USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Madisonville > Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio > Part 40
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59
There are a few noun stems which are shortened when used in the transitive with -ik. This may be a case of syncope as the t is retained : 2
The verb kul-tal, to sit, is an early form of ku-tal. I found a past in kul-h-i, he sat down, but the more common one follows the general rule above and we have ku-1-ah-i.
1 As noted by Beltran (§§ 121, 122), tšibal, to bite, to eat meat, from tši, mouth, belongs in this conjugation. The past is formed in the regular way but the passive is irregular;
tši-b-il, 1 am being bitten.
Beltran also notes (§ 124) the possibility of confusion in the verb tukul. This is not a verb of Class I but a noun meaning " thought, idea " and belongs in this conjugation. The past is
tukul-n-ah-en, not tuk-en. ? Compare Beltran, § 124.
56
GRAMMAR
p'ulut, smoke, tin p'ulut, 1 smoke, my smoking. p'ulut-n-ah-en, 1 smoked. tin p'ul-t-ik, 1 smoke something, I fumigate; for p'ulut-ik. mulut, a wish, tin mul-t-ik, I am wishing something, for mulut-ik.
The distinguishing feature of the intransitive of these verbs is that the past tense is formed by adding n-ah and the verbal pro- noun to the root: 1
nai-n-ah-en, I dreamed. qai-n-ah-i, he sang. baab-n-ah-on, we swam.
tub-n-ah-etš, you spat.
As with Class I this class may be subdivided according to the method of making the present and future stems in the transitive or applicative:
(a) Some make the transitive by adding the -ik of the present and the -ah of the past directly to the stem:
tin s'on-ik, I am shooting something, my gunning something. tin loš-ik, I am hitting something with my fist, my fisting something. tin putš-ik, 1 am hitting something with my hand.
(b) Verbs of agent. These add a t before the ending for the transitive: 2
1 Seler (p. 83) calls the verbs of Class I "the intransitive verbs proper" and those of Class III "derived intransitives." He points out that the "intransitives proper" refer to "bodily activity, position in place, changes in time, etc," but he fails to note the main distinction between the verbs of these two classes, namely that those of Class I express actions or states and those of Class III are all derived directly from nouns. Both may be used in the transitive and intransitive.
Lopez (§ 88) fails also to make the proper distinction between verbs of Class 1 and Class JI1. He recognizes the past as given here for these verbs and states that all neuter verbs not ending in -1 make the past in n-ah.
2 These, in general, are the verbs placed by the early grammarians in their 4th Conjugation. Coronel and San Buenaventura (fol. 12) are not consistent in this for they include in their 3d Conjugation some verbs in t-ik. Beltran (§§ 118-120) finds fault with this although he places (§ 298) the monosyllabic stems which ferm the past in t-ah in the 3d conjugation. He also places here (§ 59) verbs made up of two nouns. These correspond to the verbs of agent with t:
Juan u bets-qab-t-ah u mehen, Juan called with his hand to his son. He also follows the modern practice by making the intransitive form; bets-qab-n-ah-i, he called with his hand.
He explains the t (§ 296), not as denoting agent, but as added for euphony (buen sonido).
·
57
THE VERB
tin mis-t-ik, I am sweeping something, my doing something with a broom. tin latš-t-ah, I scratched it, from latš, finger nail.
tin qaq-t-ik, I am roasting it, from qaq, fire.
I have not been able to find any rule to determine which nouns made into verbs of Class III take the sign of the agent and which do not. It must be confessed that the idea of the agent is implied in verbs of Class III a quite as much as in those of III b.
Class III a. tin o'on-ik, I am doing something with a gun.
Class 111 b. tin mis-t-ik, I am doing something with a broom.
Root in kin and kun. All adjectives and some nouns are made into transitive verbs of Class III by being used with the particle kin or kun, evidently meaning " to make,"1 the sign of the agent and the usual tense endings: 2
Seler (p. 92) states that the t denotes compulsion; alkab, speed. tšuuk, coal, live coals.
in alkab-t-ah, I made him run. in tšuuk-t-ah, 1 warmed something. These forms are much better explained by considering the t as agent; 1 made use of speed for something.
I made use of live coals for something.
1 This root, unlike be, is not found in the Spanish dictionaries in this sig- nificance. The San Francisco and Perez give the verb kun, kun-ah meaning " conjurar hechizando, encantar." Perez gives kin-il as meaning " herida reciente."
