USA > New York > A gazetteer of the state of New York: comprising its topography, geology, mineral resources, civil divisions, canals, railroads and public institutions; together with general statistics; the whole alphabetically arranged. Also statistical tables of distances with a new township map of the state > Part 4
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The territory of the state is nearly as large as that of all England ; it is about half as large as that of Great Britain and Ireland ; about one-third as large as France, and larger than Holland, Belgium, Han-
28
EDUCATION.
over and Saxony united.' All these countries comprise a population of about sixty-six millions, on a territory in the aggregate about six times as large. When this State shall be as densely peopled as those countries, the same ratio of population to surface will give eleven mill- ions of inhabitants to the state, instead of the two and a half millions at present included within its borders.
[For interesting details connected with the population, occupations, and productions of the state, see the tables in the latter part of this work.]
EDUCATION.
The principal institutions of this state, as recognized by the laws, for educational purposes, are 2 Universities, 4 Colleges, 3 Medical schools, 140 Academies, 1 school for the Deaf and Dumb, 1 for the Blind, and the Common Schools.
1. The State University .- This institution has no direct connection with the business of instruction. Its functions are chiefly directive, supervisory and visitorial. It was created by an act of the Legis- lature, passed May 1, 1784, under the corporate style of " The Re- gents of the University of the State of New-York." The Regents are twenty-one in number, nineteen of whom are appointed by the Le- gislature, the other two being the Governor and Lt. Governor, who are Regents by virtue of their offices. The officers of the Board are a Chancellor, a Vice-Chancellor, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who are all elected by their associates, by ballot and a plurality of votes. The regular meetings of the Board are held in the chamber of the Senate, the 2d Thursday in January being the day of the stated annual meet- ing ; but special meetings may be held elsewhere, on notice. Eight members form a quorum for business. In the exercise of their visito- rial power, the Regents are bound annually to ascertain and report to the Legislature the methods of education and discipline in the several colleges and academies within their jurisdiction, including the numbers of their pupils, their courses of study, and the text-books used, their libraries and apparatus of every kind, the names and pay of the instructors, their funds, revenues and debts, the amount and application of the public moneys they receive, and in short, the entire condition and management of the respective institutions subject to their care and oversight. They are also authorized to make ordinances for all pur- poses within their jurisdiction ; to confer degrees above that of Master of Arts ; to fill vacancies in the offices of Presidents of Colleges, and Principals of Academies, when left vacant by the Trustees for one year without good cause shown ; to apportion the annual income of the Lit- erature Fund among the eight Senate Districts, and in each District among the seminaries therein, according to the number of their pupils respectively, who have, for four months in the preceding year, pursued classical studies, or the higher branches of English education, or both; the Literature Fund being designed to foster those studies which do not fall within the range of instruction in the Common schools, with which the Regents have no legal connection. The Regents, moreover, have power to incorporate academies. Their annual Reports embody a great many valuable facts and a large amount of useful information of the most practical kind, relative to the actual condition and progress of the higher seminaries.
29
EDUCATION.
2. The University of the City of New-York .- This institution was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed April 18, 1831. It is authorized to hold property, the annual income of which shall not exceed $20,000, and it is subject to the visitation of the Regents. Its general affairs are managed by a Council of thirty-two members, who are elected by the corporators from their own body, and one-fourth of whom are renewed annually. The Mayor and four members of the Common Council of the City of New-York, are ex officio members of the Council ; and no one religious sect is ever to have a majority there- in. The Council fills its own vacancies occurring between the annual elections ; appoints its own officers, and the members of the Faculty of the institution, and possesses all the usual powers to make by-laws, and to confer degrees. Eleven Councillors form a quorum for ordinary business, but the votes of seventeen are necessary to convey real estate and to appoint officers. The course of study embraces not only all the branches of learning usually cultivated at colleges, but also the whole circle of the sciences, and the liberal and useful arts. The institution was opened for pupils in 1832. Its edifice is superb.
3. The Colleges in the state are as follow :- Columbia College, in the City of New-York ; Union College, in Schenectady ; Hamilton College, in Clinton, Oneida county ; and Geneva College, in Geneva, Ontario county ; all of which are on the usual model of such institu- tions, and are severally noticed under the head of the city or village in which each is located.
