USA > New York > A gazetteer of the state of New York: comprising its topography, geology, mineral resources, civil divisions, canals, railroads and public institutions; together with general statistics; the whole alphabetically arranged. Also statistical tables of distances with a new township map of the state > Part 37
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280
NEW YORK CITY.
men, the manufactured products amounted to $123,671, capital in- vested $42,500 ; 1 pottery, giving employment to 12 men, manufac- tured products amounted to $14,- 000, capital invested $3,000 ; 7 sugar r-fineries, the value of the manufactured products amounted to $385,000, confectionary, $249, 242, giving emyloyment to 327 men, the aggregate capital invest- ed, $425,706 ; 1 paper mill, value of manufactured products, $25,- 000, all other manufactures of pa- per, playing cards, &c. $20,137, giving employment to 51 men, capital invested $27,900 ; 113 printing offices and 39 binderies, giving employment to 2029 men, capital invested, $1,285,320 ; 6 rope walks, the value of the man- ufactured products amounted to $92,600, giving employment to 61 men, capital invested $9,800 ; 4 furnaces, giving employment to 56 men, capital invested, $23,000 ; the value of musical instruments manufactured amounted to $214, 031, giving employment to 281 men, capital invested, $338,400 ; the value of carriages and wagons manufactured amounted to $208,- 074, giving employment to 297 men, capital invested $90,950 ; 6 grist mills and 8 saw mills, giving employment to 104 men, capital invested, $183,800 ; the value of ships and vessels built amounted to $354,000; the value of furniture manufactured, $916,675, giving employment to 1,319 men, capital invested $826,150 ; the number of houses erected in 1840, was 601, giving employment to 4,023 men, value of constructing or building, $979,100; all other manufactures not enumerated, $2,667,958, capi- tal invested, $2,409,307. Total capital invested in manufactures, $10,102,408. The cost of the raw materials used in the above manu- facturing establishments, amounts to several millions of dollars, and the
manufactured products about dou- ble the value of the raw material.
Foreign commerce and internal trade are the great elements in the prosperity of the city, for which its location presents unrivalled advan- tages. The amount of shipping owned here in 1839, was 430,300 tons. The number of vessels en- tered from foreign ports during the year ending Sept. 30, 1839, was 2,138; the clearances were 1,680. The value of imports during the same period was $99,882,438; of exports, $33,263, 099. The num- ber of passengers arriving during the same year by shipboard was 47,479. In 1831, the amount of revenue collected here was about $18,000,000, but on account of the " compromise act," as well as other causes, the amount collected at the present time is much less. For the third quarter of the year, ending Sept. 30, 1840, the amount was $2,398,058 ; and the whole amount for the same year, did not probably exceed $8,000,000. A considerable improvement took place in the corresponding quarter of 1841, when the amount of du- ties received was $3,233,165. The entire receipts from customs in the United States in the year 1838, were $16,158,800, or about two millions less than was paid by this city alone in 1831. The coasting and inland trade is not taken into the account in the foregoing state- ments. While the imports have di- minished, the exports have in- creased, owing to the increased fa- cilities of communication with the interior by railroads and canals. Immense quantities of manufac- tured articles and country produce are brought down the canals to the Hudson, and transhipped on board of towboats and barges for the city. The value of articles of country produce brought to market and consumed annually by the inhabit- ants of the city is estimated at
281
NEW-YORK CITY.
$15,500,000. The number of wharves or piers for the use of the shipping, on the East river, is 60; on the Hudson, 53. The numerous packet ships, and most foreign ves- sels lie in the East river. The a- mount of capital invested in ma- rine insurance is over three mil- lions of dollars, exclusive of com- panies for mutual assurance. There are 23 Fire Insurance Companies, with an aggregate capital of six millions. The number of Banks is 33, having a capital of about twelve millions. There are two Gas Light Companies, with a cap- ital of $1,500,000. The Farmers' Loan and Trust Company has a capital of $2,000,000, and the Life Insurance and Trust Company a capital of $1,000,000. The rapid increase of the city in population, ring the last fifteen or twenty years, is attributable for the most part to the opening of the Erie canal, and other internal improvements. At the present moment the tide of prosperity threatens to be checked by the superior enterprise of other cities on the seaboard, which are beginning to share in the advanta- ges of those improvements, and thus to draw away much of the trade that flowed in this direction. Without great outlays of capital and enterprise, beyond what has been already made, New-York must soon lose her proud pre-emi- nence among the cities of the Un- ion, and add another example to the many the world has already seen, of the rapid decline of a commercial mart by the operation of a decayed spirit of enterprise, and successful wealth, trade and commerce, du-I competition in other places.