? Beltran (§ 91) has this form made with kun or yenkun with vowel stems. He does not, however, give the sign of the agent, t. He places these verbs in his 4th Conjugation. I could find no present use of the form in yenkun for vowel stems. San Buenaventura (fol. 9b, ob.) and Coronel have the form in kun. San Buenaventura changes the kun to kin when the vowel of the stem is o: t'on-tal, to lower oneself. t'on-kin-ah, to lower something.
Seler (p. 92, 93) explains these forms made with kun or kin as a means of deriving a transitive idea from nominal themes in the same way as using ah which has already been discussed (p. 56). All his examples are in the past tense, using ab:
in yaab-kun-ah, 1 multiplied it. in kul-kin-ah, I established it. If these were to be written in the present we would have; in yaab-kun-t-ik in kul-kin-t-ik.
and they would, therefore, have to be explained quite differently according to Seler.
Lopez (§ 95) has the form in kun-s-ik as well as in kun-t-ik. The first is, of course, the causal and the second is that of the agent. He gives only one ex- ample of the use of the causal form;
toh-kun-s-ik, to erect, literally, to cause to make straight.
58
GRAMMAR
tin pim-kun-t-ik, I strengthen something, I make something by means of thickness.
tin keel-kun-t-ik-ets, 1 make you cold, I make someone by means of cold, you. tin mul-kun-t-ik, ] pile up something.
tin kal-kun-t-ik, 1 make him drunk.
tin kal-kin-t-k-im-ba, I make myself drunk.
Verbs in -ankil. There is a class of verbs made from nouns with the suffix -ankil.1
qiq, blood, tin qiq-il-ankil, I am afraid, 1 am trembling. sisit', leap, tin sisit'-ankil, 1 am leaping.
al, weight, burden, tun al-ankil, she is giving birth.
sakal, ant, tun sakal-ankil, he is crawling.
cel, egg, tun eel-ankil, she is laying eggs.
The past of these forms is made by dropping the ending k-il and adding the sign of the past and the verbal pronoun.
qiqil-an-ah-en, 1 was afraid, 1 trembled. sisit'-an-ah-en, I leaped.
A second, but seldom used, form of the past is made by dropping the suffix and following the usual rule for verbs of Class III : ? qiqil-n-ah-en, sisit'-n-ah-en.
The future retains the entire suffix: hen qiqil-an-k-il-e, I shall be afraid.
Class IV. These verbs are intransitive and express a quality or condition, having the idea of the auxiliary " to be." They use the verbal pronoun.3
keel-en, I am cold. winik-en, I am a man.
1 Beltran (§ 87) states that these verbs are in -ankal, not -ankil. He finds fault (§ 84) with San Buenaventura for giving the forms in -ankil which is the same as that used today. Seler (p. 84) follows Beltran in using -ankal. I found both forms with that in -ankil more commonly used.
2 Beltran (§ 87) has these forms and also one where only the -il of the suf- fix is dropped in the preterit; qiqil-an-k-ah-i, he was afraid.
3 Beltran has the same forms and he points out (§§ 185, 186) the mistake of San Buenaventura in using the verbal pronoun compounded with t as batab-t-en for batab-en.
There is no doubt that the former is incorrect. San Buenaventura uses the verbal pronoun without t when the expression is negative;
ma en batab or men batab.
-
59
THE VERB
The form of the verbal pronoun compounded with t may be used pleonastically with the predicative expression with the simple ver- bal pronoun:
ten batab-en, I am the one who is chief.1
The past of these verbs is formed by adding an h sound before . the verbal pronoun:
keel-h-en, I was cold. kohan-h-etš, you were ill.
It is interesting to compare these forms with those of verbs in other classes. The past tense of verbs of Class I are identical in form with those of the present tense of Class IV:
lub-en, 1 fell, 1 am a faller. kohan-en, ) am ill.
This h or hi, the sign of the past, with these verbs may be de- rived from the same source as the -ah, the sign of the past, with the transitive verb of Classes I, and III, and with the intransitive of Class III ..
The suffix -tal, seen in verbs of Class II, may be used with verbs of this class to denote an habitual condition:
keel-tal-en, 1 am always cold. kohan-tal-en, 1 am always ill.
