USA > New York > A gazetteer of the state of New York: comprising its topography, geology, mineral resources, civil divisions, canals, railroads and public institutions; together with general statistics; the whole alphabetically arranged. Also statistical tables of distances with a new township map of the state > Part 38
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288
NIAGARA-NIAGARA FALLS.
gravel handsomely arched ; its surface is elevated about130 feet above the surface of the lake. The face of the country on the south is diver- sified, and the soil is generally good, producing grass and grain in abundance. In addition to Lake Ontario, it is watered on the west by the Niagara river, and on the south by the Tonawanda creek, which separates it from Erie county. The mineral localities of this county, although not numerous, are such as to attract the attention of the trav- eller. The most important of these are in the immediate vicinity of the Falls of Niagara, and at the deep rock excavation near Lockport. Sulphur springs also occur near the above places ; some of them are well charged with gas, and hold in solution small quantities of sulphate of magnesia. To these may be added, a chalybeate spring and an in- flammable spring at Gasport on the line of the Erie Canal, which great work passes through this county, uniting with the Tonawanda creek at the village of Pendleton. The Lockport and Niagara Falls, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad, here unite at the village of Ni- agara Falls. Its area is about 434 square miles, or 309,500 acres.
The following are the names of the towns in Niagara county, with the population in 1840.
Cambria,
2,099
Porter, 2,177
Hartland,
2,350
Royalton,
3,549
Lewiston, .
2,533
Somerset,
1,742
LOCKPORT,
9,125
Wheatland, 1,057
Newfane,.
2,372
Wilson,
1,753
Niagara, ..
1,277
Pendleton,.
1,098 |
Total inhabitants, 31,132
NIAGARA, t. Niagara co. situ- ated 16 miles west of the village of Lockport, and distant 298 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,277 inhabitants. The surface is undulating ; soil, calcareous grav- elly loam, underlaid by lime and gypsum. This town is situated on the Mountain Ridge, and declines toward the south ; it is drained by two or three small streams, and is watered on the west by the Niaga- ra river, which separates it from Canada. Attached to this town is Goat Island and some smaller isl- ands ; it also embraces a part of the celebrated Falls of Niagara. Chalmers and Niagara Falls are names of post offices. Schlosser is the name of a landing which has of late acquired much celebrity, from the circumstance of its being the place where the steamboat Car- oline was destroyed by an armed British force, Dec. 29, 1837.
Niagara, Niagara co. is situated on the east side of the Niagara river, within full view of Niagara rapids and falls. It contains about 750 inhabitants, 90 dwelling hous- es, a classical institute aud a select school for young ladies, 2 church- es, 6 hotels and taverns, 9 stores and shops; 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 paper mill, 1 trip hammer works, 1 fur- nace, 2 machine shops, 1 railroad car manufactory ; all using water power taken from the Niagara riv- er, which here furnishes an inex- haustible amount of hydraulic power. The Lockport and Niag- ara Falls railroad, and the Buffa- lo and Niagara Falls railroad, unite at this place, having two sep- arate depots, affording a cheap and speedy mode of conveyance to those visiting the justly celebrated Falls of Niagara. In regard to this place and vicinity,' a writer
NIAGARA FALLS. V. and p. o. | makes the following remarks :-
289
NIAGARA FALLS.
" Since my last visit, nearly twenty years ago, there have been many changes, even here, the sublimest spot on earth. A bridge has been built across to goat Island, and a tower, resembling a light house, built on the brink of the great cat- aract. The spectator is enabled to view these wonderful works of na- ture from points where formerly man was not permitted to visit. Table Rock, on the Canada side, was always considered the chosen point for the view above, and on that account most travellers re- mained on the British side. The construction of the bridge and the tower has turned the travel to the American side. I shall not attempt a description of a scene which has so often been attempted by others, but which the pen of man is in- competent to picture or describe. I am happy to say that the number of visitors is constantly increasing, and unlike other fashionable pla- ces, they are not limited to a few weeks in the summer months. At all seasons, even in the depth of winter, pilgrims are found wending their way here."
