USA > New York > A gazetteer of the state of New York: comprising its topography, geology, mineral resources, civil divisions, canals, railroads and public institutions; together with general statistics; the whole alphabetically arranged. Also statistical tables of distances with a new township map of the state > Part 1
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59
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REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01148 8167
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofstate00dist 0
COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS &
1 Mile
MYMarcy MUM'intyre
5000
Whiteface ME
M Seward
4000
M. Emmons
Round Top
ADIRONDACK MOUNTAIN'S
Avalanche L
fountain Hausen
Crane's Mt
MOUNTAINS.
Adirondack!
Shawangunk.Mt
Trou Works
New Beacon
Bald Peatony's
Buttertilh HIGHLANDS
Chun fare Ll Otsego !!
Crow's Nesta
1000
Anthony's cod
M Defiance
Sugar Loaf
Palisades
Ft Putnam
Georgel
Harbor Hill
LOntario
Brooklyn Heights
Capitol
Miles 50
100
Comparative Length of LAKES, Erie
CANALS. Crooked Lake C.
Sen. and Oswego R.
Ontario
Oswego C.
Black R.
Champlain
Chemung C.
OswegatchieR.
Seneca
Black River C.
Racket R.
Cayuga
Champlain C.
Mohawk R.
George
Chenango C.
Crooked.
Genesee R.
Oneida
Del. and Hudson C.
Chautauque
Delaware R.
Genesee Valley C.
Hudson R
Eric C.
Hall Sc.
Emmons del.
200
300
400
RIVERS, Saranac R.
Cayuga andSen. C.
A GAZETTEER
OF THE
STATE OF NEW-YORK:
COMPRISING
ITS TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, MINERALOGICAL RESOURCES, CIVIL DIVI- SIONS, CANALS, RAILROADS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS;
TOGETHER WITH GENERAL STATISTICS ;
THE WHOLE ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
ALSO,
STATISTICAL TABLES,
Including the Census of 1840; AND
Tables of Distances.
WITH A NEW
TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE,
ENGRAVED ON STEEL.
ALBANY :
PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL, AND FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLERS GENERALLY. 1842.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, by JOHN DISTUR- NELL, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern Dis- trict of New-York.
1
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN, ALBANY.
1572928
PREFACE.
IN collecting information for a new Gazetteer of the State of New- York, it has been the leading aim as well as the earnest desire of the publisher, to make it as accurate and useful as possible. For this pur- pose, he has not only resorted to the most authentic sources, referring to similar works which have been published, of a like character, but has also availed himself of the assistance of several competent persons, on whose talent and judgment he could fully rely. No pains or ex- pense has been spared to render this publication in every respect de- serving of public patronage.
· The United States Census, taken in 1840, although not published en- tire, until January, 1842, has furnished a greater mass of statistical in- formation than usual. It exhibits an astonishing increase of numbers, in this state, and a vast amount of agricultural and manufactured pro- ducts, produced by the skill, enterprise and capital of its inhabitants.
The State Geologists, appointed by an act of the Legislature in 1836, have also greatly aided in developing the mineral wealth and other resources of the state ; they having made extensive researches, discov- ered many new localities, and given names to Mountains, Lakes and Rivers, heretofore unnamed and almost unknown : thus, altogether, furnishing a valuable mass of correct information, of the most interest- ing character, much of which is embodied in this work.
To her extensive and admirable system of Internal Improvements, may be attributed much of the prosperity of the State of New-York, now the most populous, and justly ranking as the most enterprising and wealthy of the confederated states of the Union,-but besides the above, her geographical position by nature, must be regarded as the original and true groundwork of her greatness,-which also led to the development of her present productive artificial advantages. Having on her seaboard one of the finest harbors on the globe, accessible not only by a direct and short approach from the ocean, but also by an arm of the sea extending eastward for more than one hundred miles, and protected by a grand island barrier, constituting a valuable portion of her territory,-with the noble Hudson extending northward, through an
iv
interesting and fertile region of country reaching out, as it were, to receive the tributary waters of the great northern and western lakes, being connected by means of the Champlain and Erie canals. When all these combined advantages are considered as concentrating to ad- vance the great agricultural, commercial and manufacturing inter- ests of the State, and of the Union, well may her citizens be proud of her superiority.