4. The three Medical Schools are the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, in the city of New-York ; the Albany Medical College, in the city of Albany ; and the Medical Department of Geneva College, in the village of Geneva : each is noticed separately under the head of the place where it is located.
5. The Academies are noticed in like manner. The subjoined list, taken from the last annual report of the Regents, dated March 1, 1841, shows the names and places of the Academies then existing, as distri- buted through the eight Senate Districts.
Names of Academies.
Towns.
Counties.
Stu- dents.
Amount Lit. Fund.
First District.
Erasmus Hall, ..
Flatbush,
Kings,
.....
85
$437 10
Grammar School of Columbia
College, ...
New-York city,.
|New-York, ..
272
1,266 04
Grammar School of the Univer- sity of the city of New-York,
do.
do.
155
1,124 66
N. Y. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, .
do.
do.
152
976 85
Rutger's Female Institute,.
do.
do.
467
1,195 35
1,131
$5,000 00
Second District.
Amenia Seminary,
Amenia, .
.... Dutchess,.
243
$776 09
Clinton, ..
.
Easthampton,
Suffolk,
25
35 84
Dutchess County,
Poughkeepsie, ..
Dutchess,
78
512 93
Farmer's Hall,
Goshen, ..
Orange, .
65
240 85
Hempstead Seminary,
Hempstead,
Queens,
89
454 95
Kingston, ...
Kingston,
Ulster,.
65
245 31
Montgomery,
Orange,
60
334 52
Mount Pleasant,
Montgomery, ... Mt. Pleasant,
Westchester,.
80
223 01
30
EDUCATION.
Names of Academies.
Towns.
Counties.
Stu- dents.
Amount Lit. Fund.
Newburgh,
Newburgh,
Orange,
...
53
$280 99
New-Paltz,
New-Paltz,.
Ulster,. ..
..
47
240 85
North Salem,
North Salem,.
. .
Westchester,.
36
240 85
Peekskill,
Peekskill,
do.
33
151 64
Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, Poughkeepsie,
Dutchess,
110
365 74
Redhook,.
Upper Redhook,
do.
26
75 82
Rhinebeck,
Rhinebeck,
do.
61
138 20
Ridgebury,.
Ridgebury
Orange,
42
165 02
Union Hall,
Jamaica, ...
Queens,
137
330 06
West Town,
West Town, ..
Orange,
60
187 33
Third District ..
Albany, ...
Albany city,. . .
Albany,
185
$505 68
Albany Female Academy,
do.
do.
264
847 27
Albany Female Seminary,
do.
do.
40
120 56
Claverack,.
Claverack,
Columbia, ...
51
170 79
Coxsackie,.
Coxsackie,
Greene, .
39
80 3
Delaware,
Delhi,.
Delaware,
..
115
525 77
Greenbush and Schodack,
Greenbush,
Rensselaer, . .
35
90 42
Hudson,
Hudson city,
Columbia, .
64
93 84
Jefferson, .
Jefferson, ..
Schoharie, .
74
73 75
Kinderhook,
Kinderhook,.
Columbia,
115
318 14
Lansingburgh, .
Lansingburgh, ..
Rensselaer, . .
107
207 63
Schenectady Lyceum and Aca- demy,
Schenectady city Schenectady,.
136
381 76
Schoharie,
Schoharie,
Schoharie, . . .
50
66 98
Troy, ..
Troy city,
Rensselaer, . .
41
66 98
Troy Female Seminary,
do.
do
199
857 31
Fourth District.
Ames, ... . . .
Ames,
Montgomery, do.
28
$187 49
Amsterdam Female Seminary,
Amsterdam,
115
239 57
Cambridge Washington,
Cambridge,.
Washington,.
72
170 12
Canajoharie, ..
Canajoharie,
Montgomery,
62
215 27
Canton, .. .
Canton, ..
St. Lawrence,
94
170 12
Essex County,
Westport,
Essex, ...
57
142 35
Fairfield, ...