NIAGARA FALLS, the just ad- miration and wonder of all who visit them, are thus faithfully de- scribed by Horatio Gates Spafford, in his Gazetteer of the State of New-York, published in 1824. " The Falls of Niagara are about equi-distant between Lakes Erie and Ontario," and 220 miles west of the city of Albany, by the most usually travelled route ; "they have very deservedly attracted much notice, and have been often and well described. To conceive a just idea of the Falls, it must be understood that the level of Lake Erie is elevated above that of Lake Ontario 334 feet : and that the sur- face of the land is pretty uniformly level, from Buffalo to Fort Niag- ara, with the exception of 2 steeps of unequal descent. These steeps, 19
or terraces, extend far from the east, and terminate at Black Rock and Lewiston, if indeed they are not to be traced also into Canada. They are not ridges, but rather rocky ledges, that bound the north- ern extremities of plains, as those descend toward the level of Lake Ontario.
" The immense volume of water that forms a river of a mile wide, running with a current of more than 3 miles an hour, can only be conceived by those who have seen large rivers, and have indulged in some habitual reflection. I had enjoyed these advantages, and had read many good descriptions of Niagara Falls, before I had an op- portunity to consult the impressions derived from personal inspection : and still the scene was altogether new to me, when I stood, and gazed, and wondered at the sight. A broad, rapid river poured at once down a precipice of more than 150 feet, into an awful chasm of about 3 quarters of a mile wide, and near 300 feet deep, reckoning from the surface of the river bank ! The first effect of this sight is absolutely indescribable. My head became giddy, and it seemed to me that every nerve was affected in the same way with those of the head : nor was it till after some minutes that I dare crawl along to the brink of the awful precipice, from which I designed to take a nearer view. This was from the Table Rock, on the Canada shore, immediately be- low the great Fall.
" The form of the Fall is nearly that of a semi-circle, with the longest line on the east side of the grand central stream, or Horse- shoe Fall. And on the American side, the sheet is separated by Goat Island, which is about 330 yards broad. The Horse-shoe Fall may be near 700 yards in circumfer- ence ; and the high Fall on the American side, including the
290
NIAGARA FALLS.
whole space, about 380 yards. Other estimates say less, and some also, say more, but until I have an opportunity for another admeasure- ment, I must compute the whole circumference at 1410 yards. On the east side of Goat Island, there is also another island of perhaps 20 yards, between which is a small sheet of water 8 or 10 yards broad. With the exception, then, of 350 yards, the whole space is occupied by sheets of falling water. The height of the Fall on the American side, is 164 feet; on the Canada side 150, the results of several careful admeasurements. At the mouth of Chippewa creek, on the Canada side, 2} miles above the great Fall, the river is near 2 miles. broad, and from this place the cur- rent is very rapid, with a descent variously estimated ; probably a- bout 80, or perhaps 90 feet. Op- posite this rapid, on the American side, stands the village of Niagara Falls, (formerly called Manches- ter, ) 100 rods above the Fall. The best near view is from Goat Island, to which there is a bridge ; but to obtain a just idea of the country, with a whole view of Niagara, it should be approached from Lake Ontario. The spray that rises from the water, at the foot of the Falls, reaches a lofty height, more or less curved to the horizon, according to the direction and force of the wind. But it always serves as the medium' for beautiful rainbows when the weather is fair. The sound is heard at various distances ; extending 20 or 30 miles, when wafted by a gentle breeze. I have heard it 30 miles, in a direct line ; and I once approached within 5 miles, without hearing any of that roar, which soon became tremen- dous, from a change of wind.
" It will be observed that the main body of the water descends at the Horse-shoe Fall, where it is also very deep; and running with
a very strong current, it does not pitch immediately downward, but curves in a white sheet to the level of the river below, advancing about 50 feet from the perpendicu- lar of the cataract. The Fall on the American side, on the contra- ry, drops almost perpendicularly, in a much thinner sheet. Below the Falls, the surface exhibits a singular unevenness, where the wa- ter and foam force up large spher- ical figures, that burst on the top, discharge a cloud of spray, and subside, to be immediately suc- ceeded by others, in constant and rapid succession This appearance is of course the most remarkable, just below the centre of the Horse- shoe Fall, where the currents above, rushing together, have also forced down the greater proportion of air.