The leading features and the more important statistical details, which belong to such a thriving community ; a description of the cities, towns and villages in which its population is distributed, the occupations in which they are engaged, their various public institutions and their ac- tual social condition, as indicated by such facts,-in addition to a brief description of the mountains, lakes, rivers, canals, &c. in which this state abounds, all alphabetically arranged,-constitute the subject mat- ter of this Gazetteer, accompanied by a Township Map, which it is hoped will be found both interesting and useful.
With many thanks for the ready and efficient assistance conferred by numerous individuals, this work is respectfully submitted to the public.
Albany, Feb. 1842.
GAZETTEER OF NEW-YORK.
1
TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
OF THE
STATE OF NEW-YORK.
BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT.
THE State of New-York lies between 40° 30' and 45º north lati- tude, and between 5° 05' east, and 2º 55' west longitude from the City of Washington. Its extreme length, east and west, including Long Island, is 408 miles. Leaving Long Island out of view, it is only 340 miles. Its greatest breadth north and south, is 310 miles. The area of the whole surface, excepting the waters of the great lakes, is estimated at 29,220,936 acres, or 45,658 square miles ; the entire area being 46,200 square miles. The State is bounded south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and Niagara river ; north-west by Lake Onta- rio and St. Lawrence river ; north by the British possessions in Cana- da, and east by Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut.
NATURAL DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY.
The State of New-York is divided into three unequal parts, by two great valleys. The first, and the one which is of the greatest length, is the valley of the Hudson, which may with propriety be considered as extending the whole length of the state, from north to south : it there- fore includes the depression in which Lake Champlain is situated ; it is properly, then, the valley of the Hudson and Champlain united. The second is the valley of the Mohawk, which terminates on the east, rather to the north of the central portion of the valley of the Hudson river : it may be considered as extending west to the valley of the great lakes, by the depression which contains Oneida lake and Oswego river. The state, then, according to these natural divisions, may be consid- ered topographically, under three great divisions, as has been stated above,-the Eastern, Northern, and Southern Divisions.
The Eastern Division, is a long narrow belt extending from the Highlands in the county of Putnam to the head of Lake Champlain. Its eastern limits are the borders of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont. It slopes from those borders towards the Hudson, with a good degree of regularity, but is traversed longitudinally by rather long, narrow valleys, whose ridges or boundaries have uniformly a di- rection to the north-a direction parallel to the main chain of the Green
6
NATURAL DIVISIONS
mountains of Vermont. This division of the state comprehends the western slope of the Taghkanic mountains. This range forms the water shed, which separates the waters flowing west into the Hudson, from those which flow south into Long Island Sound.
The Northern Division, or that division of the state north of the Mohawk valley, presents a combination of features, which contrast re- markably with the preceding, or that of the western slope of the Tagh- kanic mountains. In giving the details of the topography of this por- tion of the state, it will simplify the subject to consider it as traversed by one great range of mountains and highlands. This range begins at Little Falls, in the valley of the Mohawk, and pursues a north-east course across the country to Trembleau point, on Lake Champlain : it may be regarded as a great uplift, a portion of which has acquired the greatest altitude in the neighborhood of Mount Marcy, and from which the uplift declines to the great valleys which border this part of the state. This view is not, however, strictly correct in point of fact ; for we may distinguish several parallel ranges, by leaving out of view nu- merous intermediate spurs. These ranges will now be described, com- mencing with the most easterly.
The first range may be considered as rising in the north part of Sara- toga county, in the vicinity of Wilton ; it pursues a north-east course through that tongue of land which separates Lake George from Lake Champlain, and terminates on the lake shore south of Ticonderoga. It does not become rugged and steep, till after it is broken through by the Hudson, in the vicinity of Moreau. As it becomes confined be- tween the two lakes, it is then precipitous on both sides, and the whole country appears rough and broken. It is called the Palmertown range, though the portion between the lakes is sometimes called Black moun- tains, or the Tongue mountains.