The verb yan or yantal comes in this class .? It has the meaning " there is " or " there is present." It forms its present by adding the verbal pronoun directly to the root, its past with h or hi and the verbal pronoun, and its future by the use of the nominal pro- noun, -tal, and the sign of the future, -e:
yan-en Ho, I am in Merida. yan-h-en Ho, or yan-hi-en, I was in Merida. hen yan-tal-e, I shall be in Merida.
The future may also be made by use of the particle bin and the suffix -ak with the verbal pronoun:
bin yan-ak-en, or bin yan-k-en-äk.
1 Compare Seler (p. 74). He would translate this as " 1 am he, 1 am chief." San Buenaventura (fol. 37) considers the forms, ten, tets, etc. as the verb " to be." Seler (p. 79) points out this mistake. It is quite clear that the verbal pronoun alone has the verbal idea.
? Compare Beltran (§§ 198-200) who gives the form as yanhal. This change from tal to hal is the same as that seen in the inchoative forms (p. 90). Com- pare also Seler, p. 82.
60
GRAMMAR
This verb may also have the meaning to have, to take, to hold. In this case the particle t or ti may or may not be used with the verbal pronoun : 1
yan-en or yan-t-en ke, I have a deer, literally there is, to me, a deer. When this verb is used with the negative ma, there is a contraction in the present. This is not seen commonly in the other tenses:
ma-yan becoming mi nan, there is none. ma-yan-h-i, there was none .?
Class V. This is composed of the irregular and defective verbs of which there is not a great number. Among them are the fol- lowing:
Bin-el, to go. This verb is usually found without its suffix -el: tin bin or bin-in-kah rather than tin bin-el or bin-el-in-kah.
Here there is no vocalic harmony between the vowel of the root and that of the suffix. All forms are regular, belonging to Class I, except the future stem šik, and the imperative šen:
bin-en, 1 went.
bin šik-en, or hen bin-e, 1 shall go.
Tal-el, to come. This verb is usually found without the suffix -el. All forms are regular, belonging to Class I, except the im- perative which is kot-en. The imperatives
kon, kon-eš, koš, koš-eš.
correspond in meaning to the Spanish "Vamos." These forms show the dual and plural endings.3
Qat, desire. The verb is really a noun meaning, " a wish." It is only found used with the nominal pronoun with no time suffixes.
1 Both Beltran (§§ 199, 200) and Lopez (§ 111) make a distinction between yan meaning " tener " and yan meaning " haber." With the latter meaning yan is defective being used only in the 3d person.
2 Lopez (§ 113) gives the form for the past as ma t-an-hi. 1 do not recognize this form. For the positive form corresponding to this he gives yan-hi, which agrees with the one given here.
' Compare Beltran (§§ 204-206) for the forms tal-el and bin-el. Beltran (§ 207) gives the verb il, to see, as an irregular verb. I fail to find any irregular- ity in its conjugation. In §§ 225, 226, he discusses the forms kon, koneš, etc. Among several verbs given by Beltran as irregular appears the verb ken, 1 say, k-en-h-1, I said. I found this verb very little used. In its place the noun t'an, speech or word, is used as a verb of Class Ill with a past in t'an[n]-ah and the verbal pronoun.
1
61
THE VERB
This stem should not be confounded with qat meaning " question, to question." This latter is found in all forms as a verb of Class III. The verb with qat conveys the idea of an optative mode.
in qat bin(el), 1 desire to go, my wish to go.
in qat o'ib, 1 desire to write,
in qat in wil-e, 1 desire to see it.
in qat in wuq ha, 1 desire to drink water.
The regular verb 5'ibol (Class III b) is also used as a verb mean- ing " to desire." In tenses other than the present it is more fre- quently employed than the verb qat:1
tin o'ibol-t-ah ha, 1 desired water.
P'ek, dislike. This is used with the nominal pronoun. It seems to be found only in the present tense: 2
in p'ek bin(el), 1 dislike to go.
Tak, taktal, desire. The verb made from this noun differs from the two preceding forms in the fact that the nominal or possessive pronoun is used with the true verb and also that all tenses can be expressed.3 The conjugation follows that of verbs in Class IV:
tak or tak-tal in wen-el, 1 desire to sleep. tak-hi in wen-el, 1 desired to sleep. bin tal-ak in wen-el, 1 shall desire to sleep.