"I have said above, that the great northern terrace of the high plain meets Niagara river at Lew- iston, and along the foot of this is the Alluvial Way, separately de- scribed. Lewiston is just at the foot of this terrace, and here must have been, originally, the Falls of Niagara, now 8 miles higher up the stream. The corresponding strata of rocks and earths, with ev- ery geological feature, carry irre- sistible evidence of this prodigious excavation. In the autumn of 1795, it is said a shock of an earth- quake was felt here, when a large piece of the rock that formed the Cataract, fell, and perceptibly changed the form of its curvature. Indeed it were altogether incredi- ble to suppose this immense body of water should descend thus, and not be constantly wearing away the rocks that lie in its way. How long it may have taken to cut out this vast chasm, is of no impor- tance.
"Since the above was published, I have had a winter view of these Falls, under favorable circumstand
291
NIAGARA, FORT-NIAGARA RIVER.
ces. As I approached them by of the Falls and Rapids, on both sleighing, on some of the last days sides." of January, 1820, turning Sturgeon NIAGARA, FORT. See Fort Niagara. Point, on the shore of Lake Erie, at a distance of 26 miles from the NIAGARA RIVER, is the outlet of Lake Erie and the upper lakes, communicating with Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence river. It is 36 miles long, and of very unequal width, spreading out from half a mile to 6 or 7 in width, embosom- ing several islands, of which Grand and Navy Islands, are the most im- portant. " A good description of this river would fill a volume. From Fort Erie, on the Canada shore, at the outlet of Lake Erie, to Chippewa, is 18 miles, with a height of bank of from 4 to 10 feet. From Chippewa to the great fall, is 2} miles along the Canada shore, with a descent of 92 feet. Of course the bank along this dis- tance is from 10 to 100 feet high, and the current of the river so rap- id as to keep the surface in a white foam the most of this distance. From the cataract it is 7 miles to the Landing at Lewiston, and near here the bank is 310 feet high, composed of strata of soft mud and sand, clay, gypsum or plaster, slate, limestone, and a superstra- tum of earth. There is consider- able descent in this distance, and the Whirlpool and Devil's Hole. From Lewiston to Lake Ontario, is also 7 miles, and in this distance, the Northern Terrace, or Mountain Ridge, crosses the course of the river, and the height of the bank soon diminishes to 25 or 30 feet, holding this height to the lake. The mouth of Niagara river is in N. lat. 43º 14', and 5º 06' W. longitude from New-York. The channel of this river is the bound- ary between the United States and Canada. The length and descent of this river are stated as below, by the latest estimates : from Lake Erie to the head of the rapids above Falls, I plainly saw the spray ri- sing in splendid columns. It was a very cold day, the wind strong from the north, and the sun, per- fectly unclouded, was near the ho- rizon, every circumstance combi- ning to favor the view. On the last day of January, when every thing that winter could do had been done, 1 again saw the Falls, sur- rounded by a magnificence that summer never exhibits. The wind, and spray, and frost, had covered the snow with a crust of solid, white ice, from 1 to 18 inches in thickness, on all the approaches to the Falls, and the limbs of the overhanging trees were bent down or broken : the river was closed every where, save where tossed with the utmost rapidity of motion, white with foam, and no water could be seen, only at the Rapids and Falls. Yet in all this terrific array of the majesty of the ele- ments, and stupendous work of na- ture, myriads of wild ducks were seen, sporting on the foaming tor- rent. They were descending in streams on the wing, and would alight on the water in the Rapids, float over the perpendicular Fall, descend about one-half of the dis- tance, take wing, and again re- mount to the Rapids ! This was new to me, but Col. Whitney, who keeps an excellent hotel at the Falls, and who was with me, told me such occurrences were by no means rare, for a few weeks, in the extreme cold of winter. There is now a safe and convenient cov- ered stairway, erected close to the Falls, by which to descend to the foot of the column of water. A bridge has also been erected across the Rapids, to Goat Island, from which the best views may be had Grand Niagara, 21} miles, descent
292
NICHOLS-NORFOLK.