The second range rises in the north-east part of Montgomery county, and pursues a course parallel with the former, running through Lu- zerne, and along the western side of Lake George, and terminates at Ticonderoga. Its width is about six miles, and its length not far from sixty. The French mountain, which is not enumerated here, lies be- tween the two preceding ranges ; it is only about six miles in length. The second range is usually called the Kayaderosseras, and sometimes the Luzerne mountains. It is broken through by the Hudson, on the line of Warren and Saratoga counties ; it also compels the Sacandaga river to take a north-east course around its base to form a junction with the Hudson at Hadley.
The third range rises in Mayfield, or in that section of country north of Johnstown ; it passes through the eastern part of Hope, Athol, Chester and Schroon, and terminates on Lake Champlain near Crown Point and Port Henry. Crane's mountain in Athol, and Pharaoh's in Schroon, are remarkable eminences in this range.
The fourth range rises from the Mohawk valley near or at Palatine, and pursues a direction parallel with the preceding, passing through the west part of Hope, or between Hope and Lake Pleasant, thence on- ward through the west parts of Schroon and Moriah, and finally termi- nates on the lake at Willsborough. It is a lofty and imposing range. Its most elevated portion is to the west of Pondsville in the town of Moriah. Dix's peak is a little farther north, and is best seen from Johnson's, at Clear pond ; it is the highest point in this range.
7
AND TOPOGRAPHY.
The fifth and most considerable of the mountain ranges north of the Mohawk, may be called the Clinton range, and has already been spo- ken of as rising at Little Falls, and terminating at Trembleau Point. Where it attains its greatest elevation, there are numerous lofty peaks, which form a remarkable group of mountains. They have been called the Adirondack group. Mounts Marcy, McIntyre, McMartin and Santanoni, are the highest in this group. The Clinton range is the true water shed of this division of the state. It divides the waters of the Hudson, or those that flow to the south into the Atlantic, from those that flow into the Gulf of the St. Lawrence.
To the west of the Clinton chain, there is still another, but it is less distinct, less regular in its course, and less perfectly defined. It ranges along the western or the St. Lawrence slope, especially the southern and middle portions. The northern is distinguished by insulated peaks, or groups of mountains. Its termination is a few miles north of the Provincial line, and occupies the northern slope, comprehending the hills of Ellenburgh and Chateaugay. The levels of Lower Canada succeed on the north. From this northern slope, this level and per- fectly flat country is in full view, on that portion lying between the So- rel and St. Lawrence. The principal mountains of the northern portion of this range are Mt. Seward, White face, and Lyon Mountain. The former is the highest portion of a distinct cluster, which forms the most remarkable object in sailing down Long lake. The southern portion of this important range is remarkable for its transverse valley in which are situated the Fulton chain of lakes, and which opens a convenient route for a road from the valley of the Black river, to the table land of Racket and Long lakes, and thence to Lake Champlain.
We may now pass to the consideration of the Southern Division of the state, situated between Lake Ontario and Pennsylvania. Leaving out of view minor irregularities, and the undulations and swells of the surface, the whole of the territory between the lake and the line of the state, may be considered as rising with a gradual ascent till it reaches its maximum height in the southern tier of counties. We can speak of no range or chain of highlands traversing this section of the state. The depressions of the surface are entirely caused by abrasion in the soft and decomposable shales and sandstones ; or in . other words, the valleys which hold these numerous lakes, and through which the rivers flow, are valleys of excavation, the majority of which open to the north. The east and west roads, or those transverse to the valleys, are therefore hilly, and often steep, imparting to the country a mountainous aspect. Turning our attention to the south-eastern part of this division of the state, we find the character of the topography very different from Western New-York. Here we may clearly distinguish three mountain ranges,-the highlands of Orange and Putnam counties, with a devia- tion to the north-east ; the Shawangunk, with a regular ridge, pursuing also a north-east course, and skirting the valley of the Rondout ; and the Catskills, whose direction is to the north-west or towards the Mo- hawk valley, passing in their course through the counties of Albany and Schoharie, and forming in this prolongation the Helderberg moun- tains, which, as a whole, forms one of the most interesting topograph- ical features in the state.
