USA > New York > A gazetteer of the state of New York: comprising its topography, geology, mineral resources, civil divisions, canals, railroads and public institutions; together with general statistics; the whole alphabetically arranged. Also statistical tables of distances with a new township map of the state > Part 5
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9. State Lunatic Asylum .- This is the legal name of an institution which originated in an act of the State Legislature, passed on the 30th of March, 1836, Under that act, Commissioners, to be appointed by the Governor and Senate, were directed to select the site and purchase
36
EDUCATION.
the land for the necessary edifices, determine their plan and dimen- sions, and take charge of their erection. The site is within the corpo- rate limits of Utica, a little westward from the more compact parts of the city, on a fine swell of ground overlooking that city, the village of Whitesborough, the manufacturing village of York Mills, the Erie canal, and the Syracuse and Utica railroad, and commanding a very extensive view of Mohawk valley and of the hill-country beyond, while, at the same time, it is smooth and easy of access, and permits the establishment to be enlarged, with the utmost convenience, to any extent which the wants of the institution can ever require. The quan- tity of land appertaining to the institution is about 200 acres, present- ing a variety of soil, with a gently undulating surface, most of it cleared and cultivated, but bordered on the western skirt with a fine piece of woodland. In the district thus overlooked, the branches of husbandry pursued being chiefly grazing and the dairy, the landscape is principally made up of meadows, pastures, orchards, woodlands, and sloping hill-sides, enlivened by flocks and herds, and the pleasant aspect of comfortable farm houses and their various appendages. The whole expression of the scenery is, therefore, eminently cheerful and congenial with the purposes and discipline of the institution.
The architectural plan of the Asylum presents a quadrangle of four edifices, each 528 feet long, with three stories above the basement, and having their ends, at the inner angles, connected by latticed verandahs, thus forming an octagon of the enclosed area. The exterior of each, edifice consists of five sections ; the centre, or principal section, 120 feet in front by 46 deep, with a curtain, or middle wing on each side, 160 feet in front by 46 feet deep, but falling a little back of the front line of the centre section, with a wing at each end 44 feet in front, by 55 feet deep, and brought forward to the front line of the centre sec- tion, which, in the principal edifice has a 4th story, in which is a Cha- pel 93 by 36 feet, and the front is embellished by a Doric portico, with six columns, supporting a pediment of the same base and elevation as the roof.
:
The front, or principal edifice, is finished and ready for occupation as soon as the internal economy of the institution can be organized for the reception of patients. A Board of Trustees, appointed under an act of 1841, has reported to the Legislature a plan with a system of regulations for the superintendence and management of the Asylum, which is intended first and chiefly for the insane poor and the criminal lunatics of the different counties. This report has been drawn up from materials obtained during the year, both by much personal examina- nation and inquiry, and by a very extensive correspondence with the managers of such institutions in other states, as well as a very thorough investigation of the history and condition of similar asylums in Europe; and it is a well digested and deeply interesting document, from which it appears, among other things, that the whole number of lunatics in this state must be considerably over 1,000, probably nearer 1,250, be- sides idiots to the number of about 1,500 ; and of the number of luna- tics mentioned, not more than one quarter can be properly accommo- ted in the edifice already erected. The urgent need for the completion of the other three edifices, and the suitable arrangement of the grounds, is, therefore, very apparent.
1
37
PRISONS.
STATE PRISONS.
Of these there are two; one at Auburn, Cayuga county, and the other at Sing Sing, in Westchester county.
1. Auburn State Prison .- This prison originated in an act of the Legislature, in 1816 ; and after several experiments and modifications, it was organized on its present plan of discipline and management, in 1823. The general affairs of the establishment are in the charge of a Board of Inspectors ; and the Internal economy of the Prison, and the management of the prisoners, are committed to an officer styled the Agent, with subordinates. The convicts are each lodged in a separate cell, at night ; and in the day time they work in company, in the work- shops, but in silence, not a word being allowed to be spoken. Many handicraft and mechanical employments are plied in the prison ; and those who are without any trade, when committed, are taught some useful occupation. The avails of the labor of the convicts, accruing for the most part on contracts made by the Agent with different citizens, for the articles made in the prison, are applied to defray the expenses of the establishment. In the last annual report of the Inspectors to the Legislature, dated January 8, 1842, the total earnings of convict labor, for the fiscal year ending on the 30th September, 1841, are stated at $64,886.45, and the total expenditure for the ordinary purposes of the prison, at $47,809.69 ; showing $17,076.76 of earnings beyond ex- penses.