There is also a reduplicated form, tak-i-tak which expresses the idea of desiring something very much, " tener gana ó deseo vehe- mente de hacer algo."
Qabet, necessary. This is used either with nouns or with verbs. In the first case the verbal pronoun compounded with t or ti is used:
qabet t-en wa, I need tortillas; literally, necessary to me, tortillas. qabet-hi t-en wa,‘ past tense.
Compare Lopez, § 126.
? As pointed out by Lopez (§ 128), in other tenses the regular verb, p'ek-t-ik, p'ek-t-ah, p'ek-t-e, is used.
3 The Perez dictionary gives the form as tak-tal. Beltran (§ 224) has the past in tal-hi. Lopez (§ 129) writes " Apenas se usa más que en presente."
' Lopez (§ 122) uses the inchoative form in tsah for the past. Compare p. 90.
62
GRAMMAR
When a verb is used, the form takes the nominal or possessive pronoun as with tak and the conjugation follows verbs in Class IV. The verbal pronoun with t may be omitted:
qabet in bin(el), 1 need to go, literally, necessary, my going. qabet h-in bin(el), past tense.
qabet in putš-ik, I need to hit him.
Suk. accustom. This has forms similar to the preceding:
suk t-en in han-t-ik wa, I am accustomed to eat tortillas, literally, cus- tomary to me, my eating something, tortillas.
The following irregular verbs are impersonal, using, in most cases, the nominal pronoun of the 3d person before the form in- troducing the expression. The conjugation generally follows that of Class IV:
Pat, patal, ability.1
u pat in bin(el), 1 am able to go, literally, its ability, my going. u pat h-in bin(el), I was able to go.
hu pat in bin-e or,
bin patak in bin, I shall be able to go.
The second verb in each case may take the suffix, -e when it is intransitive:
u pat in han-1-e (han-al-e), I am able to eat. u pat in qal-y-e, 1 am able to sing. u pat in bin-e, I am able to go.
Nama, obligation : 2 u nama in bin(el), I ought to go.
Tuub, tuubul, to forget. I found this verb only in one form : 3 tuub ten, 1 forgot.
1 Lopez (§ 123) has this and several of the following forms used in connec- tion with the nominal pronoun compounded with k, as ku. He gives this form as:
ku pah-tal.
He agrees with me in the past as he drops the suffix -tal and his stem seems to change from pah to pat.
He is inclined to use the stem with the suffix in -1 in the present. My forms usually omit the suffix.
? Perez (1898) gives the form nah, necessario. Compare a corresponding form, nakma, given by Beltran (§ 216).
' Lopez (§ 118) gives the following forms for this verb:
F
63
THE VERB
The active verb is:
tuub-s-ik, tuub-s-ah, tuub-s-e. tin tuub-s-ik, 1 am forgetting something.
Qaah, qaahal, to remember. The verbal pronoun in this and several of the following forms takes t- or ti -:
u qaah t-en, I remember, literally, its memory to me. qaah[h]i t-en, past tense. bin qaah-ak t-en, future tense.
The active verb is: qaah-s-ik, qaah-s-ah, qaah-s-e.
Tšik-pahal. to appear. This is a reflexive verb from the stem · tšikaan, visible and has the literal meaning, to appear itself:
u tšik-pahal t-en, it appears to me. tšik-pa-hi t-en, past tense. bin tšik-pah-ak t-en, future tense.
Utšul, to succeed, to happen: 1 u y-utsul t-en, it happens to me, me sucede. utš-hi t-en, past tense. bin utš-ak t-en, future tense.
VERBS WITH STEMS in -al, -el, -il, -ol, -ul. For greater clearness it has seemed best to describe these verbs as a whole although they are taken up under other headings. This ending in -1 preceded by the vowel similar to that of the root signifies that the subject of the verb is affected by the action of the verb.
These forms in -1 are found in the following places:
(a) Present of the intransitive in Class J. tin lub-ul, 1 am falling, I am affected by a fall.
(b) Present of the intransitive in Class III a, showing a passive relationship:
tin o'on-ol, 1 am being shot, my being affected by a gun.
ku tuubul ten, 1 forget. tuub ten, 1 forgot. bin tuubuc ten, I shall forget. Beltran (§ 203) has the form: ma in tubul tetš or ti tetš, do not forget me.