The city is divided into 17 Wards ; each ward electing one Alder- man, one Assistant Alderman, two Assessors, one Collector, &c. The following table shows the comparative population of the Wards at dif- ferent periods :-
WARDS.
1825.
1830.
1835.
1840.
First,
9,929
11,331
10,380
10,629
Second,
9,315
8,203
7,549
6,394
Third,
10,201
9,599
10, 884
11, 581
Fourth,
12,210
12, 705
15,439
15,770
Fifth,
15,093
17,722
18,495
19,159
Sixth,
20,061
13,570
16,827
17,198
Seventh,
14,192
15,873
21,481
22, 982
Eighth,
24,285
20, 729
28,570
29,073
Ninth,
10,956
22,810
20,618
24,795
Tenth,
23,932
16,438
20,926
29,026
Eleventh,
7,344
14,915
26,845
17,052
Twelfth,
7,938
11,808
24,437
11,652
Thirteenth,
12,598
17,130
18,571
Fourteenth,
14, 288
17,306
20,235
Fifteenth, t
......
.....
13, 202
17,755
Sixteenth,#
......
..
..
22,273
Seventeenth,§
......
.....
......
18,619
Total
166,086
202, 589
270,089
312, 710
* These two Wards were constituted in 1826, the 13th being taken from the 10th, and the 14th from the 6th and Sth Wards.
t Taken from the 9th Ward, 1832.
# Taken from the 12th or out-ward, 1836.
§ Taken from the 11th Ward, 1837.
282
NEW YORK CITY.
TOTAL POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.
1673.
2,500
1790
33, 131
1696
4, 302
1800.
60,489
1731
8, 628
1810.
96, 373
1756
10,381
1820
123, 706
1771
21,876
1830
202, 589
1786
26,614
1840
312, 710
The assessed value of property in the respective Wards in 1840, was as follows :
WARDS.
Real Estate.
Personal Estate.
Total.
First,
$32,502,000
$27,276,549
$59,778,549
Second,
14,927,000
1,928,812
16,855, 812
Third,
12, 105, 500
5, 155,610
17,261,110
Fourth,
8,485,005
1,930,550
10,415,550
Fifth,
9,460,250
3,046,195
12, 506, 445
Sixth,
7,735,600
2,262,378
9,997,978
Seventh,
10,621,425
4, 670, 421
15,291,846
Eighth,
10,908,000
2,340, 658
13,248,658
Ninth,
8,652,450
1,129,135
9,781,585
Tenth,
6, 138,850
718,800
6,857,650
Eleventh,
3,829, 400
68,191
3,897,591
Twelfth,.
10,073,550
2,291,800
12,365, 350
Thirteenth,
4,247,000
307,054
4, 554,054
Fourteenth,
6,844, 800
1,917,473
8,762,273
Fifteenth,
14, 130, 700
8, 652,467
22, 783, 167
Sixteenth,
17,055,509
863, 630
17,919,139
Seventeenth,
9,402, 725
1,161,974
10,564, 699
Total,
$187, 121, 464
$65,721, 699
$252,843, 163
The aggregate amount of the ordinary expenses of the city government in 1839, was $1,352,- 832; and in 1840, $1,449,779; (exclusive of interest of city debt, advances on trust accounts, and ex- penditures on public works.) The city owed on the 1st May, 1841, $8,978,167, chiefly incurred in the construction of the Croton Water Works. The water debt, (as it is called,) was then a little less than eight millions ; it is expected to reach twelve millions. The fol- lowing are the largest salaries paid by the city :---
Counsel of Corporation, ... $4,000
Mayor, .... 3,000
District Attorney, 3,000
Attorney for Corporation, .. 3,000 } Street Commissioner, .. . 3,000 )
Recorder,. 2,500
Three Judges Superior Court, each, . .2,500 )
Comptroller, 2,500 )
Three Spe. Justices, each, . 2,000 ) Three others, each, · 1,600 )
Five Assistant Justices, each 1,600 } Clerk Aldermen,. . 2,150 )
Physician Almshouse, ... . 1,500 )
Collector city revenues, .... 1,500 1
Clerk Court Sessions, .. .. 1,500
Keeper Blackwell's island,. 1,000 ) Superintendent streets, .... 1,250
To many of these offices per- quisites or fees are attached, ex- ceeding the amount of the sala ries.