The number of convicts in this prison on the 31st December, 1840, was 695 ; the number received during the year 1841, was 234 ; the number discharged during same year, by expiration of sentence, was 168 ; by habeas corpus, 1; by pardon, 35 ; by removal to House of Refuge in the city of New-York, (youths) 4 ; to Lunatic Asylum, in same city, 2 ; to Sing Sing State Prison, (females) 3 ; died, 9; ma- king 222 discharged ; and leaving in prison, on the 31st December, 1841, 707.
The trades plied in the Prison are coopering, cotton weaving, shoe- making, machine making, tailoring, tool making, carpet weaving, stone cutting, spinning, comb making, cabinet making, hame making, carpentry, and silk making.
The manufacture of silk in this prison, was commenced in May, 1841; and the experiment, so far, has proved very successful. The Prison is now a market for cocoons and reeled silk, and the supply comes from various and distant points, both in and out of this state. The article at present made for sale is sewing silk, and it is said to be of excellent quality. With the progress of time, the manufacture of other fabrics will be introduced ; and the business promises to become extensive and very important.
2. Mount Pleasant State Prison .- This Prison is in Sing Sing vil -. lage, in Westchester county, on the eastern shore of the Hudson River, and thirty-five miles from the city of New-York. It was opened for the reception of convicts in 1827. It is modelled on the plan of the Au- burn Prison, having a Board of five Inspectors for the care of its gen- eral affairs, and an Agent, with his assistants, to whom are entrusted the internal economy of the prison, and the management of the con- victs. The principal practical difference between the two establish- ments is in the great amount of labor bestowed by the Mount Pleasant
38
FUNDS OF THE STATE.
convicts on the marble quarries at the site of the Prison and its imme- diate vicinity, which are very extensive. The avails of convict labor, here as at Auburn, are applied to defray the expenses of the institution, to which they are more than equal. The annual report of the Inspect- ors of this Prison, for the year 1841, had not appeared when this article was prepared, but from the annual Report of 1840, it appears that the total value of convict labor,. for that year, was $83,504.14; and the expenditures, $77,460.00; showing a balance in favor of the Prison, of $6,044 14.
During the year 1840, also, as appears by the same report, there were received into this prison 218 males, and 36 females, making, with the 805 in, at the beginning of the year, the number of 1,059, of both sexes. During the same year there were discharged, by expiration of sentence, 178 males and 14 females ; by pardon, 18 males and 4 fe- males ; by death, 16 males and 1 female ; and 1 male was removed to the Lunatic Asylum in New-York ; making the whole number of 232 discharged during the year 1840, and leaving in Prison, at the end of that year, 827, of whom 767 were males, and 60 were females.
Connected with the Mount Pleasant Prison, is an admirably arranged department for female convicts, in which all the convicts of that sex are to be placed ; but the annual Report of the Inspectors for the year 1841, not having been made when this article was prepared, no accu- rate details can be furnished.
In both of these Prisons, Chaplains are regularly employed, and by their personal labors, and the distribution of good books, great efforts are made to improve the moral condition of the convicts ; and the re- sults are highly gratifying.
FUNDS OF THE STATE.
1. General Fund .- This fund consists of the following principal items, viz : Auction duties, deducting $33,000 annually paid to cer- tain charities in the city of New-York ; salt duties ; fees received in the various offices of the clerks and registers connected with the courts of law and equity, from other state offices, and from licenses to hawk- .ers and pedlars, &c. and a permanent appropriation of $200,000 from the surplus revenue of the Erie and Champlain Canal Fund. The reve- nue from the above sources is applicable to the ordinary expenses of the state government, and the amount, for the fiscal year ending on the 30th Sept. 1841, was as follows :
Auction duties, $206,702.11
Salt do. 130,439.34
Fees from legal proceedings, &c. 54,311.05
Miscellaneous, 19,754.16
From Erie and Champlain Canal Fund, 200,000.00
Total amount from the above sources, . $611,206.66
The ordinary annual expenses of the state government amount to about $500,000, leaving for contingent expenses and special appropri- ations, about $100,000.