15 feet ; Rapids & mile, descent 2,234 inhabitants. The surface is 51 feet ; Falls, 162 feet ; from the rolling ; soil, clay and sandy loam, on lime and slate; drained by some small streams, and watered on the west by Owasco lake, and on the east by Skaneateles lake. Niles, West Niles and Kelloggs- ville, are names of post offices. Falls to Lewiston, 7 miles, descent 104 feet ; thence to Lake Ontario, 7 miles, descent 2 feet : making the whole distance 36 miles, and the fall 334 feet, which of course is the difference of level of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. This river NINE MILE CREEK, rises in the south part of Onondaga county, and flows north into Onondaga lake. affords a great variety of fish, such as salmon trout, (below the Falls, ) sturgeon, bass, muscanunge, or muscalunga, and many others of NINEVAH, V. and p. o. Coles- ville, Broome co. is situated on the west side of the Susquehanna river ; it contains about 20 dwell- ing houses, 125 inhabitants, 1 tav- ern and 2 stores. less note. The white fish weigh from 2 to 5 and 6 pounds, and are taken in seines from October to May, a most delicious fish, pecu- liar to this river and the great west- ern lakes."
NICHOLS, t. Tioga co. situated 8 miles south-west of the village of Owego and distant 175 miles from Albany; contained in 1840, 1,986 inhabitants. The surface is mostly hilly ; soil, gravelly loam; it is watered by the Susquehanna river, which bounds it on the north, where are extensive and fertile flats, under a high state of cultiva- tion. Nichols and Canfield's Cor- ners are names of post offices.
NICHOLS, V. and p. o. Nichols, Tioga co. is situated on the south side of the Susquehanna river ; it contains about 400 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church, an academy, 2 taverns, 6 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 1 tannery. This place is sometimes called Rush- ville.
NICHOLSVILLE, V. and p. o. Hopkinton and Lawrence, St. Lawrence co. is situated on both sides of the east branch of the St. Regis river ; it contains about 125 inhabitants, 20 dwelling houses, 1 tavern, 2 stores, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, and 1 clothier's works.
NILES, t. Cayuga co. situated 10 miles south-east of the village of Auburn, and distant 160 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840,
NIPPLE Top. See Dial Moun- tain.
NISKAYUNA, t. Schenectady : co. situated 4 miles east of the city ' of Schenectady, and distant 12 ? miles from Albany ; contained in ) 1840, 693 inhabitants. The surface is somewhat hilly on the north, , along the margin of the Mohawk : river, but to the south it is more : level and sandy. The name of this 3 town is derived from the Indian ap- . pellation of Con-nes-ti-gu-ne, sig- . nifying a "field covered with i corn." It formerly was applied to a much more extensive tract on i both sides of the Mohawk, and is now so understood by the descend- ants of the primitive Dutch set- . tlers, including a part of the town | of Watervliet, Albany county, , where is situated a Shaker settle- ment.
NIVERVILLE, V. Kinderhook, , Columbia co. is a small manufac- turing settlement, containing 1 cot- ton factory, 1 fulling mill, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 store and 12 or 15 dwelling houses.
NOBLESVILLE, p. o. New- Lisbon, Otsego co. Here are sit- uated 1 Presbyterian church, 1 tav- ern, 1 store, 1 grist mill, and some 10 or 12 dwelling houses.
NORFOLK, t. St. Lawrence co.
293
NORFOLK-NORTH CHATHAM.
situated 18 miles north of the vil- Fly, (Vlaie, in Dutch,) or marsh, lage of Canton, and distant 224 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,728 inhabitants. The sur- face is undulating ; soil, rich loam; drained by Racket river and some of its tributaries. Norfolk and Raymondsville are names of post offices.