Fairfield,
Herkimer,
150
364 58
Franklin,
Malone,
Franklin, .
40
145 82
Galway,
Galway,.
Saratoga,
55
347 22
Gouverneur Wesleyan Sem'ry,
Gouverneur,.
St. Lawrence,
67
249 99
Herkimer,
Herkimer,.
Herkimer, . ..
85
118 04
Johnstown,
Johnstown,.
Fulton,
...
43
52 28
Kingsborough,
Kingsborough, ..
Fulton,
59
62 56
Moriah,
Moriah, .
Essex, ..
92
114 57
Plattsburgh,.
Plattsburgh, .
Clinton, .....
71
253 46
St. Lawrence,.
Potsdam,.
St. Lawrence,
150
611 00
Schuylerville,
Schuylerville,.
Saratoga, ....
45
104 10
Stillwater,.
Stillwater,
do.
63
291 65
Union Village,
Union Village, ..
Washington,.
65
222 21
Washington, .
Salem, . .
do.
55
319 43
Waterford,.
Waterford,
Saratoga, ....
30
100 68
1,655
$5,000 00
...
Fort Covington,
Fort Covington,.
Franklin, ....
25
45 33
Granville,
North Granville,
Washington,.
25
83 32
Keeseville,
Keeseville, .
Clinton, .
....
..
30
107 63
Ogdensburgh,
Ogdensburgh,
St. Lawrence,
77
281 21
Delaware Literary Institute, ...
Franklin,
do.
122
592 75
..
1,310
$5,000 00
1,637
$5,000 00
31
EDUCATION.
Names of Academies.
Towns.
Counties.
Stu- dents.
Amount Lit. Fund.
Fifth District.
Black River Literary and Reli- gious Institute,
Watertown,
Jefferson,.
·
225
$557 02
Cherry Valley, ..
Cherry Valley, ..
Otsego,.
55
17 97
Clinton Grammar School,
Clinton,
Oneida,
28
101 87
Clinton Liberal Institute,
do.
do.
84
371 54
De Ruyter Institute, .
De Ruyter,
Madison,
..
...
...
74
248 69
Lowville,
Lowville,
Lewis,
88
236 70
Oneida Conference Seminary,
Cazenovia,
Madison, .
136
590 08
Oneida Institute, .
Whitesboro,
Oneida,
100
437 46
Rensselaer Oswego,
Mexico,.
Oswego,.
115
458 44
Utica, ....
Utica city,
Oneida,
165
644 08
Vernon,
Vernon, .
do.
87
182 77
Whitesboro,
Whitesboro,
do.
1,593
$5,000 00
Sixth District.
Avon, .
Avon,
Livingston, . .
28
$129 25
Elmira,.
Elmira, .
Chemung, . ..
53
148 32
Franklin,
Prattsburgh,
Steuben, .... .
103
339 70
Genesee Wesleyan Seminary,.
Lima,
Livingston, ...
200
1,464 11
Groton,
Groton,
Tompkins, ...
35
468 89
Ithaca, .
Ithaca,
do.
150
622 01
Livingston co. High School,.
Geneseo,
Livingston, ..
101
301 43
Oxford,
Oxford,
Chenango, ...
104
799 04
Owego,
Owego, ·
Tioga,.
156
368 41
Sherburne Union,
Sherburne,
Chenango, ...
995
$5,000 00
Seventh District.
Auburn, ..
Auburn,
Cayuga,
85
$308 32
Auburn Female Seminary,
do.
do.
108
196 00
Canandaigua,
Canandaigua, .
Ontario,
135
629 15
Cayuga, .
Aurora,
Cayuga,
52
174 99
Cortland,
Homer,
Cortland, ..
143
579 14
East Bloomfield,.
East Bloomfield,
Ontario,
..
..
138
183 39
Manlius, ..
Manlius,.
do.
..
75
258 32
Munro, .
Elbridge,.
Onondaga,. do.
75
258 32
Ontario Female Seminary,
Canandaigua, ..
Ontario,
..
71
237 49
Pompey,
Pompey,
Onondaga, .. .
49
220 82
Seneca Falls,.
Seneca Falls,
Seneca, ..