1 For other irregular forms, see Beltran, §§ 201, 202, 207, 211, 212, 229.
64
GRAMMAR
The causal s preceding the form in -1 is found in the following place:
(c) Present of the intransitive in Class I showing a passive relationship:
tin kim-s-il, 1 am being killed, my being affected by someone causing me to die.
(d) Verbs in Class III b which form the transitive by using t, the sign of the agent, have the form -tal regardless of the vowel of the root to show a passive relationship:
tun mis-t-al in na, my house is being swept, literally, my house is being affected by means of a broom.
tin yakun-t-al, I am being loved, my being affected by love.
It will be seen from the foregoing that syntactically the passive relationship for verbs in Class III is exactly similar to the active forms of verbs in Class I.
INTRANSITIVE VERB. The preceding classification, as has been noted, is made up without taking into consideration whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. It is well to consider these forms by themselves and endeavor to show how the intransitive and transitive are built up.
Intransitive verbs are found in all classes of verbs and they are distinguished from the transitive of each respective class by cer- tain differences in the method of conjugation, by different pro- nouns or different time suffixes.
The simplest form of the intransitive verb is seen in the use of the verbal pronoun with verbs of Class IV, nouns or adjective-like forms:
batab-en, I am a chief. batab-h-en, I was a chief.
In the past of verbs of Classes I-III the stem appears with the true personal pronoun, commonly called the objective, but here spoken of as the verbal pronoun. This is the same in form as that used as the object of the transitive verb:
1 a. ah-en, I woke up. Ill a. nai-n-ah-en, I dreamed.
1 b. kim-en, I died. lll b. mis-n-ah-en, 1 swept.
11. kus-1-ah-en, I lived.
IV. keel-h-en, I was cold.
TRANSITIVE VERB. This is sharply distinguished from the in- transitive. The pronoun used with the transitive is similar to the
65
THE VERB
possessive and has been called the nominal pronoun. The connec- tion between the possessive and its noun and the pronoun used with the transitive is very close: 1
tin s'on-ik ke, I am shooting with a gun a deer, literally, my gunning a deer. Two of the classes of transitive verbs may be roughly classified as regards instrument and cause.
The transitive verb is found in Classes I, III, and IV. Class II is not found in the transitive.
TRANSITIVE TO INTRANSITIVE FORM. Transitive verbs may pass over to the intransitive form when the combined meaning of the verb and its object represents habitual action:
tin šul-ik meya, I am finishing work. tin šul-ah meya (transitive form). 1 finished work. sul-meya-n-ah-en (intransitive form), I finished work.
tan šup-ik taqin, you are spending money.
tan šup-ah taqin (transitive form), you spent money. šup-taqin-n-ah-etš (intransitive form), you spent money.
Both of these verbs are in Class I as the intransitive forms are respectively :
tin šul-ul, 1 am finishing. sul-en, I finished. tin šup-ul, I am spending. šup-en, 1 spent.
1 Seler (p. 76) makes this same distinction. He writes, "nur die absoluten, eines direkten Objekts entbehrenden Verbalausdrücke durch Prädikatskonstruk- tion mit dem Personalpronomen (my verbal pronoun) gebildet; die transitiven Verba dagegen sind wurzelhafte oder abgeleitete Nomina, die als solche mit dem Possessivpräfix (my nominal pronoun) verbunden werden." He fails to state, however, that it is only in the past tenses of the intransitive, with the excep- tion of verbs of Class IV, that the "personal pronoun" is used. The "pos- sessive prefix" is used in the present and future tenses of both transitive and intransitive forms:
tin lub-ul, I am falling. lub-en, J fell. tin lub-s-ik, I am destroying something.
tin lub-s-ah, 1 destroyed something.
He elaborates (p. 89) his former statement and writes, "Die Maya-Sprachen besitzen also transitive aktive Verben in unserem Sinne nicht. Sie kennen nur Nomina und absolute Verba, die einen Zustand des Seins, eine Eigenschaft oder eine Thätigkeit bezeichnen, die als Prädikate zu einem Personalpronomen oder einer dritten Person als Subjekt konstruirt werden, aber kein direktes Objekt zu sich nehmen können."