2. Common School Fund .- This fund consists of bonds for lands ; bonds for moneys of the fund loaned to counties, towns, &c .; State stocks issued for moneys of the fund so invested ; stocks in banks;
39
FUNDS OF THE STATE
moneys of the fund in the Treasury not invested ; and $165,000 set over to it from the income of the United States Deposit Fund. The revenue from the above sources, for the last fiscal year, ending on the 30th September, 1841, was as follows :
Balance on hand, Sept. 30, 1840, $114,104.28
Interest on bonds for lands, . 57,697.90
Interest on loans and dividends on stocks, 38,375.11
From income of U. S. Deposit Fund. 165,000.00
Total revenue for year ending Sept. 30, 1841, .... $375,177.29 To this fund also belong nearly all the unsold wild lands of the State, amounting to more than 300,000 acres, worth, taken together, proba- bly not far from 30 cents an acre ; and as they are sold, from time to time, the moneys paid, and the bonds given for them, will contribute to the augmentation of the fund.
3. Literature Fund .- This fund is set apart chiefly for the benefit of the academies in the State. Its capital consists of State stocks, in- surance and bank stocks, and a small quantity of public lands. The whole amount of productive capital is $268,092.87, exclusive of $879.70 in cash not invested, and unsold lands valued at $4,845.80. The income from this fund, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1841, was $66,919.50.
4. Bank Fund .- This Fund, commonly called the Safety Fund, was established, by law, in 1829, to be made up by contributions from such banks as then had their charters renewed, and such as should thereafter be incorporated. The policy of the law and the object of the fund, were to make provision for the payment of the debts, inclu- ding the circulating notes, of the contributing, or Safety Fund Banks, in case of failure of any of them ; the Fund not to be drawn upom, however, till the assets of a failing bank should have been all applied and found insufficient for the purpose. The contributions, as they ac- cumulate, are, by law, invested, by the Comptroller, in public stocks, and in bonds and mortgages, the interest on which accrues to the ben- efit of the Fund. The capital of this Fund, on the 30th Sept. 1840, amounted to $556,486.76, and the increase, from contributions and from interest, amounted, on the 30th Sept. 1841, to $113,068.23 ; ma- king together the sum of $669,554.99. But during the same year the drafts upon the Fund amounted to $184,067.00, leaving, on the 30th Sept. 1841, the sum of $485,487.99.
5. United States Deposit Fund .- This fund consists of moneys de- posited with this State by the United States. The entire quota origin- ally apportioned to the State was $5,352,694.28, to be paid in four in- stalments. Only three of the instalments were actually paid, amount- ing to $4,014,520.71. The apportionment of these moneys among the several counties of the State, was made, however, on the basis of the entire quota ; and to make up the deficit, the sum of $1,159,836.18 was advanced from the Canal Fund, and from the Treasury the further sum of $168.718.49, in the expectation that the fourth instalment would be paid to the State ; and the entire amount of the original ap- portionment was remitted to the Loan Commissioners and loaned in the several counties. But as the abovementioned deficit is not to be made up by the United States, the moneys advanced from the Canal Fund, and the Treasury, are to be reimbursed, under laws passed for
40
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
the purpose. Large sums have already been repaid, on account of these advances, and when they shall have been fully replaced, this De- posit Fund will stand permanently at the amount actually received from the United States, and such augmentations as may arise from its proceeds.
6. Mariner's Fund .- This fund is derived from the surplus avails, after paying hospital expenses, of the moneys collected from masters of vessels, seamen and passengers, arriving at the port of New-York. It consists of $22,000 in State stocks ; a mortgage from the Trustees of the American Seamen's Fund Society, for $10,000; and cash not invested $24,347.89.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
The public works of the State, complete and incomplete, for the pro- motion of trade and intercourse, consist solely of canals and their navi- gable appendages, and are as follows, with their length in miles.
Miles.
Erie canal, 363 m. Feeders, 8 m. Albany Basin, 1 m. 372
Champlain do. 64 m. Glen's Falls Feeder, 12 m. Pond above Troy dam, 3 m ..
79
Chenango do.
Oswego do.
Cayuga and Seneca do. .
39
Crooked Lake do.