. .
108
289 48
Syracuse,
Syracuse,
Onondaga,
1,518
$5,000 00
Eighth District.
Albion,.
Albion,
Orleans,
75
$104 26
Alexander Classical School, ...
Alexander,
Genesee, ..
70
149 29
Aurora, ...
Aurora, .
Erie, .
72
312 49
Batavia Female Academy, .... Buffalo Literary and Scientific
Batavia,
Genesee,.
40
163 18
Academy,
Buffalo city,
Erie, .
60
156 24
Clarkson, .
Clarkson,.
Monroe, .....
55
104 26
Fredonia,
Fredonia,
Chautauque, .
123
670 12
Fulton,.
Oswego,.
76
233 71
Hamilton, .. .
Hamilton,
Madison,
117
329 40
Hobart Hall Institute,
Holland Patent,.
Oneida,
92
170 79
Utica Female Academy,
do.
do.
. .
82
512 48
Onondaga,.
Onond'a Hollow,
113
358 31
Ovid,
Ovid,
Seneca,.
95
266 65
Fayetteville,
Fayetteville, .
Onondaga ...
105
316 65
Moravia Institute,
Mora via,.
Cayuga,
84
212 49
60
358 84
77
248 69
74
170 79
Fulton Female Seminary,
32
EDUCATION.
Names of Academies.
Towns.
Counties.
Amount dents. Lit. Fund.
Gaines,
Gaines,
Orleans, ... . .
75
$399 30
Jamestown, .
Jamestown,
Chautauque, .
38
177 08
Le Roy Female Seminary,
Le Roy,
Genesee, ... . .
160
434 02
Lewiston,.
Lewiston,
Niagara, ..
40
177 08
Mayville,
Mayville,
Chautauque, .
36
83 32
Mendon,
Mendon,
Monroe,.
115
124 99
Middlebury,
Middlebury, .
Genesee,.
130
361 10
Millville,
Millville, .
Orleans, .
106
163 18
Monroe,
Henrietta,
Monroe,.
40
166 66
Rochester Collegiate Institute,
Rochester city,
do.
230
552 07
Rochester Female Academy,
do.
do.
.
65
166 66
Seward Female Seminary,.
do.
..
...
45
204 85
Springville,.
Springville,
Erie,
23
156 24
Westfield,
Westfield,
Chautauque, .
40
173 61
1,638
$5,000 00
6. Common Schools .- The general organization of the Common School System may be compendiously described as follows :
The head and centre of the system is the Secretary of State, who is, by virtue of his office, Superintendent of Common Schools.
The other permanent agents directly connected with the legal admin- istration of the system, are the Clerks and Treasurers of counties ; the School Commissioners, Inspectors, Supervisors, District Trustees, Col- lectors, and Clerks of Towns ; all of whom are elected by the people, except the County Treasurers, who are appointed by the Boards of Su- pervisors. The Comptroller and Treasurer of the State are also inci- dentally associated with the financial action of the system.
In the year next following each census of the state, whether taken under the authority of the State, or of the United States, that is, once in every five years, it is the duty of the Superintendent to apportion the moneys arising from the Common School Fund, among the coun- ties, and the quota of each county among the towns and cities therein, according to the ratio of the population in each, compared with that of the whole state. He then certifies such apportionment to the Comp- troller, and sends notice thereof to each County Clerk, stating the day on which the moneys will be payable. That day is the Ist of February in each year, and the moneys are paid by the State Treasurer, on the warrants of the Comptroller, to the several County Treasurers, who pay over the town quotas to the School Commissioners of the respective towns, to be distributed among the school districts.
Each county Clerk, on receiving from the superintendent, notice of the apportionment, must give notice thereof to the clerk of the Super- visors, to be laid before their Board at their next meeting, and they must thereupon assess an equal amount upon the towns, to be collected by the town collector, with his legal fees, as he collects other town taxes. The levy of this sum is the statutory condition on which the School Fund money is distributed to the districts.
These School Commissioners are now two, (three, until the act of 1841,) in each town, and they are constituted by statute a corporation so far as to enable them to hold property for the use of the schools in the town, and to sue and be sued in their official capacity. They also set off, arrange, and modify the school districts ; and it is their duty
..
do.