283
NEW YORK CITY.
The following is a summary of the expenditures for the year 1840:
On account of the City Debt,. $1,951,969 20
On account of the City Improvements, . 253,714 25
On account of the Public Works, 1,807,285 98
Advances on Trust Account, . 721,242 10
Public Institution and Charities, 355,332 74
Public Health,
174,784 39
Administering the Laws, (salaries, &c.) ..
64,427 72
City Police, .
469,174 24
County charges,
132,345 94
Total,
$1,196,065 04
The Fire Department is well or- ganized, and cost the city during the same year, $76,788 53, (em- braced under the head of City Po- lice.) In July, 1841, there were 48 engines, 33 hose carriages, 48,450 feet hose, 47 ladders, 53 hooks, and 7 hook and ladder trucks, belonging to the Depart- ment. The number of engine companies was 48, hose compa- nies 34, hook and ladder compa- nies 7, hydrant companies 3, and the number of men in the Depart- ment 1639. From 7th May, 1841, to 28th December next following, there were 128 fires, most of which were extinguished with trifling damage. During the same year, (1840,) the expense of lamps and gas was $120,675 91; city watch, $223,950 23; cleaning streets, $149,930 65. The Police of the city depends for its efficiency on the personal character of the Mayor, its head; at present there is no want of proper energy in that officer ; but the system is believed to be extremely defective. There were confined in the Penitentiary on Blackwell's island, at the close of 1841. 842 convicts-396 males and 446 females. Of this number 230 were sentenced by the crimi- nal courts, and the remainder were vagrants, committed by Justices of the Police. The number of Watchmen employed at night, is 956, at an average expense of | Court of General Sessions, held by
over $200,000 per annum. The most prolific sources of crime and wretchedness are the liquor shops, porter houses and taverns, both licensed and unlicensed. Of the licensed houses of this description there were about 3,140, in 1841- an increase of several hundred over the former year. The num- ber of unlicensed is unknown, but believed to be very large. Thus while individual exertions are made to check so great an evil, the fathers of the city are opening new facilities for its spread in the community.
The Courts in the city of local jurisdiction, are the following :-- The Superior Court, composed of a Chief Justice and two Justices ; the Court of Common Pleas, or County Court, consisting of a First Judge, and two Associate Judges, together with the Mayor, Record- er and Aldermen, Judges ex officio ; the Vice Chancellor and Assist- ant Vice Chancellor's Courts ; the Marine Court, (jurisdiction limited to $100, except in marine cases,) and six Justices' or Ward Courts, (limited to $50.) The terms of the Superior Court commence on the first Monday, and of the Com- mon Pleas on the third Monday, of every month. The Criminal courts are the Court of Oyer and Termi- ner, held ordinarily by the Circuit Judge and two Aldermen ; the
284
NEW-YORK CITY
the Recorder and two. Aldermen, | ly fortified ; also Robbins' Reef, on the first Monday of each month; the Special Sessions, by the same; and the Police Court, composed of six Magistrates, who have two offi- ces, called the Upper and Lower Police, at one of which the Watch report every morning at day- break. The Surrogate's Court, for the proving of Wills, &c. is open every day. The Sheriff's Jury meet several times every month to determine the amount of damages on writs of inquiry, &c. The Cor- oner's Inquest is held as occasion requires. Beside these local courts, others of more general ju- risdiction have regular terms in the city ; as, the Court for the Correc- tion of Errors, the Supreme Court, the Circuit Court, the Court of Chancery, and the United States Circuit and District Courts. To these may be added the Courts Martial, for the imposition of fines for the neglect of military duty, &c. The Militia of the city con- sists of one division of Artillery, containing about 4000 men; three divisions of Infantry, and part of a fourth, containing together about 9000 men.