NORFOLK, V. and p. o. Nor- folk, St. Lawrence co. is situated on the Racket river, and contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Meth- odist church, 2 public houses, 3 stores, 3 extensive furnaces, 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, 2 trip hammer works, and 1 satinet fac- tory. Here is a descent in the river of about 50 feet, affording a large amount of hydraulic power. It was formerly called Attwater's Falls.
NORMANSKILL, rises in Sche- nectady county, and flows south- east through the county of Albany, emptying into the Hudson river in the town of Bethlehem.
NORTH ADAMS, p. o. Adams, Jefferson co.
NORTH ALMOND, p. o. Al- mond, Allegany co.
NORTH AMENIA, V. and p. o. North-east, Dutchess co. contains 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist church, 1 tavern, 2 stores and 15 or 20 dwellings. It lies in a val- ley, and is surrounded by a rich and highly productive country.
is in the south part of this town, affording a valuable range for cat- tle, and a favorite resort for the angler and fowler. This great marsh is frequently overflown by the waters of the Sacondaga and other streams, covering from 5 to 20,000 acres. Northampton, Fish House, Newton's Corner's, North- ville and Osborne's Bridge, are names of post offices.
NORTH ARGYLE, p. o. Ar- gyle, Washington co.
NORTH BAINBRIDGE, P. O. Bainbridge, Chenango co.
NORTH BARTON, p. o. Bar- ton, Tioga co.
NORTH BERGEN, p. o. Ber- gen, Genesee co.
NORTH BIG FLATS, p. o. Big Flats, Chemung co.
NORTH BLENHEIM, P. O. Blenheim, Schoharie co.
NORTH BLOOMFIELD, V. and p. o. West Bloomfield, Ontario co. is situated on the Honeoye creek ; it contains about 200 inhabitants, 30 dwelling houses, 1 church, 1 tav- ern, 2 stores, 1 woollen factory, 2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, 1 cloth- ier's works, 1 furnace and 2 ma- chine shops.
NORTH BOSTON, p. o. Boston, Erie co.
NORTH BROOKFIELD, P. O. Brookfield, Madison co.
NORTH CANTON, p. o. Can- ton, St. Lawrence co.
NORTHAMPTON, t. Fulton co. NORTH CASTLE, t. Westches- ter co. situated 6 miles north of the village of White Plains, and dis- tant 129 miles from Albany ; con- tained in 1840, 2,058 inhabitants. The surface is hilly and stony ; soil, sandy loam and clay ; drained south by Byram river. North Cas- tle is the name of a post office. situated 18 miles north-east of the village of Johnstown, and distant 53 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840, 1,526 inhabitants. The surface is mostly level ; soil, sand and sandy loam of good quality, adapted to grass and summer crops ; watered by the Sacandaga river, which receives from the NORTH CHATHAM, V. and p. o. Chatham, Columbia co. Here is an agricultural settlement, con- taining about 200 inhabitants, 30 south-west the Vlaie, or Mayfield creek; at the confluence of the streams lies the village of Fish House. A portion of the Great dwelling houses, 2 churches, 2
294
NORTH CHILI-NORTH HEMPSTEAD.
public houses, 3 stores, 1 grist mill and 1 saw mill.
NORTH CHILI, p. o. Chili, Monroe co.
NORTH CLARENCE, p. o. Cla- rence, Erie co.
NORTH CLYMER, P. o. Cly- mer, Chautauque co.
NORTH CONHOCTON, P. O. Conhocton, Steuben co.
NORTH EAST, t. Dutchess co. situated 25 miles north-east of the village of Poughkeepsie, and dis- tant 85 miles from Albany ; con- tained in 1840, 1,385 inhabitants. The surface is in part covered with the Taghkanic mountain; soil, various, abounding with stones, but mostly arable and productive in grass and grain; drained by Ten Mile creek and some of its tribu- taries. There are several ponds in this town, the principal of which is called Indian Pond ; there is also a vein of lead ore, commencing at the south-west corner of the town and running northerly into. An- cram, Columbia county; it was worked here previous to the revo- lutionary war, and long since in Ancram. It is crossed by another vein said to contain copper. North East, Federal Store and North Amenia are names of post offices.