66
GRAMMAR
When the verbal stem combines with an object so closely that the whole idea is considered as an action in itself and is intransi- tive, the verb passes into Class III on account of the method of making the past with n-ah and the verbal pronoun.1 This is one of the few cases where a verb belonging to one class passes over into another. The complete unity of the object with the action of the verb is seen in the fact that the object is infixed, coming be- fore the sign of the past and the verbal pronoun. The intransitive form for the present is practically never found:
šul-meya-in-kah.
These compounded forms may remain transitive when an object is expressed. In this case they usually go in Class III b, that class using t as the sign of the agent: 2
tin bets-qab-t-ik Pedro, I am calling by means of the hand Peter. tin tsin-pol-t-ik winik 1 am reverencing the man, literally, 1 am inclining (by means of the head) the man.
INTRANSITIVE TO TRANSITIVE FORM. The intransitive verb may pass to the transitive in form but it retains the intransitive mean- ing by the use of the root, be to make, and the sign of the agent: ' tal tin be-t-ik, I am coming, I am making it to come.
qai tin be-t-ik, 1 am singing, I am making it by means of song.
TENSE IN THE VERB. The Spanish grammars have, in addition to the present tense of the Indicative, a Preterito Imperfecto, Pre- terito Perfecto, Preterito Pluscuamperfecto, Futuro Imperfecto, and a Futuro Perfecto. The Present, Preterito Perfecto, and Futuro Im- perfecto are the true present, past and future respectively. The Preterito Imperfecto, is made from the present by the addition of kutši (cuchi),4 the Preterito Pluscuamperfecto from the Preterito
1 Beltran (§ 58) has the same form in the past and notes that San Buena- ventura makes the past of these forms by the addition of the verbal pronoun to the root compounded with the object:
tša-hă-n-en, I carried water.
The correct form is, tša-ha-n-ah-en.
Beltran adds that the form given by San Buenaventura may have been cor- rect at the time the latter studied the language.
? Compare Lopez, § 92.
3 Compare p. 54, and Palma y Palma, p. 172, 173.
4 The form kutši is undoubtedly from ka and utšul, utši, or utšuk given by Beltran (§ 222) as an irregular verb meaning "to happen" or "to succeed"
67
THE VERB
Perfecto by the addition of ili kutši, and the Futurc Perfecto from the Futuro Imperfecto by the addition of ili kotsom. The forms made by the words kutši, ili kutši, and ili koštom seem to me to be more or less artificial and are the result, in the main, of the de- sire to present every tense known to the Spaniard in his own language.1
I found the form utši instead of kutši could be used to make a past from the present stem but it was not the common way of expressing this tense.
The tenses in the Maya, as spoken today, are: present, a past, a past denoting action just completed, a past denoting action completed some time ago, a future denoting action just about to take place and a future denoting action to take place some time in the future.2
(acaecer, suceder, acontecer). The form of the past as given in the early gram- mars use this verb as a sort of auxiliary with the present tense to form the past; nak-al-in-kah kutši, 1 climbed, literally, I am climbing, it happened.
Coronel and San Buenaventura (fol. 15 ob.) make a distinction, using kutši for distant past time and katši for time just past.
1 Palma y Palma (p. 188, 189) expresses the idea of the artificiality of these forms as follows: - "Los tiempos que aparecen aqui como ejemplos, son tomados de la gramática de Fray Pedro de Beltran. Observando, sin embargo; el común lenguaje de los mayas, se ve que no todos están en uso. ¿ En qué consiste esto? ¿ Será que ya no es menester emplearlos? Esto es inadmisible, porque la misma causa que obró para establecerlos subsiste: la necesidad de expresar ac- ciones que forzosamente tienen que corresponder á tiempo presente, pasado, 6 venidero. Y los que indican absolutamente estos, subsisten; los que vienen á ser como intermedios. según la expresión de la Academia, los cuales en castellano se forman con verbos auxiliares solamente, son los que no se usan. Pero la razón está en que hay otros medios de expresar los tiempos correspondientes a estas acciones cuando se relacionan con los de otras para significar respecto de ellas pasado ó futuro, como había hecho, habré hecho, etc. Lo había hecho cuando lleg- aste. Lo habré hecho cuando llegues. La forma del pretérito pluscuamperfecto, por ejemplo, según el P. Beltran, es binen ili katši, ó kutši como pone y se usaba antes. Yo me había ido. En vez de esta forma los mayas usan: "
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.