The Bay of New-York, centrally distant 4 miles south from the city, has long been justly celebrated for its unrivalled beauties ; surrounded as it is, by cities, villages, and highly cultivated and picturesque scenery. It is perfectly safe for shipping, being protected by the high lands in the vicinity. It re- ceives the Hudson river on the north, and communicates with Long Island Sound on the east, through an arm of the sea, called the East river ; with Newark Bay and Staten Island Sound on the west, through the Kills, and with the Atlantic Ocean through the "Narrows." It contains Govern- or's, Bedlow's and Ellis' Island, all of which belong to the United States government and are strong-
on which is erected a light-house. The Quarantine Ground is on the south near Staten Island, where are usually to be seen, in warm weath- er, a great number of vessels lying at anchor, mostly from foreign ports, performing sanatary regula- tion in order to prevent the diseases of distant places from infecting the Commercial Emporium of the Un- ion. The Lower Bay of New- York, centrally distant 13 miles south of the city, is also a large and important body of water. It communicates with the bay and harbor of New-York through the " Narrows," with Raritan Bay on the west, and with the Atlantic ocean on the south, through the Old Channel and Gedney's Chan- nel. The latter affords 24 feet of water at the lowest tides, and is of immense advantage to the city of New-York, and to commerce at large. Armed vessels and mer- chantmen of the largest class, can now, at all times of the tide, be safely piloted into the Lower Bay, and thence to the wharves at the city.
Table of Distances from the City of New-York, to the principal cities and towns in the United States, by the nearest mail routes.
Miles. Miles.
Albany, by water, 145|Little Rock, Ar. 1293 Alton, Il1 .... · 1073 |Louisville, ..... 815
Augusta, Me ... . 370 Milledgeville, G. 867
Augusta, Ga ....
805|Mobile, .. .... 1258
Annapolis, Md .. Baltimore, ..... Boston, by land, via. Ston-
217 Montreal, Can. 380
187 Nashville, Ten .. 939 207 |Natchez, Miss .. 1371 New Orleans, . . 1428
223|New Haven, Ct. 80
60 New London, " 120
Norfolk, . 442
466 Pensacola, Fl'a, 1305 290 Pittsburg, Pa .. 387
769 Philadelphia, .. 87
722 Portland, Me ... 725 Portsmouth, ... 263 317 621 Providence, R.I. 182 540
675 Quebec,
182 Richmond, Va .. 347
116 St. Louis, . ...
1080
Indianapolis, Ia. 752 Savannah, 887
Jackson, Miss .. 1260 Tallahassee, Fl. 1121 Jefferson, Mo. . . 1180|Trenton, N. J. .. 59 Kingston. Can .. 390/Washington, ... 225
ington, . .. .. Bridgeport, Ct .. Buffalo, via. Al- bany, ...
Burlington, Vt .. Charleston, S. C. Columbia,
Cincinnati, O ... Columbus, " .. Detroit, Mich. .. Harrisburg, Pa .. Hartford, Ct ....
-
285
DISTANCES BETWEEN NEW YORK AND ALBANY.
TABLES OF DISTANCES.
DISTANCES of the principal places between CATSKILL,.
NEW-YORK and ALBANY, on the east side of the Hudson, by mail route.
Names of places.
Place
to place.
From
N. York.
From
Albany.
Distances of the principal places on the Hudson, from ALBANY and NEW-YORK.
Names of places.
Place
to place.
N. York. From
From
Albany.
NEW-YORK, ..
0
0 145
Sing Sing,
.6
34
120
Weehawken, N, J.
1
1 144
Croton River,
2
36
118
4
5 140
Colleberg,
2
38
116
Bull's Ferry, N. J.
1
6 139
Peekskill,
8
46
108
Manhattanville,.
2
8
137
Phillipsburgh,
9
55
99
Fort Lee, N, J ..
2
10
135
Fishkill,.
10
65
89
Fort Washington, ...
1
11
134
Wappinger's Creek,
6
71
83
Spuyten Duvel Creek,.
4
17
128
Hyde Park,
6
84
70
Hastings,
3
20
125
Rhinebeck, .
10
94
60
Dobb's Ferry,
2
22 123
Redhook, Lower,
6
100
54
Piermont, .
2
26
119
Clermont,.
5
108
46
1
27
118
Blue Store,.
2
110
44
6
33 112
Johnstown,.
3
113
41
Teller's Point,
4
39 106
Verplank's Point,.
3
44
101
West Point,.
8
52
93
Coldspring
3
57 88
New Windsor,
2
61
84
Newburgh, ..
6
67
78
New Hamburgh,.
3
70
75
Milton, ..