8
Genesee Valley do. (41 m. complete, 1841, and Branch to Dans- ville, 11 m.) 121}
Oneida Lake do. and Feeder,. 6
Black River do. (no part complete,) including slack water of river, 85
Total length, complete and incomplete, in 1841, 868₺ Deduct miles not complete, in 1841, of Black River Canal,. 85
do. do. Genesee Valley Canal, not complete in 1841,. 693-154}
Leaves, of completed and navigated miles, 714
REVENUE FROM CANALS.
The whole amount of revenue, consisting almost wholly of tolls, but including a small sum from penalties, and fees for certified copies of boat clearances, collected from all the canals during the season of navigation in 1841, was as follows :
Erie Canal, $1,813,650.58
Champlain do. 117,841.14
Chenango do. 18,815.48
Oswego do. 38,344.22
Cayuga and Seneca do. 23,583.37
Chemung do.
9,396.42
Crooked Lake do.
2,017.32
Genesee Valley do.
9,927.69
Oneida Lake do.
462.02
Seneca River Towing path, .
844.58
Total Canal Revenue of 1841,.
$2,034,882.82
97 38 23
Chemung do. 23 m. Feeder 16 m
41
STATE DEBT.
The Erie Canal was begun on the 4th day of July, 1817, and it was opened for navigation through its whole extent in October, 1825. The very next year the tolls exceeded the annual expenses upon it. At the close of 1826, the whole Erie and Champlain Canal debt, excluding the interest of that year, was stated at $10,272,316.75 ; and in 1838, the revenue, after having paid all expenses, had regularly paid the in- terest, and reduced the principal of the debt to $8,459,069.17.
For details connected with the above named works, see each work under its own head in the alphabetical arrangement ; and for a table of distances on the canals, as also the rates of tolls, see appendix.
STATE DEBT.
The entire debt of this state, as set forth in the Comptroller's annual Report, dated January 7th, 1842, and as it stood at the end of the fiscal year, Sept. 30th, 1841, was as follows :
Canal stocks on long loans for all the State canals, ... $16,306,374.48
General Fund Debt, 1,255,193.43
Temporary loans for canals,. 1,855,000.00
$19,416,567.91
Deduct for original Erie and Champlain debt, due in
1845, for which funds have been set apart, 2,021,037.25
Amount of actual debt, Sept. 30, 1841,. $17,395,530.66 Add for stocks loaned to railroads, on which interest was not paid, as follows, viz :
Whole stock loaned to Champlain and Catskill R. R. $200,000.00
do.
do.
Ithaca and Owego Railroad, .
315,700.00
Making total to be added to debt, $515,700.00
Making the whole debt, in this form, $17,911,230.66 The gross amount of annual interest on this debt, in- cluding long stocks and temporary loans,. $919,704.36
The foregoing statement shows the total amount of what may be termed the positive debt of the State. The other liabilities of the State are contingent merely, and consist of stocks loaned by the State to various railroad companies, to aid them in executing their works. The total amount of these contingent liabilities, at the close of the last fiscal year, viz : on the 30th Sept. 1841, was ... $4,235,700.00 Deduct amount of Stocks loaned to Canajo-
harie and Catskill railroad co. because in-
cluded in positive state debt, .. . . . . . . . . . $200,000.00
Deduct, for same reason, the amount loaned to Ithaca and Owego railroad Company, .. 315,700.00-515,700.00
Leaves total actual contingent debt,. $3,720,000.00 The total amount of revenue for the last fiscal year, ending Sept. 30, 1841, was. $2,128,960.35
Deduct payment of interest for same year, on all State stocks, both positive and contingent, and all ordinary expenses of government, and all extraordinary spe-
- cial payments for same year,.
1,323,209.29
42
MILITIA-GOVERNORS, &c.
Leaves nett proceeds of revenues for same year,. .... ·
$805,751.06 From this nett balance deduct the further sum paid over
to the Treasury for expenses of State government, .. 200,000,00
Leaves clear nett balance, beyond all claims of the year, $605,751.06
This last named clear nett balance would, in private affairs, be con- sidered as profits ; and it is applicable either directly to the further prosecution of the public works, or to the payment of interest on new loans for the more rapid execution of those works, or to any other pur- pose to which the Legislature may see fitto apply it. Or, if the whole of its contingent liabilities were at once to be assumed by the State, this nett balance, with the other portions of revenue included in the foregoing exhibit, would pay the entire interest on the whole aggre- gate debt, both positive and contingent, and still leave more than $400,000 of clear income.