..
Stu-
33
EDUCATION.
annually, in July, to report in writing to the County Clerk, the number of districts in their town ; the time during which the schools have been kept therein by qualified teachers ; the amount of School Fund money received, as well as the amount received from the Town Collector ; the whole number of pupils actually attending school, distinguishing the number over five and under sixteen years of age ; and in short every thing relating to their duties, and the general legal condition of the schools.
The three Inspectors in each town, together with the Commissioners, constitute a Board for ascertaining, by examination, the qualifications of teachers. Any two of the Board make a quorum, and their certifi- cate of qualification is necessary to entitle a district to the actual re- ceipt of its quota of the School Fund money. It is their duty also to visit the schools.
The Trustees of the Districts are also a corporation so far as to ena- ble them to hold property for the use of the District. They take charge of the school houses, their erection, and repair ; they make the con- tracts with the teachers ; provide fuel for the school ; call meetings of the taxable inhabitants of the district, for levying whatever assessment may be necessary for district purposes, and apportion such assess- ments ; direct the manner in which the rate bills for teachers' wages shall be made up, with authority to say who shall be exempted, for poverty ; in short, they have charge of all the pecuniary concerns of the district, and they must make report annually to the school Commis- sioners, who, as already stated, report to the County Clerk, and he to the Superintendent, thus making the chain of accountability complete.
Such is an outline of the general organization of the Common School system of this state, as it has existed for many years, and as applied to the towns. The cities, and many of the incorporated villages, are accommodated with various modifications, adapted to their peculiar circumstances. Some additions and improvements have been recently engrafted on the system, but without making any essential changes in its machinery. Among these additions is the appointment of a Gene- ral Deputy Superintendent, who may perform all the duties of the Su- perintendent, in case of his absence or of a vacancy in his office. By a law of 1841, also, the Board of Supervisors, in each county, is di- rected to appoint one, and if the number of school districts exceeds 200, two, Deputy Superintendents for the county, who hold their office for two years, and whose duty it is to visit the schools in their several jurisdictions, and examine into all matters relating to the government, instruction, course of study, text-books, discipline, and the entire economy and management of the schools, school-houses, and districts; to examine the teachers employed, and give, or annul, certificates of qualification ; and by every means in their power to promote sound education and elevate the character of the schools. They are, also, to make annual reports to the Superintendent on all the above named topics. These Deputy Superintendents are paid two dollars per day, for each day of actual service, with the proviso that their entire pay for any one year shall not exceed $500 to each.
But by far the most important improvement of the system, is the establishment of District School Libraries, by acts passed in 1838 and 1839. Those acts authorize each school district to raise by tax, twenty dollars, in the first instance, and in each subsequent year, ten dollars, 3
34
EDUCATION.
to be exclusively applied to the purchase and augmentation of a library for the use of the school. The district Clerk, or other person to be appointed at the annual meeting of the District, is to be the Librarian, and accountable for the safe keeping of the books, the property in which is vested in the District Trustees. To aid these libraries, the sum of $55,000, being part of the proceeds of the U. S. Deposit Fund, is to be annually distributed, in like manner as the other school moneys, with the proviso that at the end of three years this sum may be applied in support of the library, or to the payment of teachers' wa- ges, at the option of the District. The regulations for the manage- ment of the libraries, are to be furnished by the Superintendent of Common Schools, who is also authorized to select the library books, when so requested by the Trustees of a district, in pursuance of a vote of a District meeting.
By the last Annual Report of the Superintendent, dated January 5th, 1842, it appears that the number of School Districts in the State, taking Districts and parts of Districts, was, on the Ist of July, 1841, equal to 10,886 full Districts ; and the number of these from which, on the 1st January, 1841, reports had been received, was 10,588, in which, schools had been kept open for an average of eight months, in the pre- ceding year. The whole number of pupils instructed, including the city of New-York, was 603,583. The whole number, excluding New- York, residing in the districts, and between the ages of tive and six- teen years, was, on the 31st of December, 1840, 583,347 ; and of these the whole number under instruction was 562,198, giving an average of about fifty-five to each district.
