim index (b) × 100
(a)
Primary series:
Males: No. A 778
298
141
124
87.94
No. A 628
294
124
100
80.65
Females: No. A 612
309
149
109
73.15
mm.
mm.
1 Op. cit., p. 69.
130
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
Mean height of innominate bones
Distance between ischiatic spines
Polvie
mm.
mm.
index
Males: No. A 778.
219.5
91
73.65
R
No. A 628.
208
88
70.74
Females: No. A 612.
208
?
67.31
Only 3 pelves are available for measurement. Two of these are male and one female. They are all exceptionally large and capa- cious pelves for Indians. Especially remarkable is the great breadth between the iliac crests (outer lips). The total pelvic indices are extremely low because of this great width. The brim indices are all platypellic.
Sexual characters in these and in 4 other pelves upon which observations could be made are well marked. In the males the ischiatic notch is narrow in 3 cases, and medium in 1 case; the preauricular sulcus is absent in 2, and 2 others show slight traces; and the sub-pubic angle is small in 2 and medium in 1. In the pelves of 4 females the ischiatic notch is in every case wide, the preauricular sulcus is broad and deep in 3, medium in 1; and the sub-pubic angles are great in the 2 in which this feature could be observed.
Age changes in the pubic symphysis seem to conform in general with those established for male whites by Professor T. Wingate Todd.1 The present writer is not confident of his ability to dis- criminate correctly between all the 10 phases which Todd recog- nizes, but in so far as he has been able to distinguish these phases they seem to correspond fairly accurately with the age estimates based upon other skeletal characters. Two male pelves were classified as phases 8 (age 39-44) and 9 (age 45-50) respectively; and 2 female pelves as phases 2 (20-21) and 9. One of the males, who had a phase 8 symphysis, was, however, judged to be old (over 50 years).
Summary. The crania of the primary series from the Turner Group show very slight occipital deformation in 5 of 21 specimens. In the secondary or intrusive series of 13 crania, 3 display slight occipital flattening, and one a medium occipital deformation. The males of the primary series are dolichocephalic in 58.3 per cent of
1 Todd, T. Wingate, Age Changes in the Pubic Bone, I, The Male White Pubis, American il Anthropology, Vol. III, No. 3, 1920, p. 313 sq.
131
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
cases, mesocephalic in 25 per cent, and brachycephalic in 16.6 per cent. The females show higher proportions of mesocephals and brachycephals. The males of the secondary series are half dolichocephals and half mesocephals, with one brachycephalic deformed cranium excluded. The male crania of both series are hypsicephalic, except one orthocephal. Most of the cranial dimensions are moderate, but the minimum frontal diameter is extremely small in both series and in both sexes. The facial skeletons are mostly long and narrow in all of the series; none is short and broad. Nasal indices are prevailingly leptorrhine in the males, and half leptorrhine and half mesorrhine in the females. The orbits are mostly high in relation to breadth in the primary series, but variable in the secondary series. There is very little prognathism.
A narrow, low, and rounded frontal region is a marked char- acteristic of most of the Turner Group crania of both series. The primary series differs from the secondary series in that the former has the sagittal elevation more strongly developed. The tem- poral region is flat in both series of males and more convex in the females. All series show predominantly medium convex occiputs with little development of an occipital torus. The serration of sutures tends to be medium in the primary series, but simple in the secondary series. Brow ridges are generally small or medium in both series of males, and relatively undeveloped in the females. High and narrow noses seem to be prevalent in the males of the secondary series, and all varieties in the primary series.
The suborbital fossae are prevailingly medium or shallow, the malars and zygomae are medium or large, but larger in the sec- ondary series. The teeth are in general, good, and show few ab- normalities. Shovel-shaped incisors are characteristically present. The palate is U-shaped or parabolic in the males, and both of these forms as well as the elliptical form, occur in females. A medium or deep glenoid fossa with a moderately developed post- glenoid process is usual in all of the groups, but the process is more often lacking in the females. The mandibles are moderately developed.
The males of the primary series seem to have been of medium stature, 165-166 cm., but the females are rather tall (157 cm.). The muscular development of the long bones of the primary series
132
TURNER GROUP OF EARTHWORKS
is in general moderate. Very few pathological conditions were observed in the study of this collection.
The primary series differs from the secondary or intrusive series in many details. The former includes a brachycephalic element which is lacking in the secondary series, while the secondary series contains the one cranium which gives evidence of having been submitted to intentional occipital deformation. In most of the observed and measured characters there are differences between the two series which are possibly significant, but both series are so short that positive conclusions are impossible. In the opinion of the writer, the intrusive or secondary series probably repre- sents a separate but allied Indian group, possibly a neighboring tribe. The primary and secondary series resemble each other much more closely than either resembles the Madisonville series.
It may be said positively that the people of the Turner Group show practically no physical affinities with the people who lived on the Madisonville site, beyond those which are common to all Indians. The affinities of the Turner Group people are rather with the Eastern dolichocephals, although there is present a brachycephalic element such as is often found also among the Eastern Indians. The Madisonville people were mostly brachy- cephalic and deformed, while the Turner Group people were mostly dolichocephalic and without cranial deformation. The Madisonville people had short broad faces and short broad noses; most of the Turner Group people seem to have had long narrow faces and long narrow noses. The muscular development of the Turner Mound people was superior to that of the Madisonville people, especially as regards the bones of the lower extremity, but the Madisonville males seem to have been slightly taller than those of the neighboring but older group.
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