MILITIA.
The military force of this state consists of the subjoined number of men in each arm of the Militia, as at present organized, and as stated in the last annual report of the Adjutant General.
5,885
Artillery, .
8,978
Infantry, including light companies and Riflemen,
164,862
Companies of Cavalry and Artillery permanently attached
2,433
Total force,.
182,158
LIST OF GOVERNORS AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.
GOVERNORS. Elected.
LIEUT. GOVERNORS. Elected.
George Clinton, . 1777
Pierre Van Cortlandt,. 1777
1780,-1783,-1786,-1789,-1792
1780,-1783,-1786,-1789,-1792
John Jay, . " 1798
1795
1795 Stephen Van Rensselaer, 1798
George Clinton, . 1801
1804
John Broome,. 1804
Daniel D. Tompkins,*
1807 66
66 1807
66 1810
De Witt Clinton, (special election,) 1811
1813
De Witt Clinton, 66 66
1820
Joseph C. Yates,t
1822
Erastus Root, ..
1822
De Witt Clinton,#
1826
Nathaniel Pitcher,. 1826
Martin Van Buren, §
1828
Enos T. Throop, 1828
Enos T. Throop,.
1830
Edward P. Livingston, 1830
John Tracy, 1832
1834
1836
1836
William H. Seward,. " =
1838
Luther Bradish, 1838
1840
1840
*Resigned in 1817, being chosen Vice President of the United States.
tElected under the amended Constitution, which went into operation 1st Jan. 1823. #Died, while in office, Feb. 11, 1928.
§Resigned in March, 1829, being appointed Secretary of State of the United States.
66
Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, 1801
Morgan Lewis,
1810
1813
1816
John Taylor, 66
1817
1816
66 1820
1824
James Tallmadge, 1824
William L. Marcy, 66
1832
1834
Cavalry,.
to Infantry Brigades,
43
REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE AND TAXES.
STATEMENT
Of the aggregate valuations of Real and Personal Estate in the several counties in this state : also the amount of Town and County taxes, and the corrected aggregate valuations for the year 1841.
COUNTIES.
Ass'd val-i ue of real estate.
Ass'd val ue of per- sonal est.
aggregate valuation.
county taxes.
town tax- es.
Total taxation.
Allegany,
$5,275,614
$234,636
$5,510,400 $10,634 91
$15,952 41
$26,587 32
Albany, .
11,087, 141
4,858,290
15,945, 431
49,154 43
79,900 01
129,054 44
Broome,
1,979, 196
250,021
2,229,217
7,717 34
5,678 73
13,396 07
Cattaraugus, . .
6, 453, 053
174, 597
6,627,650
11, 074 6S
15,551 95
26,626 63
Cayuga,
11, 372, 670
1,617,358
12, 990, 028
29,279 23
12,353 47
41,632 70
Chautauque, ..
4, 211, 771
354, 017
4, 565, 788
14,007 33
16,008 81
30,016 14:
Chemung, .
2,599,795
379,984
2, 979, 779
8,100 00
6,469 13
14,568 13:
Chenango,
4,035, 678
568,31S
4, 603,996
9,576 36
11,731 S2
20,309 18
Clinton, .
1, 570, 000
299,629
1,869,629
12, 432 27
12,000 69
24,432 96
Columbia,
6,484, 202
2,526,118
9,010,320
21,391 67
17, 130 94
38,522 61
Cortland,
3, 165, 800
259,635
2,370,720
7,112 84
5,945 09
13,057 93
Delaware,
2, 112, 085
367,252
3, 533, 052
8,395 27
9,305 75
17,701 02
Dutchess,
15, 218, 937
4, 950, 547
20, 169, 484
32,644 69
27,960 76
60, 605 44
Erie, ..