4
74
71
Poughkeepsie,
6
80
65
Hyde Park,.
4
84
61 55
Rhinebeck,
7
97
48
Redhook, Lower,.
2
99
46
NEW-YORK,
0
0
174
Piermont,.
24
24
150
Ramapo, ..
19
43
131
Monroe Works,
8
51
123
Monroe,
8
59
115
6
65
109
GOSHEN,.
5
70
104
Montgomery.,
10
80
94
New Baltimore,
2
132
13
Walden, .
4
84
90
Shawangunk,
3
87
87
Schodack Landing,.
3
135
10
New Hurley,
4
91
83
Castleton,
5
142
3
Rosendale,.
8
108
66
KINGSTON,.
8
116
58
Glasgow,.
9
125
49
Ulster, or Saugerties,
3
128
46
3J
131
43
91
140 34
Athens, . .
61 146 28
Coxsackie,
8
154 20
New Baltimore,.
6 160
14
Coeymans,
2
162
12
ALBANY,.
12
174 0
NEW-YORK,
0
0 154
King's Bridge,
13
13
141
Yonker's,.
4
17
137
Dobb's Ferry, .
5
22
132
Irving, ..
5
27
127
Tarrytown,
1
28
126
DISTANCES of the principal places be- tween NEW-YORK and ALBANY, on the west side of the Hudson river, via. Piermont and Goshen.
Names of places.
Place
to place.
From
N. York.
From
Albany .Il
Glasco,
1
100
45
Redhook, Upper,
1
101
44
Saugerties, .
1
102
43
Bristol, or Malden,
9
111
34
Catskill
5
116
29
Hudson,.
8
124
21
Coxsackie,.
2
126
19
Kinderhook Landing,
4
130
15
Coeyman's,.
2
137
8
New Paltz,.
9
100
74
Overslaugh,
3
145
0
ALBANY,
6
151)
6
7
78
76
Yonkers,
2
24 121
Redhook, Upper
3
103
51
Irving,. .
2
35 110
HUDSON, ..
8 121
33
Grassy Point,.
2
41 104
Kinderhook, .
5
134
20
Schodack Centre,.
10
144
10
Greenbush,
9
153
1
ALBANY,.
1
154
0
Cornwall,
2
59 86
Stuyvesant Falls,.
8
129
25
Caldwill's Landing,.
2
54 91
Pelham, ..
6
70
Tarrytown,
Sing Sing, ..
2
13 132
POUGHKEEPSIE, .
Bloomingdale, ...
TROY, . .
NOTE .- Those places in Italic, are the usual Steamboat Landings.
Malden, or Bristol,
Chester
286
NEW-YORK RAILROADS.
NEW-YORK AND ALBANY RAILROAD, is a projected work of much importance ; the line commences at the Harlem river, connecting with the New-York and Harlem railroad at Mor- risania. From thence it proceeds north through the county of West- chester, eastern parts of Putnam and Dutchess counties, into Colum- bia county, where it intersects the line of the Albany and West Stockbridge railroad, at Chatham Four Corners, and terminates at Greenbush. The whole distance from the City Hall in New-York to Albany is about 148 miles; it is also proposed to continue this road from Greenbush to the city of Troy, a further distance of 6 miles. In its course the line of this road passes through a rich and fertile district of country, and ap- proaches very near the western boundaries of the states of Connec- ticut and Massachusetts. The es- timated expense for a single track, from Harlem river to Greenbush is $2,400,000.