NORTH EAST, V. and p. o. North East, Dutchess co. is situa- ted in a valley; it contains about 150 inhabitants, 25 dwelling hou- ses, 1 Baptist church, 1 tavern and 3 stores.
NORTH EASTON, p. o. Easton, Washington co.
NORTHFIELD, t. Richmond co. situated 3 miles north of the village of Richmond, and distant 156 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840, 2,745 inhabitants. The surface and soil are various, with some broad marshes on Staten Island Sound, and the Kills, by which it is bounded on the west and north. Chelsea and Port
Richmond are names of vil- lages.
NORTH FRANKLIN, p. O. Franklin, Delaware co.
NORTH GAGE, P. o. Deerfield, Oneida co.
NORTH GALWAY, p. o. Gal- way, Saratoga co.
NORTH GRANVILLE, V. and p. o. Granville, Washington co. is situated on Pawlet river ; it con- tains about 350 inhabitants, 60 dwelling houses, 1 church, an in- corporated academy; 3 taverns, 4 stores, 2 grist mills and 1 extensive wagon manufactory.
NORTH GREECE, P. 0.
Greece, Monroe co.
NORTH GREENWICH, p. O. Greenwich, Washington co.
NORTH HARPERSFIELD, P. o. Harpersfield, Delaware co.
NORTH HEBRON, p. o. He- bron, Washington co.
NORTH HECTOR, p. o. Hec- tor, Tompkins co. NORTH HEMPSTEAD, t. Queens co. contains the county buildings, situated in the south part of the town, on the Middle Post road, near the line of the Long Island railroad, and is distant 165 miles from Albany ; contained in 1840, 3,891 inhabitants. The sur- face is somewhat hilly, being crossed by the ridge which extends through Long Island from east to west. Harbor Hill, the highest point on the island, rises 319 feet above the Atlantic ocean, from which it is distant 12 miles, and can be seen 25 miles at sea. The soil is sand and loam, mostly well cultivated and fertile. It is bound- ed on the north by Long Island Sound, where are several bays ; Little Neck Bay, Cow Bay and Hempstead Harbor, between which are Cow Neck and Great Neck. Success Pond on the west border of the town is a very handsome sheet of water, celebrated as being stocked with fish, by the late Dr.
295
NORTH HEMPSTEAD-NORTH WHITE CREEK.
Samuel L. Mitchell. North Hemp- stead, Hempstead Harbor and Manhasset are names of post offi- ces. Lakeville is the name of a settlement.
NORTH HEMPSTEAD COURT HOUSE, v. North Hempstead, Queens county, is situated on the north side of the Great Hempstead Plains, and about half a mile north of the Long Island railroad. Here are located a court-house and jail,
1 tavern, and a few dwelling houses.
NORTH HOOSICK, V. Hoosick, Rensselaer co. is situated on the Walloomsack creek, 2 miles north of Hoosick Falls; this is a manu- facturing settlement containing 1 woollen factory, 1 scythe factory, 1 tavern, 1 store and 25 or 30 dwelling houses.
NORTH KORTWRIGHT, P. o. Kortwright, Delaware co.
NORTH LANSING, p. o. Lan- sing, Tompkins co.
NORTH MENDON, p. o. Men- don, Monroe co.
NORTH MIDDLESEX, P. O. Middlesex, Yates co.
NORTH NORWICH, p. o. Nor- wich, Chenango co.
NORTH PENFIELD, p. o. Pen- field, Monroe.co.
NORTH PERRYSBURGH, P. o. Perrysburgh, Cattaraugus co.
NORTH PLATTSBURGH, P. O. Plattsburgh, Clinton co.
NORTH READING, p. o. Read- ing, Steuben co.
NORTH RIDGEWAY, P. O. Ridgeway, Orleans co.
NORTH RIVER. See Hudson River.
NORTH SALEM, t. Westchester co. situated 24 miles north of the village of White Plains, and dis- tant 122 miles from Albany ; con- tained in 1840, 1,161 inhabitants. The surface is somewhat hilly ; soil, gravelly and clay loam, well adapted to grass and summer crops ; drained bv Titicus creek
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