12, 481,996
775, 048
13,257,044
39,915 84
5,490 22
45,405 56
Essex,
2,001,000
59,943
2,059,943
6,179 85
8,809 45
14,989 30
Franklin,
1,480,965
174, 239
1, 655, 204
7,000 CO
11,393 07
18,393 07
Fulton,
1,166,361
240, 287
1,406,648
5, 782 75
7,552 11
13,334 86
Genesee,
7, 410, 626
461,253
7,871,879
14,997 38
10,654 09
25,551 47
Greene,
2, 572, 903
548, 205
3, 121, 10S
16,998 85
8, 800 45
25.799 30
Hamilton,
609, 500
2,216
611,716
2,349 00
4,926 38
7,275 38
Herkimer,
5, 190, 385
923, 704
6,114, 059
17,950 53
12,043 02
29,993 55
Jefferson,
7, 178, 295
694,719
7,873,013
18,702 41
20,946 53
39,648 94
Kings,
27,943, 434
3,666,794
31, 610, 228
30,000 00
116, 375 45
146,375 45
Lewis,
1,591,046
211, 454
1,802, 500
4,616 25
8,920 78
13,537 03
Livingston,
9,635, 696
751,007
10,356, 703
11,036 36
12, 595 77
23,632 13
Madison,
6,437,246
902, 797
7,340, 043
8,007 69
11, 296 17
19,303 S5
Monroe,
15, 661, 769
1,491,675
17, 143,444
32, 195 94
20,423 33
52,619 27
Montgomery, .
3,429,967
438, 092
3, 867,059
20,297 00
11,235 68
31, 632 69
New York, .
187,350,948
64, 843, 972 252, 194, 920
1,394, 136 65 1, 394, 136 65
Niagara,
5, 146, 133
159, 974
5,306, 107
21,261 40
9,734 84
30,996 24
Oneida,
9,872,618
2,351,467
12, 224, 055
39,049 34
24,340 83
63,390 17
Onondaga,
15, 015, 927
2,067,359
17,083,186
26,955 21
27,897 27
53,952 48
Ontario,
12, 053, 419
2,043, 298
14,096,717
15, 500 00
14,844 27
30,344 27
Orange,
9, 462, 784
2,057,033
11, 519, 817
27,000 00
17,251 94
44,251 94
Orleans,
5,530, 892
320, 969
5,851,861
9,722 79
8,429 82
18,152 61
Oswego,
5,977,085
617,917
6,595, 002
16,000 00
20,793 00
36,793 00
Otsego,
4,904, 642
971,142
5,875, 784
17,695 57
14,693 14
32,388 71
Putnam,
2,601,275
485,797
3,087,072
5,000 00
4,728 43
9,728 43
Queens,
7,789,050
3,323,650
11, 112, 700
6,762 57
12,025 48
19,788 05
Rensselaer,
8,286, 143
3,970, 315
12,256, 459
26,368 82
18,022 0
44,390 88
Richmond, .
1,086,411
185,914
1,272, 325
5,661 68
1,606 84
7,268 52
Rockland, . ..
1,839, 792
448,368
2,288, 160
3,199 58
5,557 07
8,756 65
St. Lawrence,.
3, 120, 760
S6, 173
3, 215,933
17,516 70
23,393 66
40,910 35
Saratoga,
6,024,606
1, 112, 628
7,137,234
16,470 55
14, 992 45
31,463 00
Schenectady, ..
2, 191,933
641,952
2,823, 985
12, 955 74
10, 168 40
23,124 14
Schoharie,
2,004,900
167,731
6, 276, 718
10,768 16
7,631 86
18, 400 02
Suffolk,
4,615, 165
1, 139, 270
5, 754, 435
7,704 21
13,573 49
21,277 70
Steuben,
6, 153, 900
315,352
6,474, 152
13,816 00
15, 587 89
29,403 89
Sullivan,
2,611,956
77, 144
2,689,100
4,510 53,
7,992 60
12,393 13
Tioga,
1,614,209
326, 362
1,940,571
8,147 46
6,407 63
14,655 09
Tompkins,
3, 394, 000
854, 687
4,248, 687
8,467 99
11,197 50
19,665 49
Ulster,
4, 457, 240
881,636
5, 338, 876
19,130 40
21,847 33
40,977 73
Warren,
1,035, 476
40,076
1,075, 552
4,837 03
6,108 59
10,945 62
Washington, ..
5, 294, 730
1, 004, 337
6,289,067
16,524 95
15,916 30
32,341 25
Wayne,
7,587,471
474, 592
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