It will be perceived from this account, though it is brief and imper fect in its details, that there are three distinct mountain systems travers
-
8
GEOLOGY.
ing the state,-Ist, the north-east system of both southern and northern New-York ; 2d, the north system of the eastern; and 3d, the north- west system, that of the Catskill mountains. The mountain systems have not as yet, however, received that attention which they deserve, and we cannot speak confidently on this interesting subject. Of the north and north-east systems, there is but little doubt ; and taking a general view of the direction of the Catskill, the north-west system, we can see very little reason for doubting the fact we have stated. The subject requires farther investigation ; it is a field rich in phenom- ena of the most interesting kind, and in which few have labored in this country. For the height of the principal mountain peaks, see Alti- tudes and Elevations.
GEOLOGY. PRIMARY ROCKS.
In giving a sketch of the Geology of the state of New-York, nothing more will be attempted than a general outline of the main facts. This will comprise a description of the Primitive and Transition rocks, their extent and general features, and the natural groups into which they may be separated. The members of each group will require only brief descriptions.
There are two Primary regions in the state, separated from each other by the intervention of a narrow belt of sedimentary rocks, one in the northern, the other in the southern part of the state. The southern termination of the primary of the northern section is at Little Falls. From this place the boundary extends east to Johnstown, then. it pur- sues a north-easterly couse to Northville, thence north to Wells ; pass- ing from Wells to the Fish House, it encloses a narrow tongue of the lower transition rocks. From the Fish House the line extends north- east, until it reaches the Hudson River a little above Sandy Hill, passing east as far as Granville, thence northerly to Whitehall. From White- hall the eastern boundary is formed by Lake Champlain as far north as Ticonderoga ; from this place the primitive recedes from the shore, sending out spurs only, which reach the lake at Port Henry, Westport, Willsborough, and lastly at Trembleau Point, leaving basins, extend- ing in some instances several miles from the lake, which are occupied by the transition and tertiary rocks. From Trembleau Point, the line of the Primary takes a west course to Clintonville, thence north through the western part of Peru and Saranac, into the south-western corner of Ellenburgh ; thence it passes south-west through the southern part of Chateaugay, Malone, Brandon, Dickinson, the southern part of Hopkin- ton, Parishville, Potsdam and Canton ; thence passing down the eastern shore of Black lake, from the southern termination of which it passes through Rossie, the north-eastern corner of Antwerp, to the Natural Bridge, then turns south to Carthage ; from Carthage the course of the boundary line is generally south-east, passing through Watson, Greig, the north-east corner of Boonville, the northern part of Russia and Ohio, to Little Falls. This general boundary includes the primitive district of the north, exhibiting nearly a circular form. The rocks. comprising it are hypersthene rock, granite, serpentine, primitive: limestone, gneiss and sienite. It is enclosed on all sides by transition rocks. The southern primitive region of the state of New-York, is comparatively of small extent. It embraces the south-eastern part of
9
GEOLOGY.
Orange county, including the towns as far north as Windsor, where the boundary crosses the Hudson river, and extends east as far as Beek- man, thence it passes north in a line parallel to the Hudson river, through Stamford, Pine Plains, Hillsdale, Austerlitz, Berlin and Pe- tersburgh. The rocks comprising it are the same as those mentioned as occurring in the northern section, with the addition of mica and talcose slates.
HYPERSTHENE ROCK.
The lofty group of mountains described in the Geological reports as the Adirondack group, and which are the highest in the state, are formed of a peculiar kind of granite. It is a dark colored and coarsely crystaline rock, exhibiting no marks of stratification, but is traversed by natural joints similar to the common granite. This rock has been called Hypersthene rock, from the fact that this mineral constitutes one of its elements ; some varieties are of a light color being sometimes nearly white, others are smoke gray and quite dark. The hypersthene rock is not widely extended, being mostly confined to the county of Essex. Its northern termination is at Trembleau Point, on Lake Champlain. From this point the eastern boundary line extends a little west of south, through the western part of Essex, and about half way between Westport and Elizabeth through Moriah, embracing the north- west corner of Schroon, passing through Minerva, the north-east corner of Hamilton, and the south-east corner of Franklin county, passing north-east through Wilmington, and east to Trembleau point. It is only the mountains within this boundary that belong to the Adirondack group, for it has been thought proper to include only those which are composed of this rock. This region is mostly in a state of nature, and is not so interesting to the geologist as the transition, but the sublime grouping of its mountains and rugged precipices whose summits are lost in clouds, its placid lakes reflecting the dark, unbroken forest with. all the strength of a polished mirror, produce a combination of grand and beautiful scenery which cannot but be admired by every lover of nature.
GRANITE.
Granite occurs in this region of the ordinary form, and of various colors ; it constitutes, however, a very unimportant part of the primary district, occurring only in limited areas, and scarcely ever of a quality suitable for building. It is found at Gouverneur, Rossie, Edwards, and at numerous different points throughout the whole region. It is usually associated with primitive limestone, and is often mechanically mixed with it. The granite of the southern district presents all varie- ties of texture, from a coarse grained to a perfectly compact rock ; its common mode of occurrence is in beds interstratified with gneiss ; it is found abundant in New-York, Putnam, Westchester and Orange counties. Numerous quarries have been opened in these counties, which are found to furnish a material equal to the Massachusetts or Maine granite, and to possess an advantage over them in the greater facilities for transportation to market.
SERPENTINE.
Serpentine occurs at numerous places in both the primary regions of " the state. At Port Henry, on Lake Champlain, it is incorporated with"
10
GEOLOGY.
the primitive limestone; in Edwards, in St. Lawrence county, and Ant- werp, in Jefferson county, it is found associated with iron ore. Beau- tiful varieties also occur at Pitcairn and near Butterfield lake. Several localities in New-York, Westchester, and Putnam counties, furnish it, though it has never been observed to occupy an area exceeding 100 acres. It occurs at New Rochelle, associated with Hornblende rock and limestone ; at Phillipstown in Putnam county, and Pine pond.
PRIMITIVE LIMESTONE.
The Primitive limestone is considered by some geologists as a meta- morphic rock, but a careful examination of the different phenomena it exhibits, affords conclusive evidence of its Plutonic origin. It is coarsely chrystalline, and shows no mark of stratification. It is gene- rally white, but sometimes inclines to a reddish tinge, and even a deep red. It crumbles and disintegrates rapidly on exposure to the atmo- sphere ; it never exhibits the compact or close structure so common in the sedimentary limestones, and is often so loosely aggregated as to be unfit for even the ordinary purposes of marble. The primitive lime- stone is invariably found in connection with gneiss or granite, more commonly however with the latter. Gneiss and granite frequently rest upon the limestone, and veins of limestone are sometimes injected into them. A great variety of minerals are found incorporated with the limestone, among which are brown tourmaline, spinelle, serpentine, augite, phosphate of lime, brucite, &c. It occurs at Port Henry, hav- ing disseminated through its mass, green serpentine, furnishing a ma- terial susceptible of a high polish, producing a beautiful variegated marble. The limestone continues south from Port Henry some dis- tance, losing however its serpentine. It may be considered as a wide vein running north and south. It occurs in Minerva and in Schroon, and at several different places along the western shore of Lake Cham- plain. But its most extensive development is in St. Lawrence county, occuring in the towns of Edwards, Fowler, Antwerp, Rossie, Gouver- neur, Hermon, De Kalb, Canton and De Peyster. One fact goes far to prove the igneous origin of this limestone, the remarkable incorporation of various minerals with it ; thus, plumbago is very commonly dis- seminated in thin scales through the mass ; serpentine, as at Port Hen- ry; quartz and mica, also, sometimes form a constituent portion, as at Paradox lake in Schroon ; augite, in Keene, at Long pond and at Ticonderoga.
GNEISS, OR THE GNEISS SYSTEM.
Gneiss is the predominant rock in both the northern and southern primary districts of the state ; it varies greatly in external appearance and composition, in different localities. Much of the gneiss in the Highlands of the southern primitive counties, is a hornblendic gneiss, or more properly called sienite, in which the mica is wholly or in part replaced by hornblende. In other respects it possesses the usual char- acteristics of gneiss, and therefore needs no description. As a system of rocks, it embraces gneiss, sienite, mica slate, hornblende, talcose slate, and other rocks which may occur in it, in stratified beds. All these rocks are interlaminated with each other, or rather in alternating strata, in a manner which entirely prevents us from determining their relative ages. Of the rocks of this system, mica and talcose slates are entirely wanting in the northern primary district.
11
GEOLOGY.
Upon the eastern border of New-York, adjacent to Vermont, Mas- sachusetts and Connecticut, is the prolongation of the Appalachian chain of mountains. This portion of the chain is known as the Taghka- nic range ; it rises to an elevation of from 1200 to 2000 feet, and pre- sents a tolerably regular outline throughout its whole extent. Its geo- logical relations are interesting, particularly so, as many of the phe- nomina, in connexion with these rocks bear upon the doctrine of Me- tamorphism, and probably there is no better field for proving or dispro- ving the doctrine, than the one under consideration. The rocks of course, are situated between the gneiss of Hoosick mountain on the east, and the slates of the transition on the west. They occupy, there- fore, geographically as well as geologically, an intermediate position ; . the rocks on the one hand bearing a very close resemblance to the pri- mary on the east, and on the other, a great similarity to the transition slates on the west. Still, as a whole, the rocks of the Taghkanic range may generally be distinguished from those on either side, their general character being derived from the presence of a large proportion of magnesia, which imparts to the rocks a softer feel and a peculiar greenish color. It is not proposed in this plan to separate these rocks from the primary, but to consider them as belonging to the upper por- tion, and to speak of them as the Taghkanic rocks, or perhaps as the Taghkanic system. There may be many objections to this proposition; this is not, however, the place to consider them, but we may inquire whether it may not, upon the whole, be expedient to consider them under a distincthead ; and is it not true, that so long as they are merged in the great mass of the primary, or as a portion of the gneiss system, less will be known of them, and less interest be entertained for them. Considering them for the present as belonging to the upper portion of the primary, the Taghkanic rocks will be composed first, of a peculiar talcose slate, or a magnesian slate in part ; in other parts it is plumbaginous, which strongly soils the fingers. Its associated minerals are milk-white quartz, in which we frequently find the carbonate, oxide and sulphuret of iron, in a decomposing state, and chlorite in masses of various sizes, sometimes distinct, at other times diffused and coloring the slate of a peculiar green. Second, of white, gray and clouded limestone, varying in texture from fine to coarse granular, often interlaminated with slate, the latter often merely coloring the limestone, so as to im- part that clouded appearance. Serpentine is never connected with this variety of limestone. Third, of granular quartz, or a sandstone gene- rally silicious and of a brown color. Some limited beds of beautiful white quartz, in a disintegrating state, occur occasionally. The gran- ular quartz is the lowest of the masses. Silicious slates form beds in the rock, which may be considered as passage beds into the slate, and we often meet with masses of limestone, so silicious that it is difficult to say whether they are to be regarded as rocks of sandstone or limestone. There are two or three facts connected with the subject which require to be stated in this place, inasmuch as they bear on the question of the propriety of separating the Taghkanic rocks, from the gneiss system. The granular quartz, and one of the varieties of the slate, and also the limestone, contain minerals, in a few instances, belonging to primary rocks: thus, feldspar occurs in the first, needle-form schorl in the sec- ond, and brown tourmalin in the third. Again, there are masses of the granular quartz, which appear like conglomerates, and the whole Tagh-
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