COMMON SCHOOL FUND.
The total productive capital of this Fund is. $2,036,625.68
The total revenue of this Fund for the year ending on the 30th Sept. 1841, was. 96,073.85
The appropriation from the income of the U. S. De- . 165,000.00
posit Fund, for benefit of schools, for same year,
7. New-York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb .- This institution is pleasantly situated on Manhattan Island, somewhat aloof from the more compact and bustling parts of the city of New-York. Its first annual report to the Legislature, as required by law, was made in 1819. Its corporate Board consists of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary and twenty Directors. The officers charged with the instruction and discipline of the school, are the Principal, six Professors and two Monitors. There are, besides, a Physician, a Mat- ron and a Steward. Manual labor and handicraft employments are also associated with the other pursuits of the pupils. The occupations of this class, at present pursued, are cabinet-making, book-binding, shoemaking, tailoring and gardening, each under the direction of a competent master workman. The large majority of the pupils are placed and supported there by the State ; but pupils are also received at the charge of private friends, and different local authorities, while some are the immediate beneficiaries of the institution. The State beneficiaries are designated in just proportion from the several coun- ties, by the Superintendent of Common Schools, who visits the institu- tion and holds an annual examination in July. The whole number of pupils for the year ending on the 31st December, 1841, was 162, being
35
1572928
EDUCATION.
an increase of ten beyond that of the preceding year, and, with but one exception, a greater number than in any previous year. Of the 162 pupils for 1841, 123, (62 males and 61 females, ) were supported by the State ; 9, (3 males and 6 females,) by the Institution ; 12, (6 of each sex,) by the N. Y. city corporation ; 6, (5 males and 1 female,) by the State of New-Jersey : 11, (7 males and 4 females,) by private friends ; and 1 (female,) by the Supervisors of Dutchess co .- making in all 83 males and 79 females. The annual charge for a pupil is $130, which includes board, and every thing except clothing and travelling expenses. Clothing is furnished, if desired, for $30 per year. No applicants under 12 or over 25 years of age are received, unless in spe- cial cases, and at the discretion of the Board.
The last annual report of the institution presents a very interesting and important view of the number of deaf and dumb in the several great sections of the United States, as well as in this State, and the ratio they bear to the whole population, as drawn from different enume- rations of the people, and other sources. It appears that in this state the whole number of Deaf Mutes is at least 1,308, or a ratio of 1 to 1,820 souls, which is stated to be a lower ratio than in any of the great sections of the Union, except the north-western, where the ratio is stated to be 1 to every 2,197.
8. Institution for the Blind .- This institution was incorporated, May 21, 1831, under the name of " The New-York Institution for the Blind," with power to hold property, the annual income of which shall not exceed $10,000. Its general affairs are managed by a Board, con- sisting of a President, a Vice-President, Treasurer, Corresponding Secretary, Recording Secretary, and twenty Managers. The Faculty, having charge of the internal concerns, and the education of the pu- pils, consists of a Superintendent, a principal teacher of the several branches of a good English education, and of the elements of Latin, a teacher of instrumental music, a teacher of vocal music, a matron, a teacher of basket making, and another of band-box making. These two handicraft employments are the only ones at present introduced. There is, also, a female visiting committee. At the close of 1840, the whole number of pupils was 72, being 46 males and 26 females. The branches of learning taught were spelling, reading, writing, arithme- tic, English grammar, geography, Latin Grammar, logic, algebra, and geometry. Moral philosophy was also taught during 1840, but chem- istry has been substituted for it. The alphabet, spelling and reading, are taught by means of embossed or raised letters, the knowledge of which is obtained by the touch. All kinds of instrumental music, as well as singing, are taught ; and it is a general fact, derived from ex- perience, that the blind are peculiarly fond of music, and make re- markably rapid proficiency in its acquisition.
The expenses of this institution, for all ordinary purposes, in the year 1840, amounted to $13,111.52; and the receipts for the same year, to $11,739.59. The cost of the edifice was $28,647.00. The institution is well managed, and has been eminently successful.
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