NEW-YORK AND ERIE RAIL- ROAD, commences on the west side of the Hudson river at the village of Piermont, where is erec- ted a substantial pier upwards of one mile in length, on which are situated commodious buildings for the use of the railroad company. From thence the road extends in a north-west direction to the village of Goshen in Orange co. a distance of 46 miles; to where it was fin- ished and put in operation Sept. 22, 1841. This is a wide and sub- stantial road, having been construc- ted at a great expense, through a hilly and interesting region of country. The line of the road ex- tends through Rockland and Or- ange counties, until it reaches the Delaware river, thence up the right bank of the above river, through the counties of Sullivan and Delaware into Broome county ;
| all of which is finished or in pro- gress except 40 miles extending from Deposit west to Binghamton. At the village of Binghamton com- mences the Susquehanna division, which extends west through the counties of Broome, Tioga, Che- mung and Steuben to the village of Hornellsville, a distance of 1173 miles from Binghamton. This part of the road is now, (Jan. 1842,) nearly completed. From Hor- nellsville the line extends still far- ther west, through the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chau- tauque; where terminates this great work at the village of Dunkirk on Lake Erie. Between Hornellsville and Dunkirk, 132 miles, the road is advancing with great rapidity. The route selected is in all re- spects most eligible for a work of such extent ; the line has the ad- vantage on more than three quar- ters of the whole distance, of be- ing laid in the valleys of rivers and other considerable streams, as the Ramapo, Delaware, Susquehanna, Chemung, Canisteo, Genesee and Allegany rivers. and some of their tributaries ; where the grades are extremely favorable, and the soil in the valleys west of the Dela- ware, adapted to the use of piles- which mode of construction has been adopted on the Susquehanna division. The whole length of this road from Dunkirk to Pier- mont, is 446 miles, thence to the city of New-York by water is 24 miles, making the total distance from Lake Erie to the city of New- York 470 miles.
The New-York and Erie Railroad Company was chartered in 1832, with a capital of $10,000,000. In 1834 the route of the road was sur- veyed, under the authority and at the expense of the state; and in 1836, the legislature granted to the company, in aid of its construc- tion, a loan of the credit of the state for $3,000,000, subject to
287
NEW-YORK RAILROADS-NIAGARA.
restrictions, which have since been modified. In 1840 the legislature authorised the issue to the compa - ny of $100,000 of state stock for each $100,000 previously collect- ed on the stock of the company, they having previously received the like amount of the state; and the corresponding sum of $100,000 for every $50,000 which should thereafter be collected on their stock, and expended in the con- struction of the road, till the issu- es amounted to $3,000,000.
NEW-YORK AND HARLEM RAILROAD, commences near the City Hall in New-York, and ex- tends north through Centre and Broome-streets into the Bowery, then enters the Fourth Avenue, which it pursues to Harlem river, a distance of 8 miles ; thence across the river by a substantial bridge into Westchester county. This company was first chartered in 1831, with a capital of $350,- 000, but has since been amended, so that by the last amendment pas- sed in 1840, they are now authori- sed by law to issue stock to the amount of $2,950,000, and extend their road from the Harlem river, through the county of Westchester, to the north line of that county, a distance of 50 miles, and east- wardly to the line of the state of Connecticut, and there to intersect with a line or lines from that state, or from Massachusetts. The total amount of moneys received from the sale of the above stock in 1841, amounted to $1,010,472 92; all of which has been expended. The total expenditures of every descrip- | ment to above 400 persons.
tion from June Ist, 1831, to Sept. Ist, 1841, was $1,888,113 23, and no dividends have as yet been de- clared by the company. The route selected for the road has thus far presented the most formidable natural obstacles, embracing the hardest rock excavation, extensive tunnelling, high and long embank- ments and costly bridges. The track is now finished to William's bridge, where it crosses Bronx ri- ver, a distance of 14} miles from the City Hall; and the grading of the whole line to White Plains, a further distance of 13 miles, is con- tracted to be done by the first of April, 1842.
NEW-YORK MILLS, V. and p. o. Whitestown, Oneida co. is an important manufacturing settle- ment, situated on the Sadaquada creek, 2 miles south of the village of Whitesboro. It contains about 900 inhabitants, 150 dwelling hou- ses, 2 churches, 2 taverns and 3 stores. Here are two extensive factory buildings, constructed of stone, each 4 stories high, embra- cing a large cotton manufactory, in which are in operation about 400 looms, with the usual machine- ry appertaining thereto ; the build- ings and machinery were erected at a cost of $275,000. This es- tablishment is one of the largest of its kind in the state, and is justly celebrated for the beauty and ex- cellence of its manufactured fab- rics ; there is also a large bleach- ing and dying establishment in connection with the above works ; altogether giving constant employ-
NIAGARA COUNTY, taken from Genesee in 1808, is centrally dis- tant 290 miles west from the city of Albany. It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by Orleans county, south by Erie, and west by the Niagara river, which separates it from Canada. From Lake Ontario to the foot of the Mountain Ridge, which extends across this county from east to west, the surface has a gradual rise towards the south, varying from 7 to 12 miles from the lake. The Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, extends from the Genesee to the Niagara river, between the lake shore and the Mountain ridge ; it is formed by the deposit